The rutting season of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is seasonal in North America, but in tropical latitudes it occurs year-round with peaks locally variable. Reproductive cycle of this species in Costa Rica is variable, clearly seasonal in San Lucas Island but continuous with two birth peaks in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa national parks in northwestern Costa Rica. In Hacienda y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Curú in the Nicoya Peninsula, a site south of these parks but in a different life zone, we observed males with hard antlers in 2015 but only from July to November. We therefore hypothesized that white-tailed deer have a continuous reproductive cycle during the year in Curú because the rainfall pattern is the same as in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa. We visited Curú every month and recorded the status of white-tailed deer antler growth: nubs, velvet, and hard, from January 2016 to December 2019. We also recorded other rut behaviors and the presence of spotted fawns. We recorded 1,134 observations of the status of antler growth, 13 observations on reproductive behavior and 133 observations of spotted fawns. The antler cycle was seasonal in the four years of study. Male antler casting took place from mid-November to mid-February and the growth of new antlers began in mid-December and lasted until mid-March. Velvet shedding occurred in April, May and June, and by July males had hard antlers. The rutting season lasted three months from mid-June to mid-August. Small spotted fawns were observed from the middle of the dry season to the beginning of the rainy season. All this highly contrasts with the reproduction pattern observed in Santa Rosa. Lack of seasonal variation in the photoperiod is likely an important factor that allows deer to reproduce throughout the year in these protected areas, but this variation does not exist in Curú either, where the species is seasonal. The reproductive patterns of white-tailed deer in Central and South America may have evolved in response to seasonal fluctuations in specific food availability, competition, or predation, all of which may be directly related to rainfall patterns. Greater knowledge of the link between rainfall patterns and food availability for deer would be of great help to further our understanding of factors driving the reproduction cycle of the White-tailed deer.
白尾鹿（Odocolieus virginianus）的发情季节在北美洲是季节性的，但在热带纬度地区，它全年都会出现，峰值在当地各不相同。该物种在哥斯达黎加的繁殖周期是可变的，在圣卢卡斯岛明显是季节性的，但在哥斯达黎加西北部的Palo Verde和Santa Rosa国家公园有两个生育高峰。在尼科亚半岛的Hacienda y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Curú，一个位于这些公园以南但生活区不同的地方，我们在2015年观察到雄性鹿角坚硬，但仅在7月至11月。因此，我们假设白尾鹿在一年中在库鲁有一个连续的繁殖周期，因为降雨模式与Palo Verde和Santa Rosa相同。从2016年1月到2019年12月，我们每个月都会访问库鲁，记录白尾鹿角的生长状况：块状、天鹅绒状和坚硬状。我们还记录了其他发情行为和斑点小鹿的出现。我们记录了1134次鹿角生长状况观察、13次繁殖行为观察和133次斑点小鹿观察。在四年的研究中，鹿角周期是季节性的。雄鹿角铸造于11月中旬至2月中旬进行，新鹿角的生长从12月中旬开始，一直持续到3月中旬。天鹅绒脱落发生在4月、5月和6月，到7月，雄性鹿角变硬。发情季节从6月中旬到8月中旬持续了三个月。从旱季中期到雨季开始，人们观察到了小斑鹿。所有这些都与在圣罗莎观察到的繁殖模式形成了鲜明对比。光周期缺乏季节性变化可能是鹿在这些保护区全年繁殖的一个重要因素，但这种变化在库鲁也不存在，那里的鹿是季节性的。中美洲和南美洲白尾鹿的繁殖模式可能是根据特定食物供应、竞争或捕食的季节性波动而进化的，所有这些都可能与降雨模式直接相关。更多地了解降雨模式与鹿的食物供应之间的联系，将有助于我们进一步了解驱动白尾鹿繁殖周期的因素。
{"title":"Analysis of the male annual antler cycle, reproductive behavior and spotted fawn presence in the tropical white-tailed deer","authors":"Miguel Rodríguez-Ramírez, J. M. Mora","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-1158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-1158","url":null,"abstract":"The rutting season of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is seasonal in North America, but in tropical latitudes it occurs year-round with peaks locally variable. Reproductive cycle of this species in Costa Rica is variable, clearly seasonal in San Lucas Island but continuous with two birth peaks in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa national parks in northwestern Costa Rica. In Hacienda y Refugio de Vida Silvestre Curú in the Nicoya Peninsula, a site south of these parks but in a different life zone, we observed males with hard antlers in 2015 but only from July to November. We therefore hypothesized that white-tailed deer have a continuous reproductive cycle during the year in Curú because the rainfall pattern is the same as in Palo Verde and Santa Rosa. We visited Curú every month and recorded the status of white-tailed deer antler growth: nubs, velvet, and hard, from January 2016 to December 2019. We also recorded other rut behaviors and the presence of spotted fawns. We recorded 1,134 observations of the status of antler growth, 13 observations on reproductive behavior and 133 observations of spotted fawns. The antler cycle was seasonal in the four years of study. Male antler casting took place from mid-November to mid-February and the growth of new antlers began in mid-December and lasted until mid-March. Velvet shedding occurred in April, May and June, and by July males had hard antlers. The rutting season lasted three months from mid-June to mid-August. Small spotted fawns were observed from the middle of the dry season to the beginning of the rainy season. All this highly contrasts with the reproduction pattern observed in Santa Rosa. Lack of seasonal variation in the photoperiod is likely an important factor that allows deer to reproduce throughout the year in these protected areas, but this variation does not exist in Curú either, where the species is seasonal. The reproductive patterns of white-tailed deer in Central and South America may have evolved in response to seasonal fluctuations in specific food availability, competition, or predation, all of which may be directly related to rainfall patterns. Greater knowledge of the link between rainfall patterns and food availability for deer would be of great help to further our understanding of factors driving the reproduction cycle of the White-tailed deer.