Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2019.1707402
J. Stevens, Henry Chapman
ABSTRACT Recent programmes of dating, forensic examination and landscape studies have dramatically increased our understanding of well-preserved bog bodies. However, other examples, often existing only as ‘paper bodies’, remain less visible within debates about interpretation, but can provide a more comprehensive picture of what bog bodies represent. This paper presents the results of an examination of all known bog bodies found across England, Wales and Scotland, arguing that a geographical approach provides very different outcomes compared with focusing on the well-preserved bodies in collections. Specifically, we highlight that firstly, previous assumptions about the predominant dates of bog bodies are incorrect, secondly that there are significant sub-regional patterns in the data, and thirdly, that the correlation between body date and the date of discovery provides a likely reason for this bias. Despite this, the evidence reinforces the exceptional pattern of violent deaths being a significant feature of Iron Age/Romano-British period bog bodies.
{"title":"Regional Patterns in Bog Body Distribution – A Case Study from the UK","authors":"J. Stevens, Henry Chapman","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2019.1707402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2019.1707402","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent programmes of dating, forensic examination and landscape studies have dramatically increased our understanding of well-preserved bog bodies. However, other examples, often existing only as ‘paper bodies’, remain less visible within debates about interpretation, but can provide a more comprehensive picture of what bog bodies represent. This paper presents the results of an examination of all known bog bodies found across England, Wales and Scotland, arguing that a geographical approach provides very different outcomes compared with focusing on the well-preserved bodies in collections. Specifically, we highlight that firstly, previous assumptions about the predominant dates of bog bodies are incorrect, secondly that there are significant sub-regional patterns in the data, and thirdly, that the correlation between body date and the date of discovery provides a likely reason for this bias. Despite this, the evidence reinforces the exceptional pattern of violent deaths being a significant feature of Iron Age/Romano-British period bog bodies.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2019.1707402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47224893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2020.1820769
Julia M. Farley, M. Giles, C. Fredengren
ABSTRACT An introduction outlining the background to this special edition of the Journal of Wetland Archaeology, co-edited by Julia Farley and Benjamin Gearey, and the aims of the papers. This volume is the result of an international workshop on bog bodies held at the British Museum in March 2019, the most recent meeting of the Bog Bodies Network that formed following a workshop at Stockholm University in 2009. The volume is divided into three parts. The first addresses the nature and landscape of the bog itself, and its representation in both poetry and archaeological writing. The second looks at the excavation and conservation of bog bodies, while the third considers their interpretation and display.
{"title":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology Bog Bodies Special Edition: Foreword","authors":"Julia M. Farley, M. Giles, C. Fredengren","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2020.1820769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2020.1820769","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An introduction outlining the background to this special edition of the Journal of Wetland Archaeology, co-edited by Julia Farley and Benjamin Gearey, and the aims of the papers. This volume is the result of an international workshop on bog bodies held at the British Museum in March 2019, the most recent meeting of the Bog Bodies Network that formed following a workshop at Stockholm University in 2009. The volume is divided into three parts. The first addresses the nature and landscape of the bog itself, and its representation in both poetry and archaeological writing. The second looks at the excavation and conservation of bog bodies, while the third considers their interpretation and display.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2020.1820769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43385549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2020.1829399
Isabella Mulhall
ABSTRACT The unearthing of two Iron Age bog bodies in the Irish midlands within a few months of each other in 2003 prompted the development of new strategies for recording, investigating, preserving and displaying bog body finds. As a consequence of these discoveries, this period also saw the development of the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) Bog Body Tissue Samples Bank, which holds a considerable number of human tissue samples as well as samples of gut contents and associated botanic remains. The core aim of the repository is the retention and long-term preservation of these samples, both as a scientific resource and for purposes of knowledge creation. This paper outlines the raison d’être of the bank and the multiple reasons behind its establishment. It also reflects on current best practice for sample selection, storage and access, as well as exploring how sampling strategies and systems could be improved for future discoveries.
