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Battery heat flow HIL for cooling system testing and optimization⁎ 用于冷却系统测试和优化的电池热流HIL
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.104
Benjamín Pla , Pau Bares , Andre Aronis , Victor Tomanik
The rapid adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) has been driven by growing environmental awareness and advancements in energy storage technologies. However, lithium-ion cells, central to BEVs, are highly sensitive to temperature variations, requiring effective thermal management to prevent degradation, ensure safety, and optimize performance. This work presents a novel method to replicate the thermal behaviour of a battery on liquid cooling systems using standard system components. By combining a virtual battery model with a physical system, the thermal behaviour of a real battery pack is accurately reproduced. This cost-effective, safety-compliant approach enhances the development of efficient thermal management systems for BEVs. The Hardware In the Loop (HIL) platform was developed with a PXI from National Instruments and a solid-state resistance of 1 kW, while a 4 kWh battery pack prototype refrigerated with a cold plate was used for validation.
电池电动汽车(bev)的迅速普及受到日益增强的环保意识和能源存储技术进步的推动。然而,作为纯电动汽车核心的锂离子电池对温度变化非常敏感,需要有效的热管理来防止降解、确保安全性和优化性能。这项工作提出了一种新的方法来复制电池的热行为的液体冷却系统使用标准的系统组件。通过将虚拟电池模型与物理系统相结合,可以精确地再现真实电池组的热行为。这种经济、安全的方法促进了电动汽车高效热管理系统的开发。硬件在环(HIL)平台由美国国家仪器公司(National Instruments)的PXI开发,固态电阻为1kw,而使用冷板冷藏的4kwh电池组原型用于验证。
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引用次数: 0
Two-wheel-driven Electric Superbike Powertrain Optimization 两轮驱动电动超级摩托车动力系统优化
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.105
Adelmo Niccolai , Maurizio Clemente , Theo Hofman , Niccolò Baldanzini
In this paper, we propose an optimization framework for the powertrain design of a two-wheel-driven electric superbike, minimizing energy consumption. Specifically, we jointly optimize the force distribution between the wheels with the gear ratio, and rear motor and battery sizing while explicitly considering vehicle dynamics and performance constraints. First, we present an energy consumption model of the vehicle, including a scalable model of the electric machine based on data from the industry, accounting for iron, copper, and mechanical losses. Then, we analyze the propulsive blending strategy to distribute the required power to the wheels while considering adherence limits. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by analyzing the design of a superbike, based on regulatory driving cycles and a custom high-performance circuit by comparing the force distribution approaches. The results underline the significance of joint optimization of powertrain components and propulsive bias, achieving a reduction of up to 22.36% in energy consumption for the Sport high-performance driving cycle.
本文提出了一种两轮驱动电动超级摩托车的动力系统优化设计框架,以实现能量消耗最小化。具体而言,我们在明确考虑车辆动力学和性能约束的同时,共同优化了车轮与传动比、后电机和电池尺寸之间的力分配。首先,我们提出了车辆的能源消耗模型,包括基于工业数据的电机可扩展模型,考虑铁、铜和机械损耗。然后,在考虑附着限制的情况下,分析了将所需动力分配给车轮的推进混合策略。最后,我们通过分析一辆超级摩托车的设计,基于调节驾驶循环和定制高性能电路,通过比较力分配方法,证明了我们的方法的有效性。研究结果强调了动力总成部件和推进偏置联合优化的重要性,在Sport高性能驾驶循环中实现了高达22.36%的能耗降低。
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引用次数: 0
Cost-Effective Routing of a Single Heavy-Duty Battery Electric Truck 单辆重型电池电动卡车的成本效益路线
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.077
Svante Johansson , Daniel Jung , Christofer Sundström
The electrification of commercial heavy-duty long-haul transport to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is projected to be the dominant technology for future transport, but it is limited by short range and long charging time. This study develops a method to optimize transport with a single BEV to be cost-effective. It formulates an optimal plan for routing, charging, speed control, and resting periods to minimize the economic cost of operation. The plan considers constraints such as customer demand, road and charging networks, vehicle limitations, time windows, and Hours of Service regulations. It is shown that the optimal plan frequently operate near empty battery making detailed energy modeling critical, and that the strategy varies significantly depending on constraints at the final destination. The vehicle can be operated to save costs, through depot charging and energy efficient speed control, or increase its utilization, through fast charging. It is proposed that for BEVs, fleet coordination will benefit from close interaction with the day-to-day operation of single vehicles.