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43780197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insectivorous bats represent more than half of all the Chiropterans of the world. Although they are important stabilizers of insect populations within their habitat due to their feeding habits, just few studies have been focused on the diet of insular bat species. The lesser sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx leptura, is widely distributed in the new world tropics, but little is known about its prey selection. In this study we determined the diet composition of the population of S. leptura from Gorgona Island, Colombia, using stomach and intestinal content samples. We focused our research on their atypical daytime feeding behavior to evaluate differences in prey selection considering two main factors: 1) plant canopy cover and 2) bat sex. We found prey representatives of nine orders of insects, with Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera as the most consumed according to their abundance and volume percentage. We identified two new records at genus level in S. leptura´s diet, Camponotus (Formicidae) and Trigona (Apidae). In general terms, we did not find differences in the diet between canopy covers nor sexes. However, when analyzing the consumed percentage volume by order, there were significant differences in consumption of Psocoptera in both factors. Our results suggest that S. leptura has an opportunistic diet, as they tend to feed on prey of a wide range of sizes, usually the most abundant and available in the environment.
{"title":"Daytime diet of the lesser sac-winged bat (Saccopteryx leptura) in a Colombian Pacific Island","authors":"Isabela Vivas-Toro, J. Mendivil-Nieto","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-2099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-2099","url":null,"abstract":"Insectivorous bats represent more than half of all the Chiropterans of the world. Although they are important stabilizers of insect populations within their habitat due to their feeding habits, just few studies have been focused on the diet of insular bat species. The lesser sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx leptura, is widely distributed in the new world tropics, but little is known about its prey selection. In this study we determined the diet composition of the population of S. leptura from Gorgona Island, Colombia, using stomach and intestinal content samples. We focused our research on their atypical daytime feeding behavior to evaluate differences in prey selection considering two main factors: 1) plant canopy cover and 2) bat sex. We found prey representatives of nine orders of insects, with Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera as the most consumed according to their abundance and volume percentage. We identified two new records at genus level in S. leptura´s diet, Camponotus (Formicidae) and Trigona (Apidae). In general terms, we did not find differences in the diet between canopy covers nor sexes. However, when analyzing the consumed percentage volume by order, there were significant differences in consumption of Psocoptera in both factors. Our results suggest that S. leptura has an opportunistic diet, as they tend to feed on prey of a wide range of sizes, usually the most abundant and available in the environment.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43961815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roads and highways can work as barriers to the movement of many species, thereby preventing the individuals from accessing feeding and reproduction sites and the immediate risk of colliding wild species with vehicles. Identifying the impacts of roads on wildlife can contribute to the establishment of actions that promote conservation. In Brazil, data on collisions between bats and vehicles are scarce and underestimated in the literature. We described bat roadkill from 2008 to 2019 on a stretch of the BR-040 highway, which crosses an area of Atlantic Forest. Roadkill species were identified and the sites with high collision frequencies were characterized. A total of 923 individuals of 57 species and five families of chiropterans were identified. Frugivore bats showed the largest number of affected individuals, with Artibeus lituratus, a common species in the study region, with the highest number of roadkills. The diet and foraging behaviour were the most likely factors explaining most of the bats killed on the highway. The highest roadkill rate was documented in the fall, and the critical points located nearby the APA Petrópolis and REBIO of Tinguá, environmental protection areas. We reinforce the need to mitigate these roadkills, ensuring that road systems, which constitute municipal, state and federal highways, are built to prevent major disturbance of habitat and displacement routes of these species. We believe in the need for mitigations, and considering the various species involved, we suggest speed bumps construction reducing the speed limit, installing bridges, and signaling the presence of wildlife, before the stretches identified as hotspots.