{"title":"Banking for the Future: The National Museum of Ireland Bog Body Tissue Samples Bank","authors":"Isabella Mulhall","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2020.1829399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2020.1829399","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The unearthing of two Iron Age bog bodies in the Irish midlands within a few months of each other in 2003 prompted the development of new strategies for recording, investigating, preserving and displaying bog body finds. As a consequence of these discoveries, this period also saw the development of the National Museum of Ireland (NMI) Bog Body Tissue Samples Bank, which holds a considerable number of human tissue samples as well as samples of gut contents and associated botanic remains. The core aim of the repository is the retention and long-term preservation of these samples, both as a scientific resource and for purposes of knowledge creation. This paper outlines the raison d’être of the bank and the multiple reasons behind its establishment. It also reflects on current best practice for sample selection, storage and access, as well as exploring how sampling strategies and systems could be improved for future discoveries.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2020.1829399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48037459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2020.1824466
B. Sitch
ABSTRACT Contemporary displays of bog bodies often focus on the scientific analysis of human remains and discussion of the results. One of the biggest challenges archaeologists and museum curators face is to account for the degree of violence that has often been perpetrated against the individual or individuals, whose remains survive as bog bodies. René Girard’s sacrificial theory may help to account for evidence of excessive violence or ‘overkill'. Girard did not discuss archaeology let alone bog bodies, but he draws upon a wide range of disciplines, including anthropology, to investigate the phenomenon of scapegoating. Whilst the writer is cautious about presenting sacrificial theory as the only explanation for bog bodies, this paper will attempt to make the case for a more detailed consideration of Girard’s work in so far as it applies to bog bodies.
{"title":"Bog Bodies and Sacrificial Theory","authors":"B. Sitch","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2020.1824466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2020.1824466","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Contemporary displays of bog bodies often focus on the scientific analysis of human remains and discussion of the results. One of the biggest challenges archaeologists and museum curators face is to account for the degree of violence that has often been perpetrated against the individual or individuals, whose remains survive as bog bodies. René Girard’s sacrificial theory may help to account for evidence of excessive violence or ‘overkill'. Girard did not discuss archaeology let alone bog bodies, but he draws upon a wide range of disciplines, including anthropology, to investigate the phenomenon of scapegoating. Whilst the writer is cautious about presenting sacrificial theory as the only explanation for bog bodies, this paper will attempt to make the case for a more detailed consideration of Girard’s work in so far as it applies to bog bodies.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2020.1824466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44826796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2020.1823148
Rosie Everett, B. Gearey
ABSTRACT In this paper we discuss the entangled relationship between literary creation, archaeology and representations of gender in the poetry of Seamus Heaney, in particular the ‘bog poems’ The Tollund Man and Bogland. We trace the early formative connections between the poet, peatlands and ‘bog body’ research, in which both literary critical and archaeological scholars have analysed themes including ‘the bog as archive’, theory and practice of archaeology and the process of poetic creation and imagining in Heaney’s writings. We discuss archaeological perspectives on Heaney’s poetry, and outline literary critique that has problematised the representation of gender in the ‘bog poems’. Finally, we consider the poem Bogland and read this through the lens of Irish peatland archaeology, in particular its destruction by industrial peat extraction. To conclude, we reflect how Heaney’s poetry as a form of archaeological knowledge and narratives must continue to be subject to ‘excavation’, contextual readings and critique.
{"title":"Heaney’s Hauntings: Archaeology, Poetry and the ‘Gendered Bog’","authors":"Rosie Everett, B. Gearey","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2020.1823148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2020.1823148","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper we discuss the entangled relationship between literary creation, archaeology and representations of gender in the poetry of Seamus Heaney, in particular the ‘bog poems’ The Tollund Man and Bogland. We trace the early formative connections between the poet, peatlands and ‘bog body’ research, in which both literary critical and archaeological scholars have analysed themes including ‘the bog as archive’, theory and practice of archaeology and the process of poetic creation and imagining in Heaney’s writings. We discuss archaeological perspectives on Heaney’s poetry, and outline literary critique that has problematised the representation of gender in the ‘bog poems’. Finally, we consider the poem Bogland and read this through the lens of Irish peatland archaeology, in particular its destruction by industrial peat extraction. To conclude, we reflect how Heaney’s poetry as a form of archaeological knowledge and narratives must continue to be subject to ‘excavation’, contextual readings and critique.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2020.1823148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49559395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2020.1823110
V. Horie
ABSTRACT This article presents a first-hand account of the discovery and excavation of four sets of human remains from Lindow Moss in the years 1983–1988. Fragments of the remains of Lindow Man (later named Lindow II) were discovered by peat workers in 1984. The find was reported to the police then to R. Turner, Cheshire County Archaeologist, that day, who identified further remains in situ. Following preparations for excavation under police supervision, the area was examined archaeologically and the remains lifted by a team of police, specialists and peat workers. The remains were taken to Macclesfield Hospital pathology stores in the evening. After 14C dating and release by the coroner, the remains were transferred to the British Museum. In 1987, the peat workers discovered more human remains, Lindow III, from another part of the Moss. The body had been broken up by machinery months before. Further human remains, Lindow IV, were discovered in 1988.
