Parasite Epidemiology and Control最新文献_第9页

A randomized controlled trial of Tickoff® (Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 7) for control of tick infestations and transmission of tick-borne infections in extensively grazed zebu cattle in coastal Kenya Tickoff® （Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 7）在肯尼亚沿海广泛放牧的斑马牛中控制蜱虫侵扰和蜱传感染的随机对照试验

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00384

Joseph Wang’ang’a Oundo , Shewit Kalayou , Gerrit Gort , Gebbiena M. Bron , Constantianus J.M. Koenraadt , Quirine ten Bosch , Daniel Masiga

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE 7 is being developed as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical acaricides in managing natural tick infestation on livestock. Its impact on tick infestation and tick-borne infections in cattle under natural conditions are yet unclear. We conducted a randomized controlled field trial to assess the safety and effects of Tickoff® (a formulation of M. anisopliae isolate ICIPE 7) and the chemical acaricide Triatix® on tick infestation and incidence of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria parva in extensively grazed zebu cattle in coastal Kenya. A total of 217 eligible herds comprising 1459 intent-to-treat zebu cattle were enrolled from 12 villages. The herds were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to Tickoff®, Triatix®, or Tickoff® excipients. Tick counts, treatment administrations, and adverse events were registered every two weeks for seven months. The mortality of ticks collected from treated cattle was monitored in vitro. Infections with A. marginale and T. parva were monitored every two months. No adverse events were reported in either treatment group. Tickoff® did not significantly affect tick infestation (p = 0.869) or infection incidence (p > 0.05) compared to excipients. Triatix® significantly reduced tick infestation (p < 0.001) and incidence of T. parva (p = 0.042), but not A. marginale (p = 0.509) compared to the reference Tickoff®. In ticks that were removed from cattle, Tickoff® demonstrated significant pathogenicity in vitro relative to excipients (hazard ratio: 8.50, 95 % CI: 4.67–15.47). Fungus growth and sporulation were also observed on tick cadavers from Tickoff®, but not from excipients. While Tickoff® did not impact tick counts, its delayed, but significant effect on tick mortality may hinder onward pathogen transmission and give rise to indirect (i.e., to untreated animals) epidemiological effects, that were not picked up with this study design. Additionally, adverse environmental conditions resulted in low tick abundance and pathogen circulation towards the end of the study period, reducing the power of the study. This work re-emphasizes the challenges of randomized controlled field trials and the complexity of assessing the impact of vector control products on both direct and indirect impacts on pathogen transmission.

目前正在开发昆虫病原真菌 Metarhizium anisopliae 分离物 ICIPE 7，作为化学杀螨剂的生态友好型替代品，用于控制牲畜的自然蜱虫害。在自然条件下，它对牛的蜱虫侵扰和蜱传感染的影响尚不清楚。我们进行了一项随机对照田间试验，以评估 Tickoff®（分离自 ICIPE 7 的疟原虫制剂）和化学杀螨剂 Triatix® 对肯尼亚沿海地区广泛放牧的斑马牛的蜱虫侵扰、边缘疟原虫（Anaplasma marginale）和副疟原虫（Theileria parva）发病率的安全性和影响。共有来自 12 个村庄的 217 个符合条件的牧群（包括 1459 头有意接受治疗的斑马牛）参加了这项研究。这些牛群按 1:1:1 的比例随机分配给 Tickoff®、Triatix® 或 Tickoff® 辅料。在七个月的时间里，每两周对蜱计数、治疗用药和不良反应进行登记。从接受治疗的牛身上收集的蜱虫死亡率在体外进行监测。每两个月监测一次A. marginale和T. parva的感染情况。两个治疗组均未出现不良反应。与辅料相比，Tickoff® 对蜱虫侵扰（p = 0.869）或感染发生率（p > 0.05）没有明显影响。与参照物 Tickoff® 相比，Triatix® 能明显降低蜱虫侵扰（p <0.001）和 T. parva 感染率（p = 0.042），但不能降低 A. marginale 感染率（p = 0.509）。在从牛身上清除的蜱虫中，Tickoff® 与辅料相比具有显著的体外致病性（危险比：8.50，95 % CI：4.67-15.47）。在蜱尸体上也观察到了 Tickoff® 真菌的生长和孢子，而辅料则没有。虽然 Tickoff® 对蜱虫数量没有影响，但其对蜱虫死亡率的延迟但显著的影响可能会阻碍病原体的继续传播，并引起间接的（即对未处理动物的）流行病学影响，而本研究设计并未发现这些影响。此外，不利的环境条件导致研究末期蜱虫数量和病原体流通量较低，降低了研究的有效性。这项工作再次强调了随机对照现场试验的挑战性，以及评估病媒控制产品对病原体传播的直接和间接影响的复杂性。

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引用次数: 0

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in British troops following jungle training in Belize: Cumulative incidence and potential risk practices 在伯利兹接受丛林训练的英军中的皮肤利什曼病：累积发病率和潜在风险实践

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00385

Ngwa Niba Rawlings , Mark Bailey , Peter Craig , Orin Courtenay

Background

British soldiers undergoing jungle training in Belize typically experience a relatively low risk of developing cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, an uncharacteristically large outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in 2022. This study aimed to determine the cumulative incidence of the disease and highlight potential shortcomings in personal protective measures to mitigate exposure to sand fly vector bites.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on medical records of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases between 2005 and 2022, as well as on questionnaire responses regarding personal protective measures administered to cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in 2022. Data were sourced from Defence Public Health Unit, Military Environmental Health Department and British Army Training Support Unit Belize.