{"title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of bat mortality on a highway in southeast Brazil","authors":"Marcione Brito de Oliveira, C. Bueno","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-2104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-2104","url":null,"abstract":"Roads and highways can work as barriers to the movement of many species, thereby preventing the individuals from accessing feeding and reproduction sites and the immediate risk of colliding wild species with vehicles. Identifying the impacts of roads on wildlife can contribute to the establishment of actions that promote conservation. In Brazil, data on collisions between bats and vehicles are scarce and underestimated in the literature. We described bat roadkill from 2008 to 2019 on a stretch of the BR-040 highway, which crosses an area of Atlantic Forest. Roadkill species were identified and the sites with high collision frequencies were characterized. A total of 923 individuals of 57 species and five families of chiropterans were identified. Frugivore bats showed the largest number of affected individuals, with Artibeus lituratus, a common species in the study region, with the highest number of roadkills. The diet and foraging behaviour were the most likely factors explaining most of the bats killed on the highway. The highest roadkill rate was documented in the fall, and the critical points located nearby the APA Petrópolis and REBIO of Tinguá, environmental protection areas. We reinforce the need to mitigate these roadkills, ensuring that road systems, which constitute municipal, state and federal highways, are built to prevent major disturbance of habitat and displacement routes of these species. We believe in the need for mitigations, and considering the various species involved, we suggest speed bumps construction reducing the speed limit, installing bridges, and signaling the presence of wildlife, before the stretches identified as hotspots.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47121858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gloria Tapia-Ramírez, C. Lorenzo, Arturo Carrillo-Reyes, D. Navarrete, O. Retana
Urbanization implies the loss of biodiversity and promotes the extirpation of local flora and fauna. It favors habitat fragmentation and the establishment and increase of non-native species and, eventually, the homogenization of the landscape. This study aims to evaluate the urbanization process in a medium-sized city in the Mexican southeast, San Cristóbal de Las Casas (SCLC) in the Neotropics, and the response of the rodent community to such process. The study area was categorized according to its structural characteristics into four coverage classes: urban, forest, agricultural and mountain wetlands. Rodents were sampled over urbanization gradients. In each gradient, nine sampling sites were established. The responses of rodent alpha and beta diversities to landscape structure (landscape metrics) were evaluated. The larger diversity of rodents was found in the mosaic and transition landscape categories and the least diverse were the conserved and urban ones. In SCLC, rodent richness responds to the number of fragments and the diversity of the landscape. Mus musculus and Rattus rattus were more abundant in landscapes with a high percentage of urban cover, while Peromycus mexicanus and P. beatae, in landscapes with higher forest cover. San Cristóbal de Las Casas is a city that grows over areas with native vegetation, forests and mountain wetlands; of which fragments remain embedded in the urban matrix. Mosaic and transition landscapes favor areas with high diversity and richness of rodent species (intermediate disturbance hypothesis). This study suggests that both native and non-native rodent species are abundant in areas with natural vegetation and also in urban sites. Sanitary measures are granted, since reservoir species of pathogens with zoonotic potential can be found in the area.
城市化意味着生物多样性的丧失，并促进当地动植物的灭绝。它有利于栖息地的破碎化和非本地物种的建立和增加，并最终导致景观的同质化。本研究旨在评估墨西哥东南部新热带地区中等城市San Cristóbal de Las Casas (SCLC)的城市化进程，以及啮齿动物群落对这一进程的响应。根据研究区结构特征，将研究区划分为城市湿地、森林湿地、农业湿地和山地湿地4种覆盖类型。在城市化梯度上取样啮齿动物。在每个梯度中建立9个采样点。评价了啮齿动物α和β多样性对景观结构(景观指标)的响应。鼠类多样性以马赛克景观和过渡景观为主，保护景观和城市景观的鼠类多样性最低。在SCLC中，啮齿动物的丰富度与碎片数量和景观多样性有关。在城市盖度高的景观中，小家鼠和Rattus较多，而在森林盖度高的景观中，Peromycus mexicanus和P. beatae较多。圣Cristóbal德拉斯卡萨斯是一个生长在原生植被、森林和山地湿地上的城市;其中的碎片仍然嵌入在城市矩阵中。马赛克和过渡景观有利于啮齿动物物种多样性和丰富度较高的地区(中间干扰假说)。本研究表明，在有自然植被的地区和城市中，本地和非本地啮齿动物种类都很丰富。由于在该地区可以发现具有人畜共患潜力的病原体宿主物种，因此采取了卫生措施。
{"title":"Effect of an urban area in the distribution pattern and diversity of Neotropical rodents","authors":"Gloria Tapia-Ramírez, C. Lorenzo, Arturo Carrillo-Reyes, D. Navarrete, O. Retana","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-2100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-2100","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization implies the loss of biodiversity and promotes the extirpation of local flora and fauna. It favors habitat fragmentation and the establishment and increase of non-native species and, eventually, the homogenization of the landscape. This study aims to evaluate the urbanization process in a medium-sized city in the Mexican southeast, San Cristóbal de Las Casas (SCLC) in the Neotropics, and the response of the rodent community to such process. The study area was categorized according to its structural characteristics into four coverage classes: urban, forest, agricultural and mountain wetlands. Rodents were sampled over urbanization gradients. In each gradient, nine sampling sites were established. The responses of rodent alpha and beta diversities to landscape structure (landscape metrics) were evaluated. The larger diversity of rodents was found in the mosaic and transition landscape categories and the least diverse were the conserved and urban ones. In SCLC, rodent richness responds to the number of fragments and the diversity of the landscape. Mus musculus and Rattus rattus were more abundant in landscapes with a high percentage of urban cover, while Peromycus mexicanus and P. beatae, in landscapes with higher forest cover. San Cristóbal de Las Casas is a city that grows over areas with native vegetation, forests and mountain wetlands; of which fragments remain embedded in the urban matrix. Mosaic and transition landscapes favor areas with high diversity and richness of rodent species (intermediate disturbance hypothesis). This study suggests that both native and non-native rodent species are abundant in areas with natural vegetation and also in urban sites. Sanitary measures are granted, since reservoir species of pathogens with zoonotic potential can be found in the area.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43284725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Rodríguez-Ruiz, Alejandro Juárez-Agis, Silberio García Sánchez, Branly Olivier Salome, Víctor Hugo Reza Galicia
