Pub Date : 2025-05-06DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100121
M.S. Guimaraes , I. Roditi , S.P. Sorella
A concise and self-contained introduction to the Bell inequality in relativistic Quantum Field Theory is presented. Taking the example of a real scalar massive field, the violation of the Bell inequality in the vacuum state and for causal complementary wedges is illustrated.
{"title":"Bell’s inequality in relativistic Quantum Field Theory","authors":"M.S. Guimaraes , I. Roditi , S.P. Sorella","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A concise and self-contained introduction to the Bell inequality in relativistic Quantum Field Theory is presented. Taking the example of a real scalar massive field, the violation of the Bell inequality in the vacuum state and for causal complementary wedges is illustrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-02DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100120
Max Aehle , Lorenzo Arsini , R. Belén Barreiro , Anastasios Belias , Alexey Boldyrev , Florian Bury , Susana Cebrian , Alexander Demin , Jennet Dickinson , Julien Donini , Tommaso Dorigo , Michele Doro , Nicolas R. Gauger , Andrea Giammanco , Lindsey Gray , Borja S. González , Verena Kain , Jan Kieseler , Lisa Kusch , Marcus Liwicki , Pietro Vischia
In this article we examine recent developments in the research area concerning the creation of end-to-end models for the complete optimization of measuring instruments. The models we consider rely on differentiable programming methods and on the specification of a software pipeline including all factors impacting performance — from the data-generating processes to their reconstruction and the inference on the parameters of interest — along with the careful specification of a utility function well aligned with the end goals of the experiment.
Building on previous studies originated within the MODE Collaboration, we focus specifically on applications involving instruments for particle physics experimentation, as well as industrial and medical applications that share the detection of radiation as their data-generating mechanism.
This report illustrates the most recent advancements in the area, and outlines, for each of the discussed applications as well as for automatic differentiation itself, ongoing and future work.
{"title":"Progress in end-to-end optimization of fundamental physics experimental apparata with differentiable programming","authors":"Max Aehle , Lorenzo Arsini , R. Belén Barreiro , Anastasios Belias , Alexey Boldyrev , Florian Bury , Susana Cebrian , Alexander Demin , Jennet Dickinson , Julien Donini , Tommaso Dorigo , Michele Doro , Nicolas R. Gauger , Andrea Giammanco , Lindsey Gray , Borja S. González , Verena Kain , Jan Kieseler , Lisa Kusch , Marcus Liwicki , Pietro Vischia","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article we examine recent developments in the research area concerning the creation of end-to-end models for the complete optimization of measuring instruments. The models we consider rely on differentiable programming methods and on the specification of a software pipeline including all factors impacting performance — from the data-generating processes to their reconstruction and the inference on the parameters of interest — along with the careful specification of a utility function well aligned with the end goals of the experiment.</div><div>Building on previous studies originated within the MODE Collaboration, we focus specifically on applications involving instruments for particle physics experimentation, as well as industrial and medical applications that share the detection of radiation as their data-generating mechanism.</div><div>This report illustrates the most recent advancements in the area, and outlines, for each of the discussed applications as well as for automatic differentiation itself, ongoing and future work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, Landau–Zener–Stückelberg–Majorana (LZSM) dynamics of tunneling transmon quantum bits (qubits) and related interference effects (interferometry) in symmetrical Josephson junctions (JJs) are theoretically investigated. Accordingly, the deviation of the driving parameters from the symmetry point and the transmon frequency are introduced, leading to fluctuations of a superconducting gap that limit the computational power of state-of-the-art transmon qubits and micro-processors. Indeed, the theoretical approach is carried withing the framework of the dynamic matrix approach (DMA) and numerical experiment measurements are reported after both single and double passages through a complexity of the transmon qubit polarization energy. Therefore, we derive generalized analytical expressions of LZSM quantum tunneling probabilities (QTP) and energy eigenvalues for multiple passages processes, which allow us to efficiently establish the transmon frequency and determine the driving parameters. Our theoretical results seem relevant for the interpretation of several LZSM interferometry mechanisms in the modulation of superconducting gap through different transmon qubit spectroscopy experiments in which tunable LZSM transitions and quantum interference patterns are demonstrated by the use of universal nonadiabatic control to implement quantum emulations. Additionally, this mapping enables the investigation of JJ effects through the identification of the corresponding modulated topological phases accumulated during the LZSM transitions, which offer new opportunities to coherently manipulate qubit states and address the energy transfer of transmon qubits on the one hand. On the other hand, it suggests possibilities to reduce sensitivity and to suspected sources of imperfection from different superconducting qubit architectures, particularly in the context of materials optimization strategies that dig out nontrivial phenomena possessing powerful quantum interferometer functionality with realistic quantum controls of tunneling transmon qubit states.