Results

Eighty-one confirmed clinical cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were recorded between 2005 and 2022, with a substantial peak (38 cases) in 2022. Most cases occurred during the wet season. Pre-2022, the median cumulative incidence per 8-week deployment was 0.90 % (Q1–Q3: 0.34 %–1.34 %), with an annual variation of 0.2 % to 2.0 %. In 2022, the cumulative incidence spiked to 4.22 %, associated with a risk ratio of 5.3 (95 % C.I.s, 3.41, 8.16), and rising to a cumulative incidence of 7.3 % in a single unit of 450 men (33 cases) in late 2022. These values are significantly higher than the median cumulative incidence of all previous years, and to published reports for other cutaneous leishmaniasis -endemic regions. Troop responses identified limitations in the supply of optimal equipment, and in sand fly bite and leishmaniasis risk avoidance information provided by the pre-deployment health education programme. Compliance with health education advise was also suboptimal, with irregular use of insect repellents, protective clothing / head netting, and insecticide-treated hammocks.

Conclusions

The reasons behind the unusually high numbers of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases and cumulative incidence in 2022 remain unclear, emphasising the need to improve personal protective measures provision and implement a comprehensive health education programme for troops undergoing jungle training in Belize.

背景在伯利兹接受丛林训练的英国士兵患皮肤利什曼病的风险通常相对较低。然而，2022 年却一反常态地爆发了大规模的皮肤利什曼病。本研究旨在确定该疾病的累积发病率，并强调个人防护措施在减少沙蝇病媒叮咬暴露方面可能存在的不足。方法对 2005 年至 2022 年期间皮肤利什曼病病例的医疗记录以及 2022 年皮肤利什曼病病例个人防护措施调查问卷进行了回顾性分析。数据来源于国防公共卫生部门、军事环境卫生部门和伯利兹英军训练支援部队。结果 2005 年至 2022 年期间共记录了 81 例经确诊的临床皮肤利什曼病病例，其中 2022 年达到高峰（38 例）。大多数病例发生在雨季。2022 年之前，每 8 周部署的累计发病率中位数为 0.90%（第一季度至第三季度：0.34%-1.34%），年变化率为 0.2%-2.0%。2022 年，累计发病率飙升至 4.22%，风险比为 5.3（95% 置信区间，3.41, 8.16），2022 年末，在一个 450 人的单位（33 例）中，累计发病率上升至 7.3%。这些数值明显高于往年累计发病率的中位数，也高于其他皮肤利什曼病流行地区的公开报告。部队的反应表明，最佳设备的供应以及部署前健康教育计划提供的沙蝇叮咬和利什曼病风险规避信息存在局限性。结论 2022 年皮肤利什曼病病例和累计发病率异常高的原因尚不清楚，强调有必要改善个人防护措施的供应，并为在伯利兹接受丛林训练的部队实施全面的健康教育计划。

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引用次数: 0

In vivo anti-schistosomal activity of the methanol extracts from Searsia longipes and Lannea schimperi Searsia longipes 和 Lannea schimperi 甲醇提取物的体内抗血吸虫活性

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00383

Nicolaus Omari Mbugi , Geoffrey Maina , Musa Chacha , Ernest Mbega

Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by the flat worms under the genus Schistosoma. The disease is prominent in tropical and sub tropical countries and it is manifested in two forms; the acute and the chronic form. Treatment and control of the schistosomiasis is constrained with various factors including immerging worm resistance and selective efficacy of the current recommended drug of choice. This therefore calls for the search of new approaches to offset the problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the methanolic extract from Searsia longipes and Lannea schimperi against Schistosoma mansoni by using animal model. Swiss albino mice were used for the efficacy testing, whereby, for each extract, 5 groups of mice were used, and each contained 5 mice. Three different doses were administered to three groups, whereas the remaining two groups were used as negative and positive control arms. Efficacies were assessed based on the reduction of the worm eggs in the faeces and organs, body weight gain, loss of liver weight, as well as reduction of worm burden. Both extracts demonstrated significant egg and worm reduction, which was directly proportional to the dose increment. At the highest dose used, Searsia longipes expressed the higher percentage egg reduction (73.33 %), whereas Lannea schimperi demonstrated the higher worm burden reduction (68.53 %). The present study provides strong evidence of the anti-schistosomal activity of the extracts from both S. longipes and L. schimperi. These findings are a significant step forward, suggesting that these plants could be a promising alternative medicine for the treatment of schistosomiasis. However, further investigations are warranted to isolate the compound responsible for this activity and to assess the sub-acute toxicity of the plant extracts. This next phase of research is crucial for advancing our understanding and potential use of these plant extracts.