The Pacific region, one of the most disturbed areas in México, is home to the pygmy spotted skunk (Spilogale pygmaea), a local endemic species and one of the smallest carnivores in the world. This small carnivore is currently listed as a species subjected to special protection in México and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The objective of this work was to model environmental suitability and estimate the potential distribution of S. pygmaea in México. Predictive models were created using climatic, anthropic, and topographic variables with the Maxent tool. Models were assessed through partial Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) performance by omission rate and AUC. Finally, land use within the predicted potential area (potential distribution) was analyzed using the 2015 land cover layer of México issued by CONABIO. According to the model, S. pygmaea has a potential distribution from southern Sinaloa to Chiapas, comprising Michoacán and Guerrero towards the Balsas River basin in relation to dry forests. The predicted area was 95,600 ± 0.02 km2, representing a restricted distribution in México. Many localities have low environmental suitability (<0.4) and ecosystem modification and fragmentation, mainly influenced by livestock density. Spilogale pygmaea may be considered rare due to the lack of sampling, which jeopardizes the conservation of this group given its fragmented habitat. Additionally, S. pygmaea is attracted to areas with human settlements, potentially leading to human-animal conflicts. Natural areas, along with information sharing on the presence and importance of the species in nearby communities, may be an effective strategy to benefit this small carnivore.
{"title":"Evaluation of the distribution pattern on a Neotropical microcarnivora","authors":"R. Rodríguez-Ruiz, Alejandro Juárez-Agis, Silberio García Sánchez, Branly Olivier Salome, Víctor Hugo Reza Galicia","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-2103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-2103","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacific region, one of the most disturbed areas in México, is home to the pygmy spotted skunk (Spilogale pygmaea), a local endemic species and one of the smallest carnivores in the world. This small carnivore is currently listed as a species subjected to special protection in México and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The objective of this work was to model environmental suitability and estimate the potential distribution of S. pygmaea in México. Predictive models were created using climatic, anthropic, and topographic variables with the Maxent tool. Models were assessed through partial Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) performance by omission rate and AUC. Finally, land use within the predicted potential area (potential distribution) was analyzed using the 2015 land cover layer of México issued by CONABIO. According to the model, S. pygmaea has a potential distribution from southern Sinaloa to Chiapas, comprising Michoacán and Guerrero towards the Balsas River basin in relation to dry forests. The predicted area was 95,600 ± 0.02 km2, representing a restricted distribution in México. Many localities have low environmental suitability (<0.4) and ecosystem modification and fragmentation, mainly influenced by livestock density. Spilogale pygmaea may be considered rare due to the lack of sampling, which jeopardizes the conservation of this group given its fragmented habitat. Additionally, S. pygmaea is attracted to areas with human settlements, potentially leading to human-animal conflicts. Natural areas, along with information sharing on the presence and importance of the species in nearby communities, may be an effective strategy to benefit this small carnivore.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46332662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) is a partially migratory, nectarivorous species that exhibits reproductive asynchrony across its range. Both migratory and resident populations of sexually active males of L. yerbabuenae may form an odoriferous dorsal patch during their mating season. This is created by smearing saliva, urogenital fluids, and anal secretions over the interscapular dorsal region with their feet. Dorsal patches are believed to influence female mate choice. We synthesized the sightings of male dorsal patches across the species’ range, including gathering new observations of male L. yerbabuenae with dorsal patches captured at the northern extent of their range and citing previously unreported observations that we obtained by contacting other researchers. We also conducted a literature review to include all previously documented records of male L. yerbabuenae presenting dorsal patches. We document the first observations of male L. yerbabuenae with dorsal patches in the southwestern United States. In the Big Hatchet Mountains in New Mexico, we captured 1 male with a developed dorsal patch (i. e., bare dorsal skin with sticky fur) on 25 July 2019 and two others on the night of 13 August 2019. New observations