Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-BARZ
Alberto Barzanò
The Roman world was a multilingual community. Aiming on one side to ensure effective communication (as Latin was not so widely known and spoken) but not to encourage nationalistic revivals on the other, Romans choose Greek as an additional official language. Indeed, Greek, by then already deprived of any national character, was already used as a ‘lingua franca’ in the eastern Mediterranean. Despite Jewish tendency to refer to Hebrew as a mark of national and religious identity, early Christianity adopted (and maintained until the second half of the II century) Greek as its own language. This choice was not only due to practical considerations related to communication needs, but also to more ‘political’ reasons, and therefore it must be framed in the more general friendly approach to the Roman empire which was always taught during his life by Jesus and was practiced by him even in front of Pilate.
{"title":"Cristianesimo delle origini e politica linguistica","authors":"Alberto Barzanò","doi":"10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-BARZ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-BARZ","url":null,"abstract":"The Roman world was a multilingual community. Aiming on one side to ensure effective communication (as Latin was not so widely known and spoken) but not to encourage nationalistic revivals on the other, Romans choose Greek as an additional official language. Indeed, Greek, by then already deprived of any national character, was already used as a ‘lingua franca’ in the eastern Mediterranean. Despite Jewish tendency to refer to Hebrew as a mark of national and religious identity, early Christianity adopted (and maintained until the second half of the II century) Greek as its own language. This choice was not only due to practical considerations related to communication needs, but also to more ‘political’ reasons, and therefore it must be framed in the more general friendly approach to the Roman empire which was always taught during his life by Jesus and was practiced by him even in front of Pilate.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81991085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-AREN
G. Arena
The paper intends to examine a specific area of research concerning the pollution of large rivers – the Tiber above all but not exclusively – and the resulting contamination of water and air as well as the depletion of fish fauna and related food risks. The data on the damage to fluvial (but also lake and marine) habitats are not presented by the intellectuals of the Flavian-Trajan and Antonine ages (Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Galen) in an ‘environmentalist’ perspective stricto sensu, but each time presented in terms of moral condemnation, or of political propaganda aimed at seeking consensus or even in terms of risk to health and/or possible economic damage. In spite of this, from a legal point of view, appears undeniable a concern of the State to introduce measures aimed at limiting environmental damages as well as protecting and conserving natural resources, although certainly not systematic, but dictated by completely pragmatic needs and by occasional or emergency circumstances.
{"title":"Acque reflue e rischio ambientale: inquinamento fluviale nella Roma imperiale","authors":"G. Arena","doi":"10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-AREN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-AREN","url":null,"abstract":"The paper intends to examine a specific area of research concerning the pollution of large rivers – the Tiber above all but not exclusively – and the resulting contamination of water and air as well as the depletion of fish fauna and related food risks. The data on the damage to fluvial (but also lake and marine) habitats are not presented by the intellectuals of the Flavian-Trajan and Antonine ages (Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Galen) in an ‘environmentalist’ perspective stricto sensu, but each time presented in terms of moral condemnation, or of political propaganda aimed at seeking consensus or even in terms of risk to health and/or possible economic damage. In spite of this, from a legal point of view, appears undeniable a concern of the State to introduce measures aimed at limiting environmental damages as well as protecting and conserving natural resources, although certainly not systematic, but dictated by completely pragmatic needs and by occasional or emergency circumstances.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89343886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-SQUI
G. Squillace
In addition to the rhetoricians and orators who at Athens supported or opposed Philip, a number of playwrights – such as Ephippus and Alexis – did not hesitate to express their opinions of the Macedonian king. Some fragments of their works, however, seem to show conflicting positions, for if Ephippus supported the anti-Macedonian party, Alexis, while including Philip in some comedies, did not blame the king by turning him into a comic mask, but praised his political decisions and his respect for religion and traditions.
{"title":"Ostilità e omaggio al nuovo signore? I commediografi ateniesi davanti a Filippo II. Un’ipotesi su due frammenti di Efippo e Alessi","authors":"G. Squillace","doi":"10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-SQUI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-SQUI","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to the rhetoricians and orators who at Athens supported or opposed Philip, a number of playwrights – such as Ephippus and Alexis – did not hesitate to express their opinions of the Macedonian king. Some fragments of their works, however, seem to show conflicting positions, for if Ephippus supported the anti-Macedonian party, Alexis, while including Philip in some comedies, did not blame the king by turning him into a comic mask, but praised his political decisions and his respect for religion and traditions.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76122031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-GALL
Stefania Gallotta
Callias of Chalcis is the main figure of Euboean history in the mid-fourth century b.C. Aeschines (III 85-105) dedicated a long exursus to him, thanks to it we could understand and analyze the close relationship between Athens and the island, during the reign of Philip II of Macedonia. The complex question of the existence of the Euboean koinon in the fourth century is very interesting, and the debate among scholars is still open. A reconstruction of the events of the life of this character, on which a specific study is still missing, and a review on the controversial question of Euboean koinon are the focus of this paper.