商用重型长途运输电气化为纯电动汽车(BEVs)预计将成为未来交通运输的主导技术,但它受到里程短和充电时间长的限制。本研究开发了一种优化单一纯电动汽车运输的方法,使其具有成本效益。它对路径、充电、速度控制和休息时间进行优化规划,使运行的经济成本最小化。该计划考虑了客户需求、道路和充电网络、车辆限制、时间窗口和服务时间规定等限制因素。结果表明,最优方案经常运行在电池接近空的情况下,这使得详细的能量建模变得至关重要,并且该策略根据最终目的地的约束条件变化很大。车辆运行可以通过车场充电和节能速度控制来节约成本,或者通过快速充电来提高车辆利用率。对于纯电动汽车,车队协调将受益于与单个车辆日常运行的密切互动。
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引用次数: 0
Model based combustion control optimization of compression ignition engine fuelled with Diesel/OMEx blends 基于模型的柴油机燃烧控制优化
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.093
Foglia A. , Cervone D. , Frasci E. , Arsie I. , Pianese C. , Polverino P.
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OMEx) represent a concrete solution as drop-in fuels in the context of lengthening the usage of conventional compression ignition engines, whose high efficiency and power density still make them the preferred solution for long-haul transportation. The chemical structure of these e-fuels ensures a significant reduction in soot emissions, while their enhanced combustion efficiency leads to many advantages in terms of NOx. The following study focuses on the development of a one-dimensional model for the design and optimization of control strategies with the objective of reducing the energetic drawback resulting from the introduction of OMEx in blends with Diesel. The methodology is concerned with the initial development and validation of the combustion model that is employed to simulate the performance of conventional Diesel engines. The calibration procedure and the identification of model parameters are executed using the software GT-Suite, with consideration given to different operating points across the engine map. Subsequently, an assessment of the emission reduction and optimization control strategies for Diesel/OMEx blends is conducted.
在延长传统压缩点火发动机使用时间的背景下,聚氧二甲基醚(OMEx)代表了一种具体的替代燃料解决方案,其高效率和功率密度仍然使其成为长途运输的首选解决方案。这些电子燃料的化学结构确保了烟灰排放的显著减少,同时它们增强的燃烧效率导致了氮氧化物方面的许多优势。下面的研究重点是开发一个一维模型,用于设计和优化控制策略,目的是减少由于在柴油混合物中引入OMEx而导致的能量缺陷。该方法涉及用于模拟传统柴油机性能的燃烧模型的初步开发和验证。校正程序和模型参数的识别使用GT-Suite软件执行,并考虑到发动机地图上不同的工作点。随后,对柴油/OMEx混合燃料的减排和优化控制策略进行了评估。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting NOx emissions during sensor light-off by leveraging sensor layout diversity in connected fleets⁎ 通过利用联网车队中传感器布局的多样性来预测传感器点火期间的氮氧化物排放
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.095
Alvin Barbier , José Miguel Salavert , Carlos E. Palau , Carlos Guardiola
This paper reflects on a concept that leverages diverse sensor configurations across a fleet of connected vehicles to enhance their emissions monitoring and diagnostics. In this vision, the vehicles of a same family are equipped with different sensor layouts and grades, and share data to support the monitoring of the entire feet. Multiple applications within this framework are outlined, and a specific use case consisting in predicting the emissions during the light-off of the tailpipe NOx sensor with artificial neural networks is discussed, demonstrating the benefits of the proposed architecture.
本文反映了一个概念,即利用联网车辆的不同传感器配置来增强其排放监测和诊断。在这个愿景中,同一家族的车辆配备了不同的传感器布局和等级,并共享数据以支持对整个脚的监控。概述了该框架内的多种应用,并讨论了一个特定的用例,包括使用人工神经网络预测排气管NOx传感器点火期间的排放量,展示了所提出架构的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Design and experimental validation of a filter-based allocation strategy for the longitudinal dynamics control in an autonomous motorcycle 基于滤波器的自主摩托车纵向动力学控制分配策略设计与实验验证
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.098
Stefano Radrizzani, Claudio Dallapè, Giulio Panzani
Autonomous driving has expanded across various domains, with advancements in urban robo-taxis, autonomous delivery vehicles, agricultural applications, and racing competitions. However, autonomous technology for two-wheeled vehicles remains under-explored, with limited literature and industrial demonstrations. Despite motorcycles already feature basic autonomous components like cruise control, traction control, and anti-lock braking systems (ABS), full autonomy demands integrated control of front braking pressure and rear regenerative torque.
