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Advances in Multi-Variate Analysis Methods for New Physics Searches at the Large Hadron Collider 大型强子对撞机新物理搜索多变量分析方法的进展
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2021.100063
Anna Stakia , Tommaso Dorigo , Giovanni Banelli , Daniela Bortoletto , Alessandro Casa , Pablo de Castro , Christophe Delaere , Julien Donini , Livio Finos , Michele Gallinaro , Andrea Giammanco , Alexander Held , Fabricio Jiménez Morales , Grzegorz Kotkowski , Seng Pei Liew , Fabio Maltoni , Giovanna Menardi , Ioanna Papavergou , Alessia Saggio , Bruno Scarpa , Andreas Weiler

Between the years 2015 and 2019, members of the Horizon 2020-funded Innovative Training Network named “AMVA4NewPhysics” studied the customization and application of advanced multivariate analysis methods and statistical learning tools to high-energy physics problems, as well as developed entirely new ones. Many of those methods were successfully used to improve the sensitivity of data analyses performed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider; several others, still in the testing phase, promise to further improve the precision of measurements of fundamental physics parameters and the reach of searches for new phenomena. In this paper, the most relevant new tools, among those studied and developed, are presented along with the evaluation of their performances.

在2015年至2019年期间,地平线2020资助的创新培训网络“AMVA4NewPhysics”的成员研究了先进的多元分析方法和统计学习工具在高能物理问题上的定制和应用,并开发了全新的问题。其中许多方法被成功地用于提高欧洲核子研究中心大型强子对撞机上ATLAS和CMS实验数据分析的灵敏度;其他几个仍处于测试阶段的项目,有望进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精度,并扩大对新现象的搜索范围。在本文中,介绍了研究和开发的最相关的新工具,并对其性能进行了评价。
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引用次数: 1
Polarization of arbitrary charge distributions: The classical electrodynamics perspective 任意电荷分布的极化:经典电动力学视角
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2021.100061
Igor Tsukerman

The conventional definition of electric polarization as the “dipole moment per unit volume” is valid only for the special case of well-separated dipoles. An alternative general approach is to view polarization as a characteristic not of a single charge distribution but rather of an adiabatic transition between two nearby states. Polarization can then be rigorously defined as the integral of the current density over that transition. In contrast with the “Modern Theory of Polarization,” which is fully quantum-mechanical, in this paper polarization is considered from the classical perspective. Such treatment is less fundamental but simpler, has pedagogical advantages and, importantly, is subject to fewer constraints. Polarization can be rigorously and unambiguously defined for periodic or nonperiodic charge distributions, finite or infinite, microscale or macroscale, electrically neutral or non-neutral, continuous or discrete, at any temperature; polarization can be spontaneous or induced. A previous classical (non-quantum) analysis by Russakoff (Am J Phys 1970) was (i) limited to the Clausius–Mossotti/Lorenz–Lorentz model of molecular dipoles, and (ii) involves multipole expansions, which the analysis of this paper shows to be redundant.

The traditional dipole model of polarization is a straightforward special case of the proposed definition. A number of illustrative examples are presented.

电极化的传统定义是“每单位体积的偶极矩”,这只适用于偶极子分离良好的特殊情况。另一种通用的方法是把极化看作是两个邻近状态之间绝热跃迁的特征,而不是单个电荷分布的特征。极化可以被严格地定义为电流密度在该跃迁上的积分。与完全量子力学的“现代极化理论”不同,本文从经典的角度来考虑极化。这种处理方法不那么基本,但更简单,具有教学优势,重要的是,受的限制更少。极化可以严格而明确地定义为周期或非周期电荷分布,有限或无限,微观尺度或宏观尺度,电中性或非中性,连续或离散,在任何温度下;极化可以是自发的,也可以是诱导的。以前Russakoff (Am J Phys 1970)的经典(非量子)分析(i)局限于分子偶极子的Clausius-Mossotti / Lorenz-Lorentz模型,(ii)涉及多极展开,本文的分析表明这是多余的。传统的极化偶极子模型是该定义的一个简单的特例。提出了一些说明性的例子。
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引用次数: 2
Collective lattice resonances: Plasmonics and beyond 集体晶格共振:等离子体及其他
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2021.100051
Anton D. Utyushev , Vadim I. Zakomirnyi , Ilia L. Rasskazov

Engineering nanostructures with exceptionally high-Q resonances mediated by the Fano-type hybridization between discrete states associated with the periodicity of the structure and broadband resonances excited on constituent scatterers are the emerging field in optics and photonics. These collective lattice resonances (CLRs) attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to a number of their exciting applications in sensing, optical filtering, structural color printing, fluorescence enhancement, nanoscale lasing, and nonlinear optics, which resulted in a rapidly growing number of fundamental and experimental studies. CLRs have been discovered for arrays of plasmonic metal nanoparticles with strong electric dipole resonances nearly four decades ago. Thereafter, the scope of CLRs has gradually extended to all-dielectric and magneto-optical nanoparticles, 2D materials and other types of constituents, which has broadened the range of CLRs applicability and enriched their properties. We provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress in this field with a special emphasis on advances far beyond plasmonics.