{"title":"Resurrecting Lindow Man","authors":"V. Horie","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2020.1823110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2020.1823110","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents a first-hand account of the discovery and excavation of four sets of human remains from Lindow Moss in the years 1983–1988. Fragments of the remains of Lindow Man (later named Lindow II) were discovered by peat workers in 1984. The find was reported to the police then to R. Turner, Cheshire County Archaeologist, that day, who identified further remains in situ. Following preparations for excavation under police supervision, the area was examined archaeologically and the remains lifted by a team of police, specialists and peat workers. The remains were taken to Macclesfield Hospital pathology stores in the evening. After 14C dating and release by the coroner, the remains were transferred to the British Museum. In 1987, the peat workers discovered more human remains, Lindow III, from another part of the Moss. The body had been broken up by machinery months before. Further human remains, Lindow IV, were discovered in 1988.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2020.1823110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49394784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2020.1791449
Jody Joy, Julia M. Farley
ABSTRACT Lindow Man is one of the best-preserved Iron Age bog bodies from Europe. Since his discovery in August 1984, he has been on almost permanent display to the public and the subject of close scientific scrutiny. This article focuses on the life of Lindow Man since his discovery, charting how his remains have been cared for and interpreted by curators and the public. Lindow Man is very well-known and provides a unique case study of how well-preserved wetland finds are curated and received. Over the more than three decades which have passed since he was first uncovered, he has played a role in informing and shaping the scientific study of bog bodies, relationships between museums across the UK, and debates around the ethics of displaying human remains.
{"title":"The Curation and Display of Lindow Man","authors":"Jody Joy, Julia M. Farley","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2020.1791449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2020.1791449","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lindow Man is one of the best-preserved Iron Age bog bodies from Europe. Since his discovery in August 1984, he has been on almost permanent display to the public and the subject of close scientific scrutiny. This article focuses on the life of Lindow Man since his discovery, charting how his remains have been cared for and interpreted by curators and the public. Lindow Man is very well-known and provides a unique case study of how well-preserved wetland finds are curated and received. Over the more than three decades which have passed since he was first uncovered, he has played a role in informing and shaping the scientific study of bog bodies, relationships between museums across the UK, and debates around the ethics of displaying human remains.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2020.1791449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41345104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2020.1779439
V. Daniels
ABSTRACT Lindow Man is the name given to a body excavated from a peat bog in Cheshire in 1984. After extensive scientific examinations were complete a conservation treatment was developed and carried out using parallels drawn from the conservation of water-logged wood and bone. It was decided that soaking in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution followed by freeze-drying offered the best prospect of success and the optimum method of polymer impregnation was determined by experiments performed on artificially-aged pig skin. Following successful conservation, Lindow Man has been exhibited in various locations and some changes of the skin colour have occurred. This has been monitored and some experiments on accelerated light-ageing carried out on a detached sample. Several areas for future research have been identified; these include the stability of PEG, the change of appearance of conserved bog body skin, and new methods of conservation.