of males with developed dorsal patches were obtained from Hilltop Mine in Arizona (June 2006 or 2007) and at a hummingbird feeder at a residence near the Hilltop Mine (July 2013). A male with a recovering dorsal patch (i. e., bare dorsal skin with regenerating fur) was also captured in a roost near Patagonia, Arizona, in late August 2008 and at a hummingbird feeder at a residence near Silver City, New Mexico (September 2021). All previously published records of males with dorsal patches occurred in roosts in Mexico during known mating seasons. These new observations suggest that L. yerbabuenae may breed in New Mexico and Arizona between June and August, but follow-up studies are needed to confirm this behavior. Much of the reproductive biology of this important pollinator remains unknown. Therefore, identifying regions where males present dorsal patches may not only assist in locating and protecting mating roosts, but would also further our understanding of the population ecology of this migratory species.
{"title":"In search of bachelorettes: Observations of male Leptonycteris yerbabuenae with dorsal patches across its range","authors":"Theresa M. Laverty, K. Stoner","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-1146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-1146","url":null,"abstract":"The lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) is a partially migratory, nectarivorous species that exhibits reproductive asynchrony across its range. Both migratory and resident populations of sexually active males of L. yerbabuenae may form an odoriferous dorsal patch during their mating season. This is created by smearing saliva, urogenital fluids, and anal secretions over the interscapular dorsal region with their feet. Dorsal patches are believed to influence female mate choice. We synthesized the sightings of male dorsal patches across the species’ range, including gathering new observations of male L. yerbabuenae with dorsal patches captured at the northern extent of their range and citing previously unreported observations that we obtained by contacting other researchers. We also conducted a literature review to include all previously documented records of male L. yerbabuenae presenting dorsal patches. We document the first observations of male L. yerbabuenae with dorsal patches in the southwestern United States. In the Big Hatchet Mountains in New Mexico, we captured 1 male with a developed dorsal patch (i. e., bare dorsal skin with sticky fur) on 25 July 2019 and two others on the night of 13 August 2019. New observations of males with developed dorsal patches were obtained from Hilltop Mine in Arizona (June 2006 or 2007) and at a hummingbird feeder at a residence near the Hilltop Mine (July 2013). A male with a recovering dorsal patch (i. e., bare dorsal skin with regenerating fur) was also captured in a roost near Patagonia, Arizona, in late August 2008 and at a hummingbird feeder at a residence near Silver City, New Mexico (September 2021). All previously published records of males with dorsal patches occurred in roosts in Mexico during known mating seasons. These new observations suggest that L. yerbabuenae may breed in New Mexico and Arizona between June and August, but follow-up studies are needed to confirm this behavior. Much of the reproductive biology of this important pollinator remains unknown. Therefore, identifying regions where males present dorsal patches may not only assist in locating and protecting mating roosts, but would also further our understanding of the population ecology of this migratory species.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41352363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carnivores are extremely important in ecosystem dynamics. Coatis (Procyonidae) are a group of Neotropical species with highly developed social behavior. One coati species is the Central American or white-nosed coati (Nasua narica). This work describes the analysis of two sets of mitochondrial data for a sample of N. narica covering most of the geographic distribution range of the species. The first data set analyzed 74 specimens for three mitochondrial loci; the second, 59 specimens for complete mitochondrial genomes. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed six distinct genetic groups of N. narica in southern México, Central America, and South America, which, together with three additional groups found in northern México and southern USA in a previous study, resulted in a total of nine genetically distinct groups of N. narica. The first genetic group (G1), which began to differentiate 4.1 to 3.2 million years ago, was located on the Pacific coast of Ecuador and northern Colombia. A second genetic group (G6) was detected in northern Colombia, Panama, and southern Costa Rica, being introgressed by mitochondrial DNA from the mountain coati (Nasuella olivacea). The third genetic group (G3) was located in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and southern Guatemala. The fourth genetic group (G4) was located in north-central Guatemala and Belize. The fifth genetic group (G5) was distributed in southern México (Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán) and northern Guatemala. Finally, the sixth genetic group (G2) was found only in Mérida (Yucatán, México). Groups G2 to G5 became mitochondrially diversified over 1.9 to 1.1 million years. All groups showed high mitochondrial genetic diversity, although the South American genetic group (G1) had the highest diversity. The northern genetic groups (G4, G5) had lower genetic diversity, except for the Merida group, which is likely composed of other undetected subgroups. The existence of six (nine, considering another study) well-developed groups in N. narica is related to female phylopatry and climatic changes during the Pleistocene. A spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a very high structure, well in line with the south-to-north colonization of the American continent by N. narica.