具有高q共振的工程纳米结构是光学和光子学领域的新兴领域,这种高q共振是由与结构周期性相关的离散态和组成散射体激发的宽带共振之间的fano型杂化介导的。近年来,由于在传感、光学滤波、结构彩色印刷、荧光增强、纳米级激光和非线性光学等领域的令人兴奋的应用,这些集体晶格共振(clr)引起了人们的广泛关注,并导致了越来越多的基础和实验研究。近40年前,人们在具有强电偶极子共振的等离子体金属纳米粒子阵列中发现了clr。此后,clr的应用范围逐渐扩展到全介电和磁光纳米粒子、二维材料和其他类型的成分,这扩大了clr的适用范围,丰富了其性能。我们提供了一个全面的审查,在这一领域的最新进展,特别强调的进展远远超出等离子体。
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引用次数: 90
BaBiO3—From single crystals towards oxide topological insulators 从单晶到氧化物拓扑绝缘体
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2021.100056
Rosa Luca Bouwmeester, Alexander Brinkman

BaBiO3 is an oxide perovskite with a wide variety of interesting properties. It was expected that the compound would behave like a metal. However, experiments revealed that BaBiO3 is not metallic, which started an extensive debate about the mechanism responsible for this insulating behavior. The two most important conjectures in this debate are charge disproportionation of the Bi ion into 3+ and 5+ cations and bond hybridization of the Bi 6s and O 2p orbitals. Both mechanisms induce a breathing mode of the oxygen octahedra, which is experimentally observed in single crystals and thin films. Recently, ultra-thin BaBiO3 films were studied with the aim of suppressing the breathing mode, which was expected to result in re-emergence of metallicity. However, this expectation was not confirmed so far. Furthermore, theoretical calculations predict that BaBiO3 becomes a topological insulator (TI) when doped with electrons. Since high-temperature superconductivity was observed when doping the compound with holes, an interface between a superconductor and a TI can be established within the same parent compound. In this Review, we discuss the theoretical and experimental findings concerning the mechanism responsible for the unexpected insulating behavior of BaBiO3 for both single crystals and thin films. An overview is given of the current state of the art and the experimental challenges of achieving an oxide topological insulating state in BaBiO3.

BaBiO3是一种具有多种有趣性质的氧化钙钛矿。人们预计这种化合物会表现得像金属一样。然而,实验表明,BaBiO3不是金属的,这引发了关于这种绝缘行为的机制的广泛争论。争论中最重要的两个猜想是Bi离子的3+和5+阳离子的电荷歧化和Bi 6s和o2p轨道的键杂化。这两种机制都诱导了氧八面体的呼吸模式,这在单晶和薄膜中都有实验观察到。最近,超薄BaBiO3薄膜的研究目的是抑制呼吸模式,这有望导致金属丰度的重新出现。然而,这一预期迄今尚未得到证实。此外,理论计算预测,当掺杂电子时,BaBiO3成为拓扑绝缘体(TI)。由于在化合物中掺杂空穴时观察到高温超导性,因此可以在同一母体化合物中建立超导体和TI之间的界面。本文主要讨论了引起BaBiO3在单晶和薄膜中意外绝缘行为的理论和实验结果。概述了目前的技术状况和在BaBiO3中实现氧化物拓扑绝缘状态的实验挑战。
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引用次数: 4
Future colliders for the high-energy frontier 高能前沿的未来对撞机
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2021.100053
Heather M. Gray

Colliders have been at the forefront of discovery in particle physics for more than half a century. Building on the success of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the field of particle physics has been developing and reviewing the scientific cases for the colliders to succeed the LHC in the context of regional and international review and long-term planning processes. The aim is to reach consensus about which new collider or even colliders to build. This collider would determine the future direction of the field of particle physics and, ideally, lead to solutions to unanswered questions and problems with the Standard Model. We will provide a short overview of the current proposals for different colliders for the high-energy frontier and their proposed run plans. It will focus on comparing and contrasting their physics potential, while also placing them in their historical context.