{"title":"Callia e la confederazione euboica","authors":"Stefania Gallotta","doi":"10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-GALL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-GALL","url":null,"abstract":"Callias of Chalcis is the main figure of Euboean history in the mid-fourth century b.C. Aeschines (III 85-105) dedicated a long exursus to him, thanks to it we could understand and analyze the close relationship between Athens and the island, during the reign of Philip II of Macedonia. The complex question of the existence of the Euboean koinon in the fourth century is very interesting, and the debate among scholars is still open. A reconstruction of the events of the life of this character, on which a specific study is still missing, and a review on the controversial question of Euboean koinon are the focus of this paper.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89112448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-GRIT
Elena Gritti
This paper presents an unusual blue bunch of grapes-shaped ampulla from ancient Bergomum. The aim is the analysis of the types of glasses of bunch grapesshaped. According to the spread of these glasses and the find of a sample in Bergamo, this paper offers a possible case study of trade channels between the Levant, first area of production of these samples, and northern Italy.
{"title":"Un’ampolla in vetro blu nell’antica Bergomum","authors":"Elena Gritti","doi":"10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-GRIT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-GRIT","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an unusual blue bunch of grapes-shaped ampulla from ancient Bergomum. The aim is the analysis of the types of glasses of bunch grapesshaped. According to the spread of these glasses and the find of a sample in Bergamo, this paper offers a possible case study of trade channels between the Levant, first area of production of these samples, and northern Italy.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90422856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-SANC
Laura Sancho Rocher
In this article I address the question of whether, during the second half of fourth century B.C., the Areopagus was an institution opponent to democracy and, moreover, a refuge of Philip’s supporters or of the oligarchy. I will analyse our sources from Isocrates’ Areopagiticus (358 B.C.) to the Greek defeat during the Lamian War. Evidences lead to conclude that the Areopagus was an important advisory body, always subordinated to the Assembly, that was taken into account in critical moments when deciding to save the city.
{"title":"La democracia y el Areópago en la segunda mitad del s. IV a.C.: del Areopagítico de Isócrates al caso de Hárpalo","authors":"Laura Sancho Rocher","doi":"10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-SANC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-SANC","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I address the question of whether, during the second half of fourth century B.C., the Areopagus was an institution opponent to democracy and, moreover, a refuge of Philip’s supporters or of the oligarchy. I will analyse our sources from Isocrates’ Areopagiticus (358 B.C.) to the Greek defeat during the Lamian War. Evidences lead to conclude that the Areopagus was an important advisory body, always subordinated to the Assembly, that was taken into account in critical moments when deciding to save the city.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74264490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-BIAN
E. Bianco
Thinking about the role of great men in virtual history of contemporary age, in this paper we intend to conduct an analysis of this theme starting from some significant texts of Herodotus and Thucydides, to evaluate the existence of a recourse to counterfactual reasoning in connection with the role of the individual also in Greek historiography. It emerges that counterfactuals, used perhaps not always intentionally, but, in any case, as a powerful narrative tool, help to define causal relationships and to highlight the important factors, moral and political responsibilities, including above all the ability of the leader to take reasonable decisions. The story of the past as it could have been, or, in other words, counterfactual history and not just real history, could thus encourage readers to reflect in a more engaging way than through the historical account alone, judging more actively the behaviour of great men of the past and learning from their decisions, both correct and incorrect.
{"title":"Storia controfattuale e great men in Erodoto e Tucidide","authors":"E. Bianco","doi":"10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-BIAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/ERGA-2021-001-BIAN","url":null,"abstract":"Thinking about the role of great men in virtual history of contemporary age, in this paper we intend to conduct an analysis of this theme starting from some significant texts of Herodotus and Thucydides, to evaluate the existence of a recourse to counterfactual reasoning in connection with the role of the individual also in Greek historiography. It emerges that counterfactuals, used perhaps not always intentionally, but, in any case, as a powerful narrative tool, help to define causal relationships and to highlight the important factors, moral and political responsibilities, including above all the ability of the leader to take reasonable decisions. The story of the past as it could have been, or, in other words, counterfactual history and not just real history, could thus encourage readers to reflect in a more engaging way than through the historical account alone, judging more actively the behaviour of great men of the past and learning from their decisions, both correct and incorrect.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83917721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.7358/erga-2020-002-mape
Adalberto Magnelli, G. Petrantoni
Through a new analysis of the Greek-Sidetic inscription of Seleucia (S6) further considerations about the Lycian origin of the author and the possible diglossic nature of the inscription emerge.