This work addresses the torque allocation problem inside the longitudinal dynamics control of an autonomous motorcycle, which is under development at Politecnico di Milano from a commercial fully-electric Energica Eva Ribelle. In particular, a complementary filter-based dynamic allocation strategy is proposed to distribute braking forces effectively, considering actuator limits. After a simulation-based tuning to handle the trade-off between braking distance and vertical load transfer variations on the wheels, an experimental validation has been carried out on a test track. Experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
随着城市机器人出租车、自动送货车辆、农业应用和赛车比赛的进步,自动驾驶已经扩展到各个领域。然而,两轮车辆的自动驾驶技术仍未得到充分探索,文献和工业示范都很有限。尽管摩托车已经具备了巡航控制、牵引力控制和防抱死制动系统(ABS)等基本的自动驾驶组件,但完全自动驾驶还需要综合控制前制动压力和后再生扭矩。这项工作解决了一辆自动驾驶摩托车纵向动力学控制中的扭矩分配问题,该摩托车正在米兰理工大学(Politecnico di Milano)由商用全电动Energica Eva Ribelle开发。特别提出了一种基于互补滤波器的动态分配策略,在考虑致动器限制的情况下,有效地分配制动力。在进行了基于仿真的调整以处理制动距离和车轮垂直载荷传递变化之间的权衡之后,在测试轨道上进行了实验验证。实验结果证实了该方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Control structures for heat delivery in compact bottoming cycles for heat and power production⁎ 用于热和电力生产的紧凑型底部循环的热传递控制结构
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.08.006
Lucas F. Bernardino , William Davidsen , Adriana Reyes-Lúa , Rubén M. Montañés
Compact designs of combined cycle power plants based on gas turbines and steam bottoming cycle (CCGTs) are deemed as a promising technology for increasing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions of offshore oil and gas production facilities. The control of such systems can be challenging due to the need for operational flexibility regarding production of power and heat to satisfy the corresponding demands, and it differs from traditional onshore designs in dynamic characteristics and requirements. In this work, we propose and evaluate the performance of control structures for compact steam bottoming cycles with combined heat and power production, focusing on the solutions for satisfying heat demands and their effect on power production. The proposed control structures are based on the different prioritization of operational objectives and constraints, using simple control elements to switch between operating regions. The control structures were evaluated under different disturbances on the gas turbine loads and on the heat demand. It is shown that controlling the intermediate pressure in the steam turbine, which serves as source of steam for heat production, is necessary for achieving the heat demand objectives. We also show that sudden disturbances on the heat demand heavily impact the power production, and it is desirable that such disturbances happen on a ramp-like manner. Overall, we highlight how near-optimal operation with satisfaction of constraints can be achieved with the use of well-designed, simple control structures.
基于燃气轮机和蒸汽底循环(ccgt)的紧凑型联合循环电厂设计被认为是提高海上油气生产设施能源效率和减少温室气体排放的一种有前途的技术。这种系统的控制具有挑战性,因为它需要在发电和供热方面具有灵活性,以满足相应的需求,而且它与传统的陆上设计在动态特性和要求上有所不同。在这项工作中,我们提出并评估了热电联产紧凑型蒸汽底循环控制结构的性能,重点是满足热需求的解决方案及其对发电的影响。所提出的控制结构基于不同的操作目标和约束的优先级,使用简单的控制元素在操作区域之间切换。在不同的燃气轮机负荷和热需求扰动下,对控制结构进行了评价。研究表明,控制汽轮机中间压力是实现汽轮机热需求目标的必要条件,汽轮机是汽轮机产热的蒸汽源。我们还表明,热需求上的突然干扰严重影响了电力生产,并且希望这种干扰以坡道方式发生。总的来说,我们强调了如何通过使用设计良好的、简单的控制结构来实现满足约束的接近最优操作。
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引用次数: 0
Steady state process optimization of an electric flash clay calcination plant 电闪蒸粘土煅烧装置稳态工艺优化
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.08.008
Nicola Cantisani , Jan Lorenz Svensen , Shanmugam Perumal , John Bagterp Jørgensen
This paper presents a study on the determination of the optimal steady states of an industrial electric flash clay calcination plant. Such a process is relevant in the context of sustainable cement production. By deploying electrical heating, CO2-free calcined clay can be produced, which can substitute some of the traditional limestone-based cement clinker. By using a nonlinear model of the plant, the optimization problem is formulated to minimize energy consumption, while maximizing the production rate of calcined clay and ensuring a specified quality requirement. The optimal manipulated variables, for each clay feed or power set-point, are computed as solution of the problem, and presented in the results. The numerical solution of the problem is obtained using a hybrid approach, that combines global optimization with gradient-based methods. Steady state optimization enables the development of process control and real-time optimization.