在本研究中，从理论上研究了对称Josephson结（JJs）中隧穿transmon量子比特（qubits）的landau - zener - st ckelberg - majorana （LZSM）动力学和相关的干涉效应（干涉测量）。因此，引入了驱动参数与对称点和transmon频率的偏差，导致超导间隙的波动，限制了最先进的transmon量子位和微处理器的计算能力。事实上，理论方法是在动态矩阵方法（DMA）的框架内进行的，并且在单次和双次通过transmon量子比特极化能量的复杂性后，报告了数值实验测量。因此，我们推导了LZSM多通道过程的量子隧穿概率（QTP）和能量特征值的广义解析表达式，使我们能够有效地建立transmon频率和确定驱动参数。我们的理论结果似乎与解释几种LZSM干涉测量机制有关，通过不同的transmon量子比特光谱实验，通过使用通用非绝热控制来实现量子模拟，证明了可调谐的LZSM跃迁和量子干涉模式。此外，这种映射可以通过识别LZSM跃迁过程中积累的相应调制拓扑相位来研究JJ效应，这一方面为相干操纵量子比特状态和解决transmon量子比特的能量转移提供了新的机会。另一方面，它提出了降低灵敏度的可能性，并从不同的超导量子比特体系结构中发现可疑的缺陷来源，特别是在材料优化策略的背景下，挖掘出具有强大量子干涉仪功能的非平凡现象，并具有隧道传输量子比特状态的现实量子控制。
{"title":"Harmonic driving and dynamic transitions in the Landau–Zener–Stückelberg–Majorana interferometry induced by tunneling flux-driven symmetric transmon qubits","authors":"S.L. Dongmo Tedo , O.C. Feulefack , J.E. Danga , S.E. Mkam Tchouobiap , R.M. Keumo Tsiaze , A.J. Fotue , M.N. Hounkonnou , L.C. Fai","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, Landau–Zener–Stückelberg–Majorana (LZSM) dynamics of tunneling transmon quantum bits (qubits) and related interference effects (interferometry) in symmetrical Josephson junctions (JJs) are theoretically investigated. Accordingly, the deviation of the driving parameters from the symmetry point and the transmon frequency are introduced, leading to fluctuations of a superconducting gap that limit the computational power of state-of-the-art transmon qubits and micro-processors. Indeed, the theoretical approach is carried withing the framework of the dynamic matrix approach (DMA) and numerical experiment measurements are reported after both single and double passages through a complexity of the transmon qubit polarization energy. Therefore, we derive generalized analytical expressions of LZSM quantum tunneling probabilities (QTP) and energy eigenvalues for multiple passages processes, which allow us to efficiently establish the transmon frequency and determine the driving parameters. Our theoretical results seem relevant for the interpretation of several LZSM interferometry mechanisms in the modulation of superconducting gap through different transmon qubit spectroscopy experiments in which tunable LZSM transitions and quantum interference patterns are demonstrated by the use of universal nonadiabatic control to implement quantum emulations. Additionally, this mapping enables the investigation of JJ effects through the identification of the corresponding modulated topological phases accumulated during the LZSM transitions, which offer new opportunities to coherently manipulate qubit states and address the energy transfer of transmon qubits on the one hand. On the other hand, it suggests possibilities to reduce sensitivity and to suspected sources of imperfection from different superconducting qubit architectures, particularly in the context of materials optimization strategies that dig out nontrivial phenomena possessing powerful quantum interferometer functionality with realistic quantum controls of tunneling transmon qubit states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-19DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100117
Ji Tong Wang , Nicolae C. Panoiu
Optical bound-states in the continuum (BICs) have greatly enriched the field of nonlinear optics with novel ways to control and manipulate light–matter interaction at the nanoscale. This has been made possible by their unique physical properties, including effective confinement of light, non-trivial topological features, and robustness upon the propagation of the optical field both in the real and momentum space. Regarding the exploration of nonlinear optical response in various photonic nanostructures supporting BICs, particular attention has been paid to optical metasurfaces, chiefly due to their ability to control the light flow at subwavelength scale, design and fabrication flexibility, and convenient phase-matching conditions. In this review, we outline and discuss recent advances in metasurface-based frequency conversion processes utilizing the versatile physics of BICs, with a particular emphasis on the main physics background pertaining to nonlinear optical phenomena and optics of BICs, as well as state-of-the-art functionalities enabled by BIC-driven nonlinear metasurfaces. These applications include harmonic generation, harmonic chiroptical effects, generation of complex quantum states, and broadband terahertz generation. In addition, several emerging research fields and the existing challenges of photonic nanodevices relying on BICs are discussed.