{"title":"Evidence of the genetic and spatial structure of Nasua narica in Central America and northern South America from mitogenomic analysis","authors":"M. F. Jaramillo, M. Ruiz‐García","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-1173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-1173","url":null,"abstract":"Carnivores are extremely important in ecosystem dynamics. Coatis (Procyonidae) are a group of Neotropical species with highly developed social behavior. One coati species is the Central American or white-nosed coati (Nasua narica). This work describes the analysis of two sets of mitochondrial data for a sample of N. narica covering most of the geographic distribution range of the species. The first data set analyzed 74 specimens for three mitochondrial loci; the second, 59 specimens for complete mitochondrial genomes. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed six distinct genetic groups of N. narica in southern México, Central America, and South America, which, together with three additional groups found in northern México and southern USA in a previous study, resulted in a total of nine genetically distinct groups of N. narica. The first genetic group (G1), which began to differentiate 4.1 to 3.2 million years ago, was located on the Pacific coast of Ecuador and northern Colombia. A second genetic group (G6) was detected in northern Colombia, Panama, and southern Costa Rica, being introgressed by mitochondrial DNA from the mountain coati (Nasuella olivacea). The third genetic group (G3) was located in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and southern Guatemala. The fourth genetic group (G4) was located in north-central Guatemala and Belize. The fifth genetic group (G5) was distributed in southern México (Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán) and northern Guatemala. Finally, the sixth genetic group (G2) was found only in Mérida (Yucatán, México). Groups G2 to G5 became mitochondrially diversified over 1.9 to 1.1 million years. All groups showed high mitochondrial genetic diversity, although the South American genetic group (G1) had the highest diversity. The northern genetic groups (G4, G5) had lower genetic diversity, except for the Merida group, which is likely composed of other undetected subgroups. The existence of six (nine, considering another study) well-developed groups in N. narica is related to female phylopatry and climatic changes during the Pleistocene. A spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a very high structure, well in line with the south-to-north colonization of the American continent by N. narica.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42715755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Cristel Lara-Nuñez, J. Guerrero, A. Rizo-Aguilar
Anthropogenic noise interferes with the acoustic signals of various wildlife species. For bats that use echolocation, noise can mask the information received in the echo. The effect of anthropogenic noise on the time and frequency components of echolocation pulses emitted by the aerial insectivorous bats Molossus sinaloae and Mormoops megalophylla in urban and natural habitats were evaluated. We hypothesized that the frequency components of pulses would increase in response to masking, while time components would not change significantly. To this end, acoustic recordings of both species were made in the two types of habitats using ultrasonic detectors; simultaneously, the intensity of the ambient noise was measured. Frequency (kHz) and time (ms) were analyzed for each echolocation pulse using the BatSound 4.2 software. Consistent with our hypothesis, the results showed that under background noise of 75 dB in an urban environment, M. sinaloae increased the low and high frequencies of its echolocation pulses by 5.8 kHz on average. For M. megalophylla, no increase in pulse frequencies was observed. Contrary to our expectation, the time components of pulses for M. sinaloae were modified, being of shorter duration in urban sites. Increasing the maximum amplitude-frequency by M. sinaloae may be a response to the Lombard effect, i. e., the increase in vocal amplitude in response to increased background noise. It is important to carry out studies focused on understanding the modification of echolocation pulses, mainly for species living in urban environments.