血吸虫病是一种由血吸虫属扁形虫引起的疾病。这种疾病主要发生在热带和亚热带国家，有急性和慢性两种表现形式。血吸虫病的治疗和控制受到各种因素的制约，包括浸入性蠕虫抗药性和当前推荐药物的选择性药效。因此，需要寻找新的方法来解决这些问题。本研究旨在通过动物模型研究 Searsia longipes 和 Lannea schimperi 的甲醇提取物对曼氏血吸虫的疗效。药效测试使用瑞士白化小鼠，每种提取物使用 5 组小鼠，每组 5 只。对三组小鼠施用三种不同的剂量，其余两组分别作为阴性和阳性对照组。根据小鼠粪便和器官中虫卵的减少量、体重增加量、肝脏重量的减少量以及虫体负担的减少量来评估药效。两种提取物都能显著减少虫卵和虫体，其减少量与剂量递增成正比。在使用的最高剂量下，Searsia longipes 的虫卵减少率较高（73.33%），而 Lannea schimperi 的虫体减少率较高（68.53%）。本研究提供了强有力的证据，证明 Searsia longipes 和 L. schimperi 的提取物具有抗吸虫活性。这些发现是向前迈出的重要一步，表明这些植物可能是治疗血吸虫病的一种很有前途的替代药物。不过，还需要进一步研究，以分离出具有这种活性的化合物，并评估植物提取物的亚急性毒性。下一阶段的研究对于促进我们对这些植物提取物的了解和潜在用途至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Empowering rural communities for effective larval source management: A small-scale field evaluation of a community-led larviciding approach to control malaria in south-eastern Tanzania 增强农村社区有效管理幼虫源的能力：在坦桑尼亚东南部对社区主导的疟疾防治幼虫灭杀方法进行小规模实地评估

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00382

Salum A. Mapua , Alex J. Limwagu , Dmitry Kishkinev , Khamis Kifungo , Ismail H. Nambunga , Samuel Mziray , Gwakisa John , Wahida Mtiro , Kusirye Ukio , Javier Lezaun , Frederic Tripet , Fredros O. Okumu

Introduction

Larval source management, particularly larviciding, is mainly implemented in urban settings to control malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. In Tanzania, the government has recently expanded larviciding to rural settings across the country, but implementation faces multiple challenges, notably inadequate resources and limited know-how by technical staff. This study evaluated the potential of training community members to identify, characterize and target larval habitats of Anopheles funestus mosquitoes, the dominant vector of malaria transmission in south-eastern Tanzania.

Methods

A mixed-methods study was used. First, interviewer-administered questionnaires were employed to assess knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of community members towards larviciding (N = 300). Secondly community-based volunteers were trained to identify and characterize aquatic habitats of dominant malaria vector species, after which they treated the most productive habitats with a locally-manufactured formulation of the biolarvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. Longitudinal surveys of mosquito adults and larvae were used to assess impacts of the community-led larviciding programme in two villages in rural south-eastern Tanzania.

Results

At the beginning of the program, the majority of village residents were unaware of larviciding as a potential malaria prevention method, and about 20 % thought that larvicides could be harmful to the environment and other insects. The trained community volunteers identified and characterized 360 aquatic habitats, of which 45.6 % had Anopheles funestus, the dominant malaria vector in the area. The preferred larval habitats for An. funestus were deep and had either slow- or fast-moving waters. Application of biolarvicides reduced the abundance of adult An. funestus and Culex spp. species inside human houses in the same villages, by 46.3 % and 35.4 % respectively. Abundance of late-stage instar larvae of the same taxa was also reduced by 74 % and 42 %, respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that training community members to identify, characterize, and target larval habitats of the dominant malaria vectors can be effective for larval source management in rural Tanzania. Community-led larviciding reduced the densities of adult and late-stage instar larvae of An. funestus and Culex spp. inside houses, suggesting that this approach may have potential for malaria control in rural settings. However, efforts are still needed to increase awareness of larviciding in the relevant communities.

导言幼虫源管理，尤其是杀幼虫剂，主要在城市环境中实施，以控制疟疾和其他蚊子传播的疾病。在坦桑尼亚，政府最近将杀幼虫剂的使用范围扩大到了全国的农村地区，但在实施过程中面临着多重挑战，尤其是资源不足和技术人员的专业技能有限。本研究评估了培训社区成员识别、描述和锁定按蚊幼虫栖息地的潜力，按蚊是坦桑尼亚东南部疟疾传播的主要病媒。首先，采用由访谈者主持的问卷调查来评估社区成员对杀幼虫剂的了解、认识和看法（N = 300）。其次，对社区志愿者进行培训，以识别和描述疟疾病媒的主要水生栖息地，然后用当地生产的生物杀虫剂苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis）制剂处理最富饶的栖息地。对蚊子成虫和幼虫进行纵向调查，以评估坦桑尼亚东南部农村地区两个村庄由社区主导的杀幼虫剂计划的影响。结果在计划开始时，大多数村民不知道杀幼虫剂是一种潜在的疟疾预防方法，约 20% 的人认为杀幼虫剂可能对环境和其他昆虫有害。经过培训的社区志愿者确定并描述了 360 个水生栖息地，其中 45.6% 的栖息地有按蚊，按蚊是该地区主要的疟疾病媒。疟蚊喜欢的幼虫栖息地都很深，水流缓慢或湍急。施用生物杀虫剂后，同一村落房屋内的成虫疟蚊和库蚊数量分别减少了 46.3% 和 35.4%。这项研究表明，培训社区成员识别、描述和锁定主要疟疾病媒的幼虫栖息地可以有效地在坦桑尼亚农村地区进行幼虫源管理。社区主导的幼虫灭杀减少了房屋内疟原虫和库蚊的成虫和晚期幼虫密度，表明这种方法在农村环境中可能具有控制疟疾的潜力。不过，仍需努力提高相关社区对杀幼虫剂的认识。

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引用次数: 0

Epidemiological survey of two morphotypes of Demodex folliculorum (Prostigmata: Demodicidade) in young people from southern Spain 对西班牙南部年轻人中两种形态的毛囊德莫德克（前驱体：Demodicidade）进行流行病学调查

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00381

F.J. Márquez , A.J. López-Montoya , S. Sánchez-Carrión , I. Dimov , M. de Rojas

Different morphotypes of Demodex from humans have been described. Among them, molecular studies have made it possible to discern between the Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis. Further studies showed two morphotypes of D. folliculorum harboured two different habits (human skin and human eyelashes), both of them with finger-shaped terminal opisthosoma difficult to differentiate and that can be assigned to D. folliculorum,