本文对工业电闪烧粘土装置最佳稳态的确定进行了研究。这一过程与可持续水泥生产有关。通过电加热,可以生产出无二氧化碳的煅烧粘土,这可以替代一些传统的石灰石基水泥熟料。利用该装置的非线性模型,制定优化问题,使能耗最小,同时使煅烧粘土的生产率最大化,并保证一定的质量要求。对于每个粘土进料或功率设定值,计算出最佳操纵变量作为问题的解,并在结果中给出。采用全局优化与梯度优化相结合的混合方法,得到了该问题的数值解。稳态优化使过程控制和实时优化得以发展。
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引用次数: 0
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Dynamic Operation of an Alkaline Electrolyzer 碱性电解槽动态运行非线性模型预测控制
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.184
Anders Hilmar Damm Christensen , Nicola Cantisani , Shi You , John Bagterp Jørgensen
This paper demonstrates how incorporating future input power information impacts the performance of a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm for an alkaline electrolyzer (AEL) plant. The primary objective of the NMPC is to maintain the stack temperature and number of moles of water in the AEL within operating limits, despite large variations in the input power. The NMPC combines an optimal control problem (OCP) with a continuous-discrete extended Kalman filter (CD-EKF). For both the OCP and the CD-EKF, we use a model that is different from the AEL simulation model. We present three closed-loop simulations: two where the NMPC operates at different stack temperature and water mole setpoints with only current input power information, and one where it receives information about future power changes in advance. The results show a 1.583% increase in hydrogen production when the NMPC utilizes information about future power changes.
本文演示了纳入未来输入功率信息如何影响碱性电解槽(AEL)装置的非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)算法的性能。NMPC的主要目标是在输入功率变化很大的情况下,将AEL中的堆叠温度和水的摩尔数保持在工作范围内。NMPC将最优控制问题(OCP)与连续离散扩展卡尔曼滤波器(CD-EKF)相结合。对于OCP和CD-EKF,我们使用的模型与AEL模拟模型不同。我们提出了三个闭环模拟:两个模拟中,NMPC在不同的堆栈温度和水摩尔设定值下运行,只有当前输入功率信息,另一个模拟中,它提前接收有关未来功率变化的信息。结果表明,当NMPC利用有关未来电力变化的信息时,氢气产量增加了1.583%。
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引用次数: 0
Training Neural ODEs Using Fully Discretized Simultaneous Optimization⁎ 使用完全离散化同时优化训练神经ode
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.07.190
Mariia Shapovalova , Calvin Tsay
Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs) represent continuous-time dynamics with neural networks, offering advancements for modeling and control tasks. However, training Neural ODEs requires solving differential equations at each epoch, leading to high computational costs. This work investigates simultaneous optimization methods as a faster training alternative. In particular, we employ a collocation-based, fully discretized formulation and use IPOPT—a solver for large-scale nonlinear optimization—to simultaneously optimize collocation coefficients and neural network parameters. Using the Van der Pol Oscillator as a case study, we demonstrate faster convergence compared to traditional training methods. Furthermore, we introduce a decomposition framework utilizing Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to effectively coordinate sub-models among data batches. Our results show significant potential for (collocation-based) simultaneous Neural ODE training pipelines.
神经常微分方程(Neural ode)用神经网络表示连续时间动力学,为建模和控制任务提供了进步。然而,训练神经ode需要在每个历元解微分方程,导致计算成本高。这项工作研究了同步优化方法作为一种更快的训练选择。特别是,我们采用基于搭配的完全离散化公式,并使用ipopt -一种大规模非线性优化求解器-同时优化搭配系数和神经网络参数。以Van der Pol振荡器为例,我们证明了与传统训练方法相比更快的收敛速度。此外,我们还引入了一种利用乘数交替方向法(ADMM)的分解框架,以有效地协调数据批次之间的子模型。我们的结果显示了(基于搭配的)同步神经ODE训练管道的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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