{"title":"Effect of anthropogenic noise on the echolocation pulses of the bats Molossus sinaloae and Mormoops megalophylla","authors":"Ana Cristel Lara-Nuñez, J. Guerrero, A. Rizo-Aguilar","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-1168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-1168","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic noise interferes with the acoustic signals of various wildlife species. For bats that use echolocation, noise can mask the information received in the echo. The effect of anthropogenic noise on the time and frequency components of echolocation pulses emitted by the aerial insectivorous bats Molossus sinaloae and Mormoops megalophylla in urban and natural habitats were evaluated. We hypothesized that the frequency components of pulses would increase in response to masking, while time components would not change significantly. To this end, acoustic recordings of both species were made in the two types of habitats using ultrasonic detectors; simultaneously, the intensity of the ambient noise was measured. Frequency (kHz) and time (ms) were analyzed for each echolocation pulse using the BatSound 4.2 software. Consistent with our hypothesis, the results showed that under background noise of 75 dB in an urban environment, M. sinaloae increased the low and high frequencies of its echolocation pulses by 5.8 kHz on average. For M. megalophylla, no increase in pulse frequencies was observed. Contrary to our expectation, the time components of pulses for M. sinaloae were modified, being of shorter duration in urban sites. Increasing the maximum amplitude-frequency by M. sinaloae may be a response to the Lombard effect, i. e., the increase in vocal amplitude in response to increased background noise. It is important to carry out studies focused on understanding the modification of echolocation pulses, mainly for species living in urban environments.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43953518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. A. Ortega-Padilla, J. Gallo‐Reynoso, V. Farías‐González, J. Sosa-Escalante, S. Hernández-Betancourt, Gloria Ponce-García, Tania Elizabeth Quintana-Salvador
En el Estado de Yucatán los registros de nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis annectens) son insuficientes para determinar si existen diferentes tipos de hábitat para la especie, su estatus de conservación y los riesgos potenciales que enfrenta. Nuestros objetivos son el generar un modelo de distribución potencial de la nutria neotropical para el Estado de Yucatán, y el verificar la presencia de la nutria neotropical en sitios predichos por el modelo. Se generó un modelo de distribución potencial de la nutria neotropical con MaxEnt con registros de presencia de la especie y variables ambientales de EarthEnv a 1 km² de resolución. Se verificó la presencia de la nutria en siete sitios predichos por el modelo mediante visitas en el mes de octubre de los años 2017 al 2019 y 2021. Se caracterizó el hábitat y se colectaron muestras biológicas, así como evidencia video-fotográfica de las señales de presencia de las nutrias y de su hábitat. La distribución potencial de la nutria cubrió 3,487 km2, el 8 % de la superficie del Estado de Yucatán, en ríos, lagunas y ecosistemas generalmente costeros, sin embargo, el modelo permitió identificar la idoneidad ambiental del hábitat para la nutria en áreas al interior de la península, y la validación en campo de los sitios predichos produjo los primeros registros de la especie en cenotes y lagunas epicontinentales. Los sitios presentaron disponibilidad de presas, vegetación riparia para refugio y madrigueras, y conectividad acuático-terrestre con manantiales de agua dulce. Se obtuvieron observaciones directas de nutrias en dos de los sitios visitados, así como señales indirectas de su presencia en los siete sitios, las cuales consistieron en heces, letrinas, geles, huellas, rastros, residuos de alimento, madrigueras de descanso y veredas hacia el cuerpo de agua. Los resultados señalan la necesidad de continuar con el monitoreo minucioso en las áreas potenciales predichas por el modelo para poder sugerir medidas de conservación para la nutria neotropical y su hábitat en el estado de Yucatán.
{"title":"Potential Distribution of the Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis annectens) in the State of Yucatán, México","authors":"A. A. Ortega-Padilla, J. Gallo‐Reynoso, V. Farías‐González, J. Sosa-Escalante, S. Hernández-Betancourt, Gloria Ponce-García, Tania Elizabeth Quintana-Salvador","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-2145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-2145","url":null,"abstract":"En el Estado de Yucatán los registros de nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis annectens) son insuficientes para determinar si existen diferentes tipos de hábitat para la especie, su estatus de conservación y los riesgos potenciales que enfrenta. Nuestros objetivos son el generar un modelo de distribución potencial de la nutria neotropical para el Estado de Yucatán, y el verificar la presencia de la nutria neotropical en sitios predichos por el modelo. Se generó un modelo de distribución potencial de la nutria neotropical con MaxEnt con registros de presencia de la especie y variables ambientales de EarthEnv a 1 km² de resolución. Se verificó la presencia de la nutria en siete sitios predichos por el modelo mediante visitas en el mes de octubre de los años 2017 al 2019 y 2021. Se caracterizó el hábitat y se colectaron muestras biológicas, así como evidencia video-fotográfica de las señales de presencia de las nutrias y de su hábitat. La distribución potencial de la nutria cubrió 3,487 km2, el 8 % de la superficie del Estado de Yucatán, en ríos, lagunas y ecosistemas generalmente costeros, sin embargo, el modelo permitió identificar la idoneidad ambiental del hábitat para la nutria en áreas al interior de la península, y la validación en campo de los sitios predichos produjo los primeros registros de la especie en cenotes y lagunas epicontinentales. Los sitios presentaron disponibilidad de presas, vegetación riparia para refugio y madrigueras, y conectividad acuático-terrestre con manantiales de agua dulce. Se obtuvieron observaciones directas de nutrias en dos de los sitios visitados, así como señales indirectas de su presencia en los siete sitios, las cuales consistieron en heces, letrinas, geles, huellas, rastros, residuos de alimento, madrigueras de descanso y veredas hacia el cuerpo de agua. Los resultados señalan la necesidad de continuar con el monitoreo minucioso en las áreas potenciales predichas por el modelo para poder sugerir medidas de conservación para la nutria neotropical y su hábitat en el estado de Yucatán.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47802458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisa Paulina Zaragoza-Quintana, Nallely Verónica Rodríguez-Santiago, S. Hernández-Betancourt, L. León‐Paniagua, M. MacSwiney G.