Thus, a complete morphometric study of the species, which in this study are referred to as Demodex folliculorum species complex, was carried out. From this morphometric and meristic study two distinct morphological forms (short and long) could be identified within the Demodex folliculorum species complex. These forms differ significantly in four out of the six biometric parameters we analysed: gnathosomal length and width, podosomal width, and opisthosomal length. Moreover, a comprehensive survey of the two morphotypes from different habitats (skin and eyelashes), was carried out in young people of Southern Spain. Therefore, an analysis of 104 asymptomatic students, which were contact lens wearers, and the presence of D. folliculorum was carried out. A statistical analysis based on Bayesian zero inflated Poisson GLM has been applied to our sample data. For the age group considered (18–24 years old), the overall D. folliculorum prevalence for skin face or eye infections (at least one of them) was 19.31 % (51 people), with a statistically significant higher prevalence in ~~males~~ men. Furthermore, there is a slight statistical correlation between the presence of Demodex in silicone hydrogel soft contact lens wearers. This study confirms: i) the existence of two morphotypes of D. folliculorum that appear segregated due to the parasitization microhabitats,ii) a higher prevalence of mites in men than in women, iii) the existence of a high number of statistically supported double infections (skin-eyelashes). It also provides epidemiological data on the prevalence of long and short forms of D. folliculorum in a healthy young population.

人们已经描述了人类蜕皮虫的不同形态。其中，分子研究使我们能够区分毛囊德莫德克（Demodex folliculorum）和布氏德莫德克（Demodex brevis）。进一步的研究表明，D. folliculorum 的两个形态型有两种不同的习性（人类皮肤和人类睫毛），它们都有难以区分的指状末端开口瘤，可以归类为 D. folliculorum。通过形态和分生研究，可以在毛囊德莫德克种群中确定两种不同的形态（短形和长形）。在我们分析的六个生物计量参数中，这两种形态在四个参数上存在明显差异：钩体长度和宽度、荚膜宽度和开口体长度。此外，我们还在西班牙南部的年轻人中对来自不同栖息地（皮肤和睫毛）的两种形态进行了全面调查。因此，对 104 名佩戴隐形眼镜的无症状学生进行了分析，以确定是否存在毛囊虫。我们对样本数据进行了贝叶斯零膨胀泊松 GLM 统计分析。在所考虑的年龄组（18-24 岁）中，脸部皮肤或眼部感染（至少其中一种）的毛囊虫感染率为 19.31%（51 人），男性的感染率明显更高。此外，据统计，硅水凝胶软性隐形眼镜佩戴者中出现的蜕皮虫与此略有关联。这项研究证实：i) 由于寄生微生境的不同，毛囊虫有两种不同的形态；ii) 男性的螨虫感染率高于女性；iii) 从统计学角度看，存在大量的双重感染（皮肤-睫毛）。该研究还提供了关于健康年轻人群中长型和短型毛囊虫流行率的流行病学数据。

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引用次数: 0

Urogenital schistosomiasis among school children in northwestern Tanzania: Prevalence, intensity of infection, associated factors, and pattern of urinary tract morbidities 坦桑尼亚西北部学龄儿童的尿路血吸虫病：感染率、感染强度、相关因素和泌尿系统发病模式

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00380

Nyanda C. Justine , Titus R. Leeyio , Antje Fuss , Klaus Brehm , Humphrey D. Mazigo , Andreas Mueller

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The planning and implementation of intervention measures against schistosomiasis, particularly mass administration, require knowledge of the current status of the infection. This is important for monitoring the impact of the intervention on disease indicators such as a decline in infection prevalence, intensity of infection, and urogenital morbidities. Following repeated rounds of mass treatment in northwestern Tanzania, the epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis has changed; thus, for the effective planning and allocation of resources, it is important to understand the current status of the disease in the targeted groups. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence, intensity, and associated factors of <em>Schistosoma haematobium</em> infection and urinary tract morbidities in school-aged children from northwestern Tanzania.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among schoolchildren aged 5–17 years between November and December 2022. A single urine sample was collected from each child and examined for the presence of <em>S. haematobium</em> eggs and microhaematuria using a urine filtration technique and a urine reagent dipstick. Each child underwent an ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract according to the World Health Organization standards (Niamey protocol) to detect <em>S. haematobium-related</em> morbidities.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Of the 3225 participants, 54.2 % were female, and the mean age was 10.9 (±1.89) years. The overall prevalence of <em>S. haematobium</em> was 17.7 % (95 % CI: 16.4–19.1, 572/3225). Of the 572 infected children, 81.8 % (95 % CI: 78.4–84.9, 468/572) had light-intensity infections, and 18.2 % (95 % CI: 14.9–21.4, 104/572) had heavy-intensity infections. The prevalence of macro- and microhaematuria was 2.4 % (95 % CI: 1.9–3) and 18.5 % (95 % CI: 17.2–19.8), respectively. Age (aOR: 1.2, 95 % CI: 1.0–1.5), district of residence (aOR: 2.1, 95 % CI: 1.7–2.7) and history of schistosomiasis (aOR: 2.5, 95 % CI: 1.9–3.2) were significantly associated with urinary schistosomiasis infection. However, swallowing praziquantel during the last mass drug administration was protective (aOR 0.6, 95 % CI: 0.4–0.8). The overall prevalence of ultrasound-detectable urinary tract abnormalities was 9.9 % (95 % CI: 8.9–11.1, 299/2994) and included urinary bladder abnormalities in 9.9 % (95 % CI: 8.8–11, 297/2994), ureter abnormalities in 0.2 % (95 % CI: 0.07–0.4, 6/2994), and kidney abnormalities in 0.2 % (95 % CI: 0.09–0.4, 7/2994). Calcification of the urinary bladder was observed in 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.6–1.3, 29/2994) of the examined children.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p><em>Schistosoma haematobium</em> infection is still prevalent among schoolchildren in the study setting, and it causes substantial morbidity at an early age. Transmission is driven by the age of the child, district of resi