半个多世纪以来,对撞机一直处于粒子物理学发现的前沿。在大型强子对撞机(LHC)取得成功的基础上,粒子物理领域一直在开发和审查对撞机在区域和国际审查和长期规划过程中取得成功的科学案例。其目的是达成共识,以建立新的对撞机,甚至对撞机。这台对撞机将决定粒子物理学领域的未来方向,理想情况下,它将为标准模型中尚未解决的问题和问题提供解决方案。我们将简要概述当前针对高能前沿的不同对撞机的建议及其建议的运行计划。它将侧重于比较和对比它们的物理潜力,同时也将它们置于它们的历史背景中。
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引用次数: 5
Graphene plasmon for optoelectronics 光电子用石墨烯等离子体
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2021.100054
Lin Cui , Jingang Wang , Mengtao Sun

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can achieve light transmission beyond the diffraction limit due to their special dispersion relationship. As a novel two-dimensional material, graphene has attracted extensive attention in recent years because of its unique band structure, excellent electronic and optical properties, and ability to support SPPs transmission on its surface. Graphene surface plasmon polaritons (GSPPs) are characterized by high carrier mobility, strong localization, low consumption and high tunability. It has functional and future applications in the transmission of optical knowledge, photodetectors, surface plasmon waveguides, metamaterials and nanolasers.

由于表面等离激元的特殊色散关系,表面等离激元可以实现超衍射极限的光传输。石墨烯作为一种新型的二维材料,由于其独特的能带结构、优异的电子和光学性能以及在其表面支持SPPs传输的能力,近年来引起了广泛的关注。石墨烯表面等离子激元具有高载流子迁移率、强局域化、低消耗和高可调性等特点。它在光学知识的传输、光电探测器、表面等离子体波导、超材料和纳米激光器等方面具有功能和未来的应用。
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引用次数: 47
A point electric dipole: From basic optical properties to the fluctuation–dissipation theorem 点电偶极子:从基本光学性质到涨落耗散定理
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2020.100047
Alexander E. Moskalensky, Maxim A. Yurkin

We comprehensively review the deceptively simple concept of dipole scattering in order to uncover and resolve all ambiguities and controversies existing in the literature. First, we consider a point electric dipole in a non-magnetic environment as a singular point in space whose sole ability is to be polarized due to the external electric field. We show that the postulation of the Green’s dyadic of the specific form provides the unified description of the contribution of the dipole into the electromagnetic properties of the whole space. This is the most complete, concise, and unambiguous definition of a point dipole and its polarizability. All optical properties, including the fluctuation–dissipation theorem for a fluctuating dipole, are derived from this definition. Second, we obtain the same results for a small homogeneous sphere by taking a small-size limit of the Lorenz–Mie theory. Third, and most interestingly, we generalize this microscopic description to small particles of arbitrary shape. Both bare (static) and dressed (dynamic) polarizabilities are defined as the double integrals of the corresponding dyadic transition operator over the particle’s volume. While many derivations and some results are novel, all of them follow from or are connected with the existing literature, which we review throughout the paper.

我们全面回顾了看似简单的偶极子散射概念,以揭示和解决文献中存在的所有歧义和争议。首先,我们将非磁环境中的点电偶极子视为空间中的奇点,其唯一能力是由于外电场而极化。我们证明了特定形式的格林二矢假设提供了偶极子对整个空间电磁特性贡献的统一描述。这是对点偶极子及其极化率的最完整、简明和明确的定义。所有的光学性质,包括波动偶极子的涨落耗散定理,都是从这个定义推导出来的。其次,我们利用Lorenz-Mie理论的一个小尺寸极限,得到了同样的结果。第三,也是最有趣的,我们将这种微观描述推广到任意形状的小颗粒。裸极化(静态极化)和修饰极化(动态极化)都定义为相应的并矢跃迁算子在粒子体积上的二重积分。虽然许多推导和一些结果是新颖的,但它们都遵循或与现有文献有关,我们将在全文中对这些文献进行回顾。
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引用次数: 4
Higgs boson potential at colliders: Status and perspectives 希格斯玻色子在对撞机中的潜力:现状和前景
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2020.100045
Biagio Di Micco , Maxime Gouzevitch , Javier Mazzitelli , Caterina Vernieri

This document summarises the current theoretical and experimental status of the di-Higgs boson production searches, and of the direct and indirect constraints on the Higgs boson self-coupling, with the wish to serve as a useful guide for the next years. The document discusses the theoretical status, including state-of-the-art predictions for di-Higgs cross sections, developments on the effective field theory approach, and studies on specific new physics scenarios that can show up in the di-Higgs final state. The status of di-Higgs searches and the direct and indirect constraints on the Higgs self-coupling at the LHC are presented, with an overview of the relevant experimental techniques, and covering all the variety of relevant signatures. Finally, the capabilities of future colliders in determining the Higgs self-coupling are addressed, comparing the projected precision that can be obtained in such facilities. The work has started as the proceedings of the Di-Higgs workshop at Colliders, held at Fermilab from the 4th to the 9th of September 2018, but it went beyond the topics discussed at that workshop and included further developments. FERMILAB-CONF-19-468-E-T, LHCHXSWG-2019-005