{"title":"Nonlinear optical metasurfaces empowered by bound-states in the continuum","authors":"Ji Tong Wang , Nicolae C. Panoiu","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical bound-states in the continuum (BICs) have greatly enriched the field of nonlinear optics with novel ways to control and manipulate light–matter interaction at the nanoscale. This has been made possible by their unique physical properties, including effective confinement of light, non-trivial topological features, and robustness upon the propagation of the optical field both in the real and momentum space. Regarding the exploration of nonlinear optical response in various photonic nanostructures supporting BICs, particular attention has been paid to optical metasurfaces, chiefly due to their ability to control the light flow at subwavelength scale, design and fabrication flexibility, and convenient phase-matching conditions. In this review, we outline and discuss recent advances in metasurface-based frequency conversion processes utilizing the versatile physics of BICs, with a particular emphasis on the main physics background pertaining to nonlinear optical phenomena and optics of BICs, as well as state-of-the-art functionalities enabled by BIC-driven nonlinear metasurfaces. These applications include harmonic generation, harmonic chiroptical effects, generation of complex quantum states, and broadband terahertz generation. In addition, several emerging research fields and the existing challenges of photonic nanodevices relying on BICs are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100116
Bogdan Veklych
We present the first published framework of the entirety of cosmological history which is thoroughly classical (without any quantum-gravitational era or singularities) and which passes all the known extensive consistency checks. Some of its possible cosmological implications are discussed, such as its ability to account for the matter-antimatter asymmetry, dark flow, and the Hubble tension, albeit at the cost of further assumptions.
{"title":"Is a quantum gravity era necessary?","authors":"Bogdan Veklych","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present the first published framework of the entirety of cosmological history which is thoroughly classical (without any quantum-gravitational era or singularities) and which passes all the known extensive consistency checks. Some of its possible cosmological implications are discussed, such as its ability to account for the matter-antimatter asymmetry, dark flow, and the Hubble tension, albeit at the cost of further assumptions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100115
Seokwoo Kim , Yeongtae Jang , Doohyuk Han , Jihae Lee , Junsuk Rho
Polaritons, formed through the strong coupling of photons with excitations such as phonons or excitons, offer powerful tools for manipulating light at subwavelength scales. Van der Waals materials, like hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and other transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), present unique opportunities for controlling polaritonic modes due to their atomically thin structures and tunable optical properties. Specifically, hyperbolic polaritons in hBN enable extreme light confinement and canalization in the mid-infrared spectral range, while exciton-polaritons in TMDs exhibit strong nonlinear responses in the visible and near-infrared domains. Integrating van der Waals materials with metasurface—a tailored array of subwavelength scatterers—enables the creation of topologically protected polaritonic states, allowing unidirectional, scattering-resistant propagation. This review provides a brief review of the rapidly advancing field of topological polaritonics in van der Waals metasurfaces, covering not only topological polaritonic insulators but also hyperbolic polaritons exhibiting topological transition in their dispersion contour.
{"title":"Van der Waals metasurfaces molding topological polaritons","authors":"Seokwoo Kim , Yeongtae Jang , Doohyuk Han , Jihae Lee , Junsuk Rho","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polaritons, formed through the strong coupling of photons with excitations such as phonons or excitons, offer powerful tools for manipulating light at subwavelength scales. Van der Waals materials, like hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and other transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), present unique opportunities for controlling polaritonic modes due to their atomically thin structures and tunable optical properties. Specifically, hyperbolic polaritons in hBN enable extreme light confinement and canalization in the mid-infrared spectral range, while exciton-polaritons in TMDs exhibit strong nonlinear responses in the visible and near-infrared domains. Integrating van der Waals materials with metasurface—a tailored array of subwavelength scatterers—enables the creation of topologically protected polaritonic states, allowing unidirectional, scattering-resistant propagation. This review provides a brief review of the rapidly advancing field of topological polaritonics in van der Waals metasurfaces, covering not only topological polaritonic insulators but also hyperbolic polaritons exhibiting topological transition in their dispersion contour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100113
Zhi-Wen Chang , Wei-Chang Hao , Xin Liu
In this paper, we focus on studying the meron defects on checkerboard lattice based on two-band structures. Merons are two-dimensional point defects, whose topological charges give the evaluations of the Chern numbers of the two bands. We first reproduce the results of a previous model from the defect perspective. Then, the model is extended to attain the higher Chern number systems. We show that the model can achieve structures through analyzing the charges of the merons. The energy spectrum also reveals that three gap-closed states appear on the edges.