背景规划和实施血吸虫病干预措施，特别是大规模施药，需要了解感染现状。这对于监测干预措施对疾病指标（如感染率下降、感染强度和泌尿生殖系统发病率）的影响非常重要。在坦桑尼亚西北部进行了多轮大规模治疗后，尿路血吸虫病的流行病学发生了变化；因此，为了有效规划和分配资源，了解目标群体的疾病现状非常重要。因此，本研究旨在确定坦桑尼亚西北部学龄儿童血吸虫感染和泌尿道疾病的流行率、强度和相关因素。每个儿童采集一份尿液样本，使用尿液过滤技术和尿液试剂滴定管检测是否存在血吸虫卵和微血尿。根据世界卫生组织的标准（尼亚美方案），每个儿童都接受了泌尿道超声波检查，以检测与血孢子虫相关的发病率。结果在 3225 名参与者中，54.2% 为女性，平均年龄为 10.9 (±1.89) 岁。血吸虫的总体感染率为 17.7%（95 % CI：16.4-19.1，572/3225 人）。在 572 名受感染的儿童中，81.8%（95 % CI：78.4-84.9，468/572）为轻度感染，18.2%（95 % CI：14.9-21.4，104/572）为重度感染。大血尿和微血尿的发病率分别为 2.4 %（95 % CI：1.9-3）和 18.5 %（95 % CI：17.2-19.8）。年龄（aOR：1.2，95 % CI：1.0-1.5）、居住地区（aOR：2.1，95 % CI：1.7-2.7）和血吸虫病史（aOR：2.5，95 % CI：1.9-3.2）与尿路血吸虫病感染显著相关。不过，在最后一次大规模用药期间吞服吡喹酮具有保护作用（aOR 0.6，95 % CI：0.4-0.8）。超声波可检测到的尿路异常总发生率为 9.9%（95 % CI：8.9-11.1，299/2994），其中膀胱异常发生率为 9.9%（95 % CI：8.9-11.1，299/2994）。9%（95% CI：8.8-11，297/1994），输尿管异常为 0.2%（95% CI：0.07-0.4，6/1994），肾脏异常为 0.2%（95% CI：0.09-0.4，7/1994）。在接受检查的儿童中，有 0.9 %（95 % CI：0.6-1.3，29/1994）的儿童出现膀胱钙化。儿童的年龄、居住地区和血吸虫病史都会造成传播。不过，在大规模用药时吞服吡喹酮可减少传播。泌尿系统血吸虫病感染与血尿和超声检测到的发病率有关。在血吸虫流行地区，可考虑在年度大规模治疗计划中对泌尿道疾病进行常规超声波筛查，以便及早治疗。应特别关注蛋白尿、微血尿和重度感染的儿童。

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引用次数: 0

Epidemiology and likelihood of asymptomatic malaria among community dwellers in the Fanteakwa south district of Ghana 加纳 Fanteakwa 南区社区居民中无症状疟疾的流行病学和可能性

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00378

Enoch Aninagyei , David Adedia , Gifty Larbi , Stella Omane Acheampong , Margaret Nyarko , George Abeiku Abbew , Isaac Tuwarlba , Desmond Omane Acheampong

Background

Data on the asymptomatic burden of malaria in endemic areas is essential for Ghana's malaria elimination efforts. Consequently, the situation of asymptomatic malaria in the Fanteakwa South District (FSD) is determined in this study. The FSD is predominantly forested with more rural than peri-urban communities. Additionally, artisanal mining is prevalent in the district. Despite that the forgoing could promote high incidence of malaria, the burden of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors in the district have never been determined.

Methods

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four randomly selected communities in the FSD in the Eastern region of Ghana. The participating households were systematically selected, of which one household member was randomly enrolled in the study. With prior consent, 2 mL of whole blood was collected from the participants. Subsequently, the study variables were obtained from the enrolees using a structured questionnaire. The malaria status of the enrolled participants was determined using the CareStart™ malaria rapid diagnostic test kit (mRDT) (USA). The multiple logistic regression model was used to fit the model to predict the groups at risk of P. falciparum infection in the district.

Results

In total, 412 study participants were enrolled. The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in the district was 43.4 % (179/412). The prevalence rate was 36.9 %, 27.7 %, 50 % and 58.8 % (<0.001) respectively for the Dwenase, Bosusu, Nsutam and Osino communities. Living at Bosusu (p = 0.045, AOR = 0.23, 95 % CI: 0.05–0.96), Dwenase (p < 0.001, AOR = 0.12, 95 % CI: 0.04–0.30) and Nsutam (p < 0.001, AOR = 0.19, 95 % CI: 0.08–0.45) were less likely to contract malaria compared to Osino dwellers. Furthermore, pregnant women (p = 0.024, COR = 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.14–0.9) and individuals who do not share mosquito nets with others (p = 0.017, COR = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.25–0.88) were less likely to contract malaria. Moreover, being an adolescent (p = 0.048, COR = 1.93, 95 % CI: 1.00–3.73), living in mining communities (p = 0.002, COR = 1.97, 95 % CI: 1.27–3.05), being nocturnally active (p = 0.001, AOR = 4.64, 95 % CI: 1.97–11.31), living in a medium quality house (p = 0.031, AOR = 2.31, 95 % CI: 1.09–5.00), schooling in the district (p < 0.001) and body temperature above >37.5 °C (<0.001), were predictors of asymptomatic malaria.