{"title":"The Conservation of Lindow Man and Subsequent Changes","authors":"V. Daniels","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2020.1779439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2020.1779439","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lindow Man is the name given to a body excavated from a peat bog in Cheshire in 1984. After extensive scientific examinations were complete a conservation treatment was developed and carried out using parallels drawn from the conservation of water-logged wood and bone. It was decided that soaking in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution followed by freeze-drying offered the best prospect of success and the optimum method of polymer impregnation was determined by experiments performed on artificially-aged pig skin. Following successful conservation, Lindow Man has been exhibited in various locations and some changes of the skin colour have occurred. This has been monitored and some experiments on accelerated light-ageing carried out on a detached sample. Several areas for future research have been identified; these include the stability of PEG, the change of appearance of conserved bog body skin, and new methods of conservation.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2020.1779439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42639254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2018.1560064
T. Hill, G. Hill, R. Brunning, R. Banerjea, R. Fyfe, A. Hogg, J. Jones, M. Perez, D. Smith
ABSTRACT Glastonbury Lake Village is one of the most iconic late prehistoric wetland settlements in Europe. A new excavation in the core of Glastonbury Lake Village, for the first time since 1907, provided the opportunity for sampling of deposits associated with occupation of the site and for reconstructing the environmental conditions before the settlement was constructed. The results of a detailed multiproxy study are presented, including palaeoecological proxies (Coleoptera, plant macrofossils, diatoms, pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs), geoarchaeological methods (soil micromorphology), supported by new radiocarbon determinations. The results highlight how the difficult process of creating a settlement in a wetland was achieved, both within structures and in the spaces around them. Evidence for grain storage within the macrofossil assemblages, and the presence of animals on the settlement reflected in coleopteran assemblages and non-pollen palynomorphs has refined our understanding of the interaction between the settlement and the neighbouring dryland.
{"title":"Glastonbury Lake Village Revisited: A Multi-proxy Palaeoenvironmental Investigation of an Iron Age Wetland Settlement","authors":"T. Hill, G. Hill, R. Brunning, R. Banerjea, R. Fyfe, A. Hogg, J. Jones, M. Perez, D. Smith","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2018.1560064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2018.1560064","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Glastonbury Lake Village is one of the most iconic late prehistoric wetland settlements in Europe. A new excavation in the core of Glastonbury Lake Village, for the first time since 1907, provided the opportunity for sampling of deposits associated with occupation of the site and for reconstructing the environmental conditions before the settlement was constructed. The results of a detailed multiproxy study are presented, including palaeoecological proxies (Coleoptera, plant macrofossils, diatoms, pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs), geoarchaeological methods (soil micromorphology), supported by new radiocarbon determinations. The results highlight how the difficult process of creating a settlement in a wetland was achieved, both within structures and in the spaces around them. Evidence for grain storage within the macrofossil assemblages, and the presence of animals on the settlement reflected in coleopteran assemblages and non-pollen palynomorphs has refined our understanding of the interaction between the settlement and the neighbouring dryland.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2018.1560064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43049102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14732971.2018.1526241
Guinevere Granite, R. Palfrey
ABSTRACT Three pig forefeet were buried approximately 20 centimetres (cm) below the surface in the Dartmoor bogs for ten months. To understand the bog environmental chemistry and its potential diagenetic effects on buried porcine remains, we applied Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pXRF) to the pig bone and burial soil. We also wanted to ascertain whether pXRF allows us to resolve whether the chemical changes that create bog bodies required extended immersion in the bog (millennia versus years or less). To assess the potential diagenetic effects of the bog, we analysed the elemental concentrations of soil samples at 10cm intervals, a soil sample at the burial depth, and a middle phalanx of the first pig using the Skyray Genius 5000 pXRF analyser. The pXRF analyser provided valuable information for understanding that chemical changes occurred within less than year, involving both incorporation and leaching of various elements in the bog.
{"title":"The Analysis of Interred Pig Forefeet in a Bog on Dartmoor Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy","authors":"Guinevere Granite, R. Palfrey","doi":"10.1080/14732971.2018.1526241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14732971.2018.1526241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Three pig forefeet were buried approximately 20 centimetres (cm) below the surface in the Dartmoor bogs for ten months. To understand the bog environmental chemistry and its potential diagenetic effects on buried porcine remains, we applied Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pXRF) to the pig bone and burial soil. We also wanted to ascertain whether pXRF allows us to resolve whether the chemical changes that create bog bodies required extended immersion in the bog (millennia versus years or less). To assess the potential diagenetic effects of the bog, we analysed the elemental concentrations of soil samples at 10cm intervals, a soil sample at the burial depth, and a middle phalanx of the first pig using the Skyray Genius 5000 pXRF analyser. The pXRF analyser provided valuable information for understanding that chemical changes occurred within less than year, involving both incorporation and leaching of various elements in the bog.","PeriodicalId":37928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wetland Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14732971.2018.1526241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41556674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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