Introduction: Rodents influence the processes of succession and regeneration in tropical forests, functioning as important dispersers and predators of seeds and plants. In this study, we describe aspects of the population structure and dynamics, and characterize the microhabitat and composition of the feces of the semi-tree-dwelling rodents Peromyscus yucatanicusand Peromyscus mexicanus in tropical forests of Quintana Roo and Veracruz, in Mexico. Methods: We trapped Peromyscus yucatanicus from September 2014 to February 2015, with 122 Sherman traps between 2 to 10 m of height in 62 trees. Peromyscus mexicanus was trapped from March to September of 2015, with 105 Sherman traps between 0-11 m of height on 57 trees. We characterized the microhabitat, identified the trees, and calculated the canopy openness in the sites where individuals were trapped. We collected and analyzed the composition of the feces of each species. Results: We captured 48 individuals of Peromyscus yucatanicus at an average height of 2.58 m above ground level. Its population density was 26.6 ind/ha, with reproductive activity in the dry season. The average canopy openness was 7.75 %. Their feces mainly contained seeds, fruit pulp and starch. We recorded 54 individuals of Peromyscus mexicanus at an average height of 1.15 m. Its population density was 20.83 ind/ha, with reproductive activity in both dry and rainy seasons. The canopy openness was 4.78 % (dry season) and 4.5 % (rainy season). Their feces mainly contained fruit pulp, starch and chitin remains in both seasons. Discussion and conclusions: The captured of rodents were higher on trees with small diameters and low leaf litter percentage; the rainy season favored the captures. Both species were mainly captured in sites with a covering of organic matter on the soil and in sites with higher vegetal cover and reduced canopy openness. Conservation of a diverse tropical forest is fundamental for the conservation of both semiarboreal rodents.
{"title":"Abundance, microhabitat and feeding of Peromyscus yucatanicus and Peromyscus mexicanus in the Mexican tropics","authors":"Elisa Paulina Zaragoza-Quintana, Nallely Verónica Rodríguez-Santiago, S. Hernández-Betancourt, L. León‐Paniagua, M. MacSwiney G.","doi":"10.12933/therya-22-1189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-1189","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Rodents influence the processes of succession and regeneration in tropical forests, functioning as important dispersers and predators of seeds and plants. In this study, we describe aspects of the population structure and dynamics, and characterize the microhabitat and composition of the feces of the semi-tree-dwelling rodents Peromyscus yucatanicusand Peromyscus mexicanus in tropical forests of Quintana Roo and Veracruz, in Mexico. Methods: We trapped Peromyscus yucatanicus from September 2014 to February 2015, with 122 Sherman traps between 2 to 10 m of height in 62 trees. Peromyscus mexicanus was trapped from March to September of 2015, with 105 Sherman traps between 0-11 m of height on 57 trees. We characterized the microhabitat, identified the trees, and calculated the canopy openness in the sites where individuals were trapped. We collected and analyzed the composition of the feces of each species. Results: We captured 48 individuals of Peromyscus yucatanicus at an average height of 2.58 m above ground level. Its population density was 26.6 ind/ha, with reproductive activity in the dry season. The average canopy openness was 7.75 %. Their feces mainly contained seeds, fruit pulp and starch. We recorded 54 individuals of Peromyscus mexicanus at an average height of 1.15 m. Its population density was 20.83 ind/ha, with reproductive activity in both dry and rainy seasons. The canopy openness was 4.78 % (dry season) and 4.5 % (rainy season). Their feces mainly contained fruit pulp, starch and chitin remains in both seasons. Discussion and conclusions: The captured of rodents were higher on trees with small diameters and low leaf litter percentage; the rainy season favored the captures. Both species were mainly captured in sites with a covering of organic matter on the soil and in sites with higher vegetal cover and reduced canopy openness. Conservation of a diverse tropical forest is fundamental for the conservation of both semiarboreal rodents.","PeriodicalId":37851,"journal":{"name":"Therya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45309817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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