Conclusions

The burden of asymptomatic malaria is high in the Fanteakwa South district. In this context, the implementation of the ‘mass strategy’ recommended by the World Health Organization will play a key role in eliminating malaria in the district.

背景有关疟疾流行地区无症状疟疾负担的数据对于加纳消除疟疾的努力至关重要。因此，本研究确定了 Fanteakwa 南区（FSD）无症状疟疾的情况。FSD 以森林为主，农村社区多于城市周边社区。此外，该地区还盛行手工采矿。尽管上述情况可能会导致疟疾的高发病率，但该地区无症状疟疾的负担和相关因素却从未被确定过。方法这项以社区为基础的横断面研究在加纳东部地区 FSD 的四个随机选择的社区中进行。参与研究的家庭都是经过系统挑选的，其中一名家庭成员被随机纳入研究。在事先征得同意的情况下，从参与者身上采集了 2 毫升全血。随后，使用结构化问卷向参与者了解研究变量。使用 CareStart™ 疟疾快速诊断检测试剂盒（美国）确定受试者的疟疾状况。采用多元逻辑回归模型来预测该地区感染恶性疟原虫的高危人群。该地区无症状疟疾的总体流行率为 43.4%（179/412）。德韦纳塞、博苏苏、恩苏塔姆和奥西诺社区的发病率分别为 36.9%、27.7%、50% 和 58.8%（<0.001）。与奥西诺居民相比，居住在 Bosusu（p = 0.045，AOR = 0.23，95 % CI：0.05-0.96）、Dwenase（p <0.001，AOR = 0.12，95 % CI：0.04-0.30）和 Nsutam（p <0.001，AOR = 0.19，95 % CI：0.08-0.45）的居民感染疟疾的几率较低。此外，孕妇（p = 0.024，COR = 0.35，95 % CI：0.14-0.9）和不与他人共用蚊帐者（p = 0.017，COR = 0.47，95 % CI：0.25-0.88）感染疟疾的可能性也较低。此外，青少年（p = 0.048，COR = 1.93，95 % CI：1.00-3.73）、居住在矿区（p = 0.002，COR = 1.97，95 % CI：1.27-3.05）、夜间活动（p = 0.001，AOR = 4.64，95 % CI：1.97-11.31）、居住在中等质量的房屋（p = 0.031, AOR = 2.31, 95 % CI: 1.09-5.00), 在该地区上学 (p < 0.001) 和体温高于 37.5 °C (<0.001)是无症状疟疾的预测因素。在这种情况下，实施世界卫生组织推荐的 "大规模战略 "将在消除该地区疟疾方面发挥关键作用。

{"title":"Epidemiology and likelihood of asymptomatic malaria among community dwellers in the Fanteakwa south district of Ghana","authors":"Enoch Aninagyei , David Adedia , Gifty Larbi , Stella Omane Acheampong , Margaret Nyarko , George Abeiku Abbew , Isaac Tuwarlba , Desmond Omane Acheampong","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Data on the asymptomatic burden of malaria in endemic areas is essential for Ghana's malaria elimination efforts. Consequently, the situation of asymptomatic malaria in the Fanteakwa South District (FSD) is determined in this study. The FSD is predominantly forested with more rural than peri-urban communities. Additionally, artisanal mining is prevalent in the district. Despite that the forgoing could promote high incidence of malaria, the burden of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors in the district have never been determined.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four randomly selected communities in the FSD in the Eastern region of Ghana. The participating households were systematically selected, of which one household member was randomly enrolled in the study. With prior consent, 2 mL of whole blood was collected from the participants. Subsequently, the study variables were obtained from the enrolees using a structured questionnaire. The malaria status of the enrolled participants was determined using the CareStart™ malaria rapid diagnostic test kit (mRDT) (USA). The multiple logistic regression model was used to fit the model to predict the groups at risk of <em>P. falciparum</em> infection in the district.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In total, 412 study participants were enrolled. The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in the district was 43.4 % (179/412). The prevalence rate was 36.9 %, 27.7 %, 50 % and 58.8 % (<0.001) respectively for the Dwenase, Bosusu, Nsutam and Osino communities. Living at Bosusu (<em>p</em> = 0.045, AOR = 0.23, 95 % CI: 0.05–0.96), Dwenase (<em>p</em> < 0.001, AOR = 0.12, 95 % CI: 0.04–0.30) and Nsutam (p < 0.001, AOR = 0.19, 95 % CI: 0.08–0.45) were less likely to contract malaria compared to Osino dwellers. Furthermore, pregnant women (<em>p</em> = 0.024, COR = 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.14–0.9) and individuals who do not share mosquito nets with others (<em>p</em> = 0.017, COR = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.25–0.88) were less likely to contract malaria. Moreover, being an adolescent (<em>p</em> = 0.048, COR = 1.93, 95 % CI: 1.00–3.73), living in mining communities (<em>p</em> = 0.002, COR = 1.97, 95 % CI: 1.27–3.05), being nocturnally active (<em>p</em> = 0.001, AOR = 4.64, 95 % CI: 1.97–11.31), living in a medium quality house (<em>p</em> = 0.031, AOR = 2.31, 95 % CI: 1.09–5.00), schooling in the district (<em>p</em> < 0.001) and body temperature above >37.5 °C (<0.001), were predictors of asymptomatic malaria.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The burden of asymptomatic malaria is high in the Fanteakwa South district. In this context, the implementation of the ‘mass strategy’ recommended by the World Health Organization will play a key role in eliminating malaria in the district.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article e00378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405673124000424/pdfft?md5=e435333c814dbb15d8bf056b357e76b9&pid=1-s2.0-S2405673124000424-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prevalence and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infections among schoolchildren in Mekan Eyesus town, northwestern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚西北部 Mekan Eyesus 镇学童中土壤传播蠕虫感染的流行率和相关风险因素