本文总结了当前希格斯玻色子产生研究的理论和实验现状,以及对希格斯玻色子自耦合的直接和间接约束,以期为今后几年的研究提供有用的指导。该文件讨论了理论现状,包括最先进的迪希格斯横截面预测,有效场论方法的发展,以及对可能出现在迪希格斯最终状态中的特定新物理场景的研究。介绍了大型强子对撞机的双希格斯粒子搜索现状以及对希格斯粒子自耦合的直接和间接约束,概述了相关实验技术,涵盖了所有相关特征。最后,讨论了未来对撞机在确定希格斯自耦合方面的能力,并比较了在此类设施中可以获得的预测精度。这项工作是作为2018年9月4日至9日在费米实验室举行的对撞机迪希格斯研讨会的会议记录开始的,但它超出了研讨会上讨论的主题,还包括了进一步的发展。费米实验室-配置- 19 - 468 - e - t, lhchxswg - 2019 - 005
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引用次数: 101
Surface waves at metal-dielectric interfaces: Material science perspective 金属-介电界面的表面波:材料科学视角
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2020.100041
Venu Gopal Achanta

Surface modes at interfaces, especially, the surface plasmon polaritons at metal-dielectric interfaces localize field. Associated applications are well pursued in addition to their basic properties which themselves are interesting. There are several metal-dielectric geometries that support surface modes like the gap, Tamm, spoof, and magneto-plasmons. After a brief pedagogical overview of these surface modes and the often-used dispersion measurement techniques, material science aspects like the quest for lossless plasmonic metal, dispersionless plasmonic structures, and plasmon dynamics are discussed. Some of the open problems are presented.

界面上的表面模式,特别是金属-介电界面上的表面等离激元极化子的局域化场。除了它们本身有趣的基本属性之外,相关的应用程序也得到了很好的研究。有几种金属介电几何形状支持表面模式,如间隙、Tamm、欺骗和磁等离子体。在对这些表面模式和经常使用的色散测量技术进行简要的教学概述之后,讨论了材料科学方面的问题,如寻求无损等离子体金属,无色散等离子体结构和等离子体动力学。提出了一些尚未解决的问题。
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引用次数: 29
Reporting results in High Energy Physics publications: A manifesto 报告结果在高能物理出版物:一个宣言
Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.revip.2020.100046
Pietro Vischia

The complexity of collider data analyses has dramatically increased from early colliders to the CERN LHC. Reconstruction of the collision products in the particle detectors has reached a point that requires dedicated publications documenting the techniques, and periodic retuning of the algorithms themselves. Analysis methods evolved to account for the increased complexity of the combination of particles required in each collision event (final states) and for the need of squeezing every last bit of sensitivity from the data; physicists often seek to fully reconstruct the final state, a process that is mostly relatively easy at lepton colliders but sometimes exceedingly difficult at hadron colliders to the point of requiring sometimes using advanced statistical techniques such as machine learning. The need for keeping the publications documenting results to a reasonable size implies a greater level of compression or even omission of information with respect to publications from twenty years ago. The need for compression should however not prevent sharing a reasonable amount of information that is essential to understanding a given analysis. Infrastructures like Rivet or HepData have been developed to host additional material, but physicists in the experimental Collaborations often still send an insufficient amount of material to these databases. In this manuscript I advocate for an increase in the information shared by the Collaborations, and try to define a minimum standard for acceptable level of information when reporting the results of statistical procedures in High Energy Physics publications.

从早期的对撞机到欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机,对撞机数据分析的复杂性急剧增加。粒子探测器中碰撞产物的重建已经达到了需要专门的出版物记录技术和算法本身的周期性返回的程度。分析方法的演变是为了解释每次碰撞事件(最终状态)所需的粒子组合的复杂性的增加,以及从数据中挤出最后一点灵敏度的需要;物理学家经常试图完全重建最终状态,这一过程在轻子对撞机上相对容易,但在强子对撞机上有时却极其困难,以至于有时需要使用机器学习等先进的统计技术。需要将记录结果的出版物保持在合理的大小,这意味着与20年前的出版物相比,信息被压缩得更大,甚至被遗漏。然而,对压缩的需求不应妨碍共享合理数量的信息,这些信息对于理解给定的分析至关重要。像Rivet或HepData这样的基础设施已经被开发出来存放额外的材料,但是实验合作的物理学家们仍然经常向这些数据库发送数量不足的材料。在这篇文章中,我主张增加协作共享的信息,并尝试在高能物理出版物中报告统计过程结果时定义可接受信息水平的最低标准。
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引用次数: 5
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