{"title":"Topological defects and higher Chern number two-band structures on checkerboard lattice","authors":"Zhi-Wen Chang , Wei-Chang Hao , Xin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we focus on studying the meron defects on checkerboard lattice based on two-band structures. Merons are two-dimensional point defects, whose topological charges give the evaluations of the Chern numbers of the two bands. We first reproduce the results of a previous model from the defect perspective. Then, the model is extended to attain the higher Chern number systems. We show that the model can achieve <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> structures through analyzing the charges of the merons. The energy spectrum also reveals that three gap-closed states appear on the edges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100112
Jie Jiang , Shengyu Hu , Zhiwei Guo , Shaolin Ke , Xian Wu , Yuntai Wu , Yuqian Wang , Haitao Jiang , Yaping Yang , Hong Chen
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has seen significant advancements, but traditional methods often struggle to meet the demands of complex application scenarios, such as simultaneously powering multiple devices wirelessly. In this paper, we explore the potential of topological corner state (TCS) for multi-load WPT, supported by both theoretical and experimental results. In two-dimensional Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) systems with only nearest-neighbor (NN) coupling, quadruple TCSs offer an efficient and robust solution for multi-load WPT. Furthermore, by developing bilayer topological structures and incorporating next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) coupling, we achieve dual TCSs and create a flexible platform for multi-load WPT. These findings highlight the diverse topological phenomena enabled by higher-order phases and present a practical approach for various wireless applications, including wireless sensing and communications.
{"title":"Topological corner states for wireless power transfer","authors":"Jie Jiang , Shengyu Hu , Zhiwei Guo , Shaolin Ke , Xian Wu , Yuntai Wu , Yuqian Wang , Haitao Jiang , Yaping Yang , Hong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has seen significant advancements, but traditional methods often struggle to meet the demands of complex application scenarios, such as simultaneously powering multiple devices wirelessly. In this paper, we explore the potential of topological corner state (TCS) for multi-load WPT, supported by both theoretical and experimental results. In two-dimensional Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) systems with only nearest-neighbor (NN) coupling, quadruple TCSs offer an efficient and robust solution for multi-load WPT. Furthermore, by developing bilayer topological structures and incorporating next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) coupling, we achieve dual TCSs and create a flexible platform for multi-load WPT. These findings highlight the diverse topological phenomena enabled by higher-order phases and present a practical approach for various wireless applications, including wireless sensing and communications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2025.100111
X.C. Hu , X.S. Wang , H.Y. Yuan , X.R. Wang
Magnetic skyrmions have attracted significant attentions for their promising applications in next-generation spintronic devices. Understanding the static and dynamic properties of skyrmions is crucial for both the fundamental interest and for the design of efficient spintronic devices. Here, we present an overview of the historical and recent developments in the studies of skyrmion morphology from our perspective. First, we review the studies of skyrmion profile and size in an isolated skyrmion structure and show how the topological properties of skyrmion structure can influence the skyrmion dynamics. Second, we review the progress on understanding the relation between skyrmion lattice, stripy states, maze-like states and their mixture observed in experiments. The temperature and field effects in skyrmion lattice formation will also be discussed. Third, we briefly review the developments of composite skyrmions such as skyrmioniums and skyrmion bags. Finally, we present conclusions and outlook on some of the opportunities in skyrmion physics.
{"title":"Recent progress in magnetic skyrmion morphology","authors":"X.C. Hu , X.S. Wang , H.Y. Yuan , X.R. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2025.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic skyrmions have attracted significant attentions for their promising applications in next-generation spintronic devices. Understanding the static and dynamic properties of skyrmions is crucial for both the fundamental interest and for the design of efficient spintronic devices. Here, we present an overview of the historical and recent developments in the studies of skyrmion morphology from our perspective. First, we review the studies of skyrmion profile and size in an isolated skyrmion structure and show how the topological properties of skyrmion structure can influence the skyrmion dynamics. Second, we review the progress on understanding the relation between skyrmion lattice, stripy states, maze-like states and their mixture observed in experiments. The temperature and field effects in skyrmion lattice formation will also be discussed. Third, we briefly review the developments of composite skyrmions such as skyrmioniums and skyrmion bags. Finally, we present conclusions and outlook on some of the opportunities in skyrmion physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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