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00379

Yohannes Andargie , Amir Alelign , Zinaye Tekeste

Background

Little attention has been paid to determining the prevalence and associated factors of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in some developing countries. This study was, therefore, carried out to determine the prevalence and associated factors of STH infections among schoolchildren attending three primary schools in Mekane Eyesus town, northwestern Ethiopia.

Methods

A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2023 in Mekane Eyesus town. Stool samples were collected from 401 children from three primary schools in the town. Wet-mount and formol ether concentration techniques were used to diagnose stool samples, and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for STH infections.

Results

The overall prevalence of STH infection in this study was 18.2 % (73/401). The most common helminth species detected was Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) (7.5 % (30/401)). Not trimming fingernails regularly (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.75, 95 % CI = 1.87–7.50), having illiterate fathers (AOR = 2.29, 95 % CI = 1.18–4.44), and being aged 15–17 years (AOR = 2.37, 95 % CI = 1.06–5.30) were associated with increased odds of STH infection. Children who wash their hands after defecation (AOR = 0.43, 95 % CI = 0.21–0.88) and those whose mothers were housewives (AOR = 0.22, 95 % CI = 0.08–0.58) had lower odds of STH infection.

Conclusion

This study found a high prevalence of STH infection among schoolchildren in Mekane Eyesus town. Thus, STH infection preventive measures, including deworming of schoolchildren, should be implemented in the study area. Moreover, giving health-related knowledge about STH infection prevention strategies, such as regular fingernail trimming and hand washing after defecating, is vital for reducing the prevalence of STH infections in the study area.

背景在一些发展中国家，人们很少关注土壤传播蠕虫（STH）感染的流行率和相关因素。因此，本研究旨在确定埃塞俄比亚西北部 Mekane Eyesus 镇三所小学在校学生的 STH 感染率及相关因素。方法 2023 年 3 月至 6 月在 Mekane Eyesus 镇开展了一项基于学校的横断面研究。从该镇三所小学的 401 名儿童中采集了粪便样本。采用湿装载和甲醇乙醚浓缩技术对粪便样本进行诊断，并使用结构化问卷收集有关社会人口特征和感染性传播疾病风险因素的数据。最常见的蠕虫种类是蛔虫（A. lumbricoides）（7.5%，30/401）。不经常修剪指甲（调整赔率 (AOR) = 3.75，95 % CI = 1.87-7.50）、父亲是文盲（AOR = 2.29，95 % CI = 1.18-4.44）和年龄在 15-17 岁（AOR = 2.37，95 % CI = 1.06-5.30）与感染性传播疾病的几率增加有关。排便后洗手的儿童（AOR = 0.43，95 % CI = 0.21-0.88）和母亲是家庭主妇的儿童（AOR = 0.22，95 % CI = 0.08-0.58）感染 STH 的几率较低。因此，应在研究地区采取预防性传播疾病感染的措施，包括为学童驱虫。此外，为降低研究地区的性传播疾病感染率，还必须提供有关性传播疾病感染预防策略的健康知识，如定期修剪指甲和便后洗手等。

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引用次数: 0

Molluscicidal property of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes against Indoplanorbis exustus and Radix rubiginosa, the intermediate hosts of trematode parasites 与昆虫病原线虫相关的共生细菌对吸虫寄生虫的中间宿主箬竹和萝蔔的杀软体动物特性

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00375

Abdulhakam Dumidae , Chanatinart Homkeaw , Chanakan Subkrasae , Jiranun Ardpairin , Supawan Pansri , Raxsina Polseela , Ittipon Phoungpetchara , Tewarat Kumchantuek , Sarunporn Tandhavanan , Aunchalee Thanwisai , Apichat Vitta

Indoplanorbis exustus and Radix rubiginosa act as intermediate hosts for veterinary and medical trematode parasites. Snail control is a strategy used to decrease the number of snails and interrupt the life cycle of parasites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus extracts against I. exustus and R. rubiginosa in the laboratory. Ethyl acetate extracts of selected symbiotic bacteria were tested for their molluscicidal activities according to World Health Organization guidelines. Additionally, pathological changes in the snails were observed after treatment with the LC50 values under a light microscope. Indoplanorbis exustus and R. rubiginosa were susceptible to all ethyl acetate extracts of symbiotic bacteria. The lowest LC50 and LC90 at 24 h for I. exustus after exposure to Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii (bALN18.2_TH) extracts were 81.66 and 151.02 ppm, respectively. Similarly, the lowest LC50 and LC90 at 24 h for R. rubiginosa after exposure to Photorhabdus luminescence subsp. akhurstii (bAPY3.5_TH) extracts were 49.21 and 147.66 ppm, respectively. Photorhabdus species had more substantial molluscicidal effects than Xenorhabdus on these snails. The ethyl acetate extracts of these bacteria are effective when contacting the epithelial cells and foot muscle of the snails. To our knowledge, this is the first report on using Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus extracts to evaluate molluscicidal activities. These symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, may be useful for controlling snail intermediate hosts.