通过对塞琉西亚(S6)的希腊-西德铭文的新分析，进一步考虑了作者的利西亚起源和铭文可能的文献性质。
{"title":"La dedica in greco e sidetico di Seleucia (S6): un caso di diglossia?","authors":"Adalberto Magnelli, G. Petrantoni","doi":"10.7358/erga-2020-002-mape","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/erga-2020-002-mape","url":null,"abstract":"Through a new analysis of the Greek-Sidetic inscription of Seleucia (S6) further considerations about the Lycian origin of the author and the possible diglossic nature of the inscription emerge.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78211100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.7358/erga-2020-002-minn
Vittoria Minniti
In chapters 29-31 of the Philostratus’s Heroikos Agamemnon assumes a particularly positive characterization, different from the main tradition that refers to the Homeric poems. In the following pages I will propose to identify in the Panathenaicus of Isocrates a parallel motif and a possible source for the particular characterization of the king of the Achaeans. Indeed, Isocrates’ speech can be compared to the Heroikos for three reasons: in addition to the unusual praise of the Homeric hero, both authors refer to the importance of enslaving Troy and defeating the barbarians. These arguments allow us to identify a parallel in a precise point of the Panathenaicus of Isocrates: the excursus on Agamemnon in chapters 72-84.
{"title":"Un Agamennone isocrateo nell’Heroikos di Filostrato. Per una proposta interpretativa dei capitoli 29-31","authors":"Vittoria Minniti","doi":"10.7358/erga-2020-002-minn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/erga-2020-002-minn","url":null,"abstract":"In chapters 29-31 of the Philostratus’s Heroikos Agamemnon assumes a particularly positive characterization, different from the main tradition that refers to the Homeric poems. In the following pages I will propose to identify in the Panathenaicus of Isocrates a parallel motif and a possible source for the particular characterization of the king of the Achaeans. Indeed, Isocrates’ speech can be compared to the Heroikos for three reasons: in addition to the unusual praise of the Homeric hero, both authors refer to the importance of enslaving Troy and defeating the barbarians. These arguments allow us to identify a parallel in a precise point of the Panathenaicus of Isocrates: the excursus on Agamemnon in chapters 72-84.","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73845085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.7358/erga-2020-002-parm
G. Parmeggiani
An examination of Plut. Cim. 13, 4-5 and Harp. Α 261 Keaney s.v. Ἀττικοῖς γράμμασιν suggests that fourth-century historians Callisthenes (FGrHist 124 F 16) and Theopompus (FGrHist 115 F 154) challenged the view of contemporary Athenians – attested especially in rhetorical writings – that the Peace of Callias was concluded in the 460s BC in the aftermath of the battle at the river Eurymedon. Such a view described the peace as unilateral, i.e., not implying any obligation on the part of the Athenians. The fact that Callisthenes and Theopompus did not accept that tradition, doesn’t imply, per se, that they believed that no peace between Athens and Persia was ever concluded in the V century BC. On the contrary, the peace of 449 BC, as described by Diodorus in XII 4, 4-6 on the basis of fourth-century sources (Ephorus among them), was bilateral, i.e., it implied obligations on both sides (Athens and Persia); whether Callisthenes and Theopompus also disputed that peace was made in 449, is unclear. In addition, this paper explores the possibility of changing the unknown Νέσσου ποταμοῦ with Νείλου ποταμοῦ in the so called ‘Aristodemus’ (FGrHist 104 F 1, 13, 2).
{"title":"Notes on the Tradition of the Peace of Callias","authors":"G. Parmeggiani","doi":"10.7358/erga-2020-002-parm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7358/erga-2020-002-parm","url":null,"abstract":"An examination of Plut. Cim. 13, 4-5 and Harp. Α 261 Keaney s.v. Ἀττικοῖς γράμμασιν suggests that fourth-century historians Callisthenes (FGrHist 124 F 16) and Theopompus (FGrHist 115 F 154) challenged the view of contemporary Athenians – attested especially in rhetorical writings – that the Peace of Callias was concluded in the 460s BC in the aftermath of the battle at the river Eurymedon. Such a view described the peace as unilateral, i.e., not implying any obligation on the part of the Athenians. The fact that Callisthenes and Theopompus did not accept that tradition, doesn’t imply, per se, that they believed that no peace between Athens and Persia was ever concluded in the V century BC. On the contrary, the peace of 449 BC, as described by Diodorus in XII 4, 4-6 on the basis of fourth-century sources (Ephorus among them), was bilateral, i.e., it implied obligations on both sides (Athens and Persia); whether Callisthenes and Theopompus also disputed that peace was made in 449, is unclear. In addition, this paper explores the possibility of changing the unknown Νέσσου ποταμοῦ with Νείλου ποταμοῦ in the so called ‘Aristodemus’ (FGrHist 104 F 1, 13, 2).","PeriodicalId":37877,"journal":{"name":"Erga-Logoi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81483780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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