外箬笠蜗牛（Indoplanorbis exustus）和红瑞香蜗牛（Radix rubiginosa）是兽用和医用吸虫的中间宿主。蜗牛控制是一种用于减少蜗牛数量和中断寄生虫生命周期的策略。本研究的目的是在实验室中评估 Xenorhabdus 和 Photorhabdus 提取物对 I. exustus 和 R. rubiginosa 的功效。根据世界卫生组织的指导方针，对所选共生细菌的乙酸乙酯提取物进行了杀软体动物活性测试。此外，用 LC50 值处理蜗牛后，在光学显微镜下观察蜗牛的病理变化。Indoplanorbis exustus 和 R. rubiginosa 对所有共生细菌的乙酸乙酯提取物都易感。在暴露于 Laumondii Photorhabdus 亚种（bALN18.2_TH）萃取物 24 小时后，I. exustus 的最低 LC50 和 LC90 分别为 81.66 和 151.02 ppm。同样，R. rubiginosa 在暴露于 Photorhabdus luminescence subsp. akhurstii（bAPY3.5_TH）提取物后 24 小时的最低 LC50 和 LC90 分别为 49.21 和 147.66 ppm。与 Xenorhabdus 相比，Photorhabdus 种类对这些蜗牛的杀软体动物作用更为显著。这些细菌的乙酸乙酯提取物在接触到蜗牛的上皮细胞和足部肌肉时是有效的。据我们所知，这是第一份使用 Xenorhabdus 和 Photorhabdus 提取物评估杀软体动物活性的报告。这些共生细菌（Xenorhabdus 和 Photorhabdus）可能有助于控制蜗牛中间宿主。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in East Africa 关于东非牛锥虫病流行情况的系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 2 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00371

Getie Mulat , Moges Maru , Zewdu Seyoum Tarekegn , Haileyesus Dejene

Bovine trypanosomosis is an incapacitating and lethal ailment brought about by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. The disease leads to losses in livestock and agricultural productivity, resulting in significant socio-economic repercussions. In East Africa, trypanosomosis has been endemic for an extensive period due to ecological factors and vector biology that facilitate the persistent circulation of trypanosomes. This investigation outlines the occurrence of bovine trypanosomosis in East Africa through a meta-analysis. A thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and AJOL. Suitable studies were chosen using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The prevalence was estimated through a random effect model. Publication bias and the variation in prevalence estimates due to heterogeneity were also evaluated. The analysis was performed on 115 studies that contained relevant prevalence data. The collective estimate of bovine trypanosomosis prevalence across the studies stood at 12% (95% CI: 11, 13), ranging from 1% (95% CI: 0, 2) to 51% (95% CI: 45, 58). The subgroup analysis by country revealed considerable disparities in prevalence. The highest estimated prevalence was 24% (95% CI: 18, 30) in Somalia, whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in Ethiopia at 10% (95% CI: 9, 11). A significant level of heterogeneity was noted in most pooled estimates, even after conducting subgroup analysis. The visual examination of the funnel plot and the Egger's regression asymmetry coefficient (b = −5.13, 95% CI: −7.49, −2.76, p = 0.00) and Begg's plot (p = 0.00) indicate the presence of publication bias. In conclusion, bovine trypanosomosis is a pervasive and noteworthy malady affecting livestock. The findings of this investigation imply a high prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the majority of the countries under scrutiny. Despite the well-known hindrance that livestock trypanosomosis poses to livestock production in Africa, little attention has been devoted to the trypanosomosis situation, particularly in East African nations.

牛锥虫病是由锥虫属原生动物寄生虫引起的一种使人丧失能力的致命疾病。这种疾病会导致牲畜和农业生产力损失，造成严重的社会经济影响。在东非，由于生态因素和病媒生物学的影响，锥虫病在很长一段时间内都是地方病。本调查通过荟萃分析概述了牛锥虫病在东非的发生情况。我们在 PubMed、Google Scholar、Scopus、Web of Science 和 AJOL 上进行了全面搜索。根据纳入和排除标准选择了合适的研究。流行率通过随机效应模型进行估算。此外，还对异质性导致的发表偏差和患病率估计值的变化进行了评估。分析针对 115 项包含相关流行率数据的研究。所有研究对牛锥虫病流行率的总体估计为 12% (95% CI: 11, 13)，范围从 1% (95% CI: 0, 2) 到 51% (95% CI: 45, 58)。按国家进行的分组分析显示，流行率存在相当大的差异。索马里的估计流行率最高，为 24% (95% CI: 18, 30)，而埃塞俄比亚的流行率最低，为 10% (95% CI: 9, 11)。即使进行了分组分析，大多数汇总的估计值仍存在明显的异质性。对漏斗图和 Egger 回归不对称系数（b = -5.13，95% CI：-7.49，-2.76，p = 0.00）以及 Begg 图（p = 0.00）的直观检查表明存在发表偏倚。总之，牛锥虫病是影响家畜的一种普遍而值得注意的疾病。本次调查的结果表明，牛锥虫病在被调查的大多数国家都有很高的流行率。尽管家畜锥虫病对非洲的畜牧业生产造成了众所周知的阻碍，但人们却很少关注锥虫病的情况，尤其是在东非国家。

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