Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1405632
E. Miles
ABSTRACT In the first half of the nineteenth century, nautical melodramas were a popular genre of performance in London’s theatres. During his lifetime, Thomas Potter Cooke (1786–1864) was known as the last and best of stage sailors, and his portrayals of the British sailor became archetypal for many theatregoers. Cooke’s contemporary critics speculated about how his experience at sea informed his performances, which his audiences took great pleasure in. Cooke performed his most popular roles hundreds of times, and portraits of him in character were produced by and sold in London’s stationers. Examples of these ephemeral prints survive in museum collections, and are a useful source of information about the visual significance of performance. This article examines Cooke’s theatrical career and its critical reception. By using contemporary printed ephemera, this article explores how the developing theatrical culture in London both drew on and established ideas about British sailors and the navy. It reflects on how Cooke’s time at sea was used both by critics and the man himself in constructing a narrative beyond the stage. This article examines the pleasure that audiences and critics took in engaging with his Cooke’s embodiment of the British sailor, both on stage and off.
{"title":"Characterising the nation: how T.P. Cooke embodied the naval hero in nineteenth-century nautical melodrama","authors":"E. Miles","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1405632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1405632","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the first half of the nineteenth century, nautical melodramas were a popular genre of performance in London’s theatres. During his lifetime, Thomas Potter Cooke (1786–1864) was known as the last and best of stage sailors, and his portrayals of the British sailor became archetypal for many theatregoers. Cooke’s contemporary critics speculated about how his experience at sea informed his performances, which his audiences took great pleasure in. Cooke performed his most popular roles hundreds of times, and portraits of him in character were produced by and sold in London’s stationers. Examples of these ephemeral prints survive in museum collections, and are a useful source of information about the visual significance of performance. This article examines Cooke’s theatrical career and its critical reception. By using contemporary printed ephemera, this article explores how the developing theatrical culture in London both drew on and established ideas about British sailors and the navy. It reflects on how Cooke’s time at sea was used both by critics and the man himself in constructing a narrative beyond the stage. This article examines the pleasure that audiences and critics took in engaging with his Cooke’s embodiment of the British sailor, both on stage and off.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"28 5 1","pages":"107 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78170395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1397969
M. Seligmann
{"title":"The Royal Navy in the age of austerity, 1919–22: naval and foreign policy under Lloyd George","authors":"M. Seligmann","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1397969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1397969","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"72 1","pages":"181 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91053816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1397966
K. Deng
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in Maritime Asia for two obvious reasons. First, there has been a widely participated debate on the ‘Great Divergence’ since 2000, the year when Professo...
{"title":"Boundaries and beyond: China’s maritime southeast in late imperial times","authors":"K. Deng","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1397966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1397966","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, there has been a renewed interest in Maritime Asia for two obvious reasons. First, there has been a widely participated debate on the ‘Great Divergence’ since 2000, the year when Professo...","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"182 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86842697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1397914
David M George
ABSTRACT The article deals with the attempts by the Confederate military to utilize the shipbuilding facilities of Britain for the construction of warships, commerce raiders and blockade-runners. It also details Federal strategies to prevent these endeavors. In particular, it examines the actions of John Baxter Langley a British radical or ‘advanced Liberal’ who, motivated by an innate opposition to slavery, became involved in the American conflict. Langley represented a group of politically educated, working- and middle-class activists who generated a constant stream of pro Northern propaganda, newspaper editorials, meetings and demonstrations. In doing so they linked the poverty inflicted by the Northern cotton embargo with the similar, and greater suffering endured by the enslaved workers of the Southern states. Langley is perhaps unique in the fact that he became directly involved in the clandestine contest to create, or to uncover, foreign-built ships of war involved in the American Civil War.
{"title":"John Baxter Langley: radicalism, espionage and the Confederate Navy in mid-Victorian Britain","authors":"David M George","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1397914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1397914","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article deals with the attempts by the Confederate military to utilize the shipbuilding facilities of Britain for the construction of warships, commerce raiders and blockade-runners. It also details Federal strategies to prevent these endeavors. In particular, it examines the actions of John Baxter Langley a British radical or ‘advanced Liberal’ who, motivated by an innate opposition to slavery, became involved in the American conflict. Langley represented a group of politically educated, working- and middle-class activists who generated a constant stream of pro Northern propaganda, newspaper editorials, meetings and demonstrations. In doing so they linked the poverty inflicted by the Northern cotton embargo with the similar, and greater suffering endured by the enslaved workers of the Southern states. Langley is perhaps unique in the fact that he became directly involved in the clandestine contest to create, or to uncover, foreign-built ships of war involved in the American Civil War.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"121 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82228356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1345163
M. Duffy
{"title":"British expeditionary warfare and the defeat of Napoleon, 1793–1815","authors":"M. Duffy","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1345163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1345163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"85 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86416580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1345161
Catherine Beck
often have different missions, levels of ambitions and skills. Some have ambitions to help larger navies maintaining wider maritime security, while others are content with merely protecting their own coasts and their Exclusive Economic Zones. Some attempt to keep a balanced fleet with different capabilities, while others aim to specialise in certain fields, for example, mine-clearing, hoping a larger ally will compensate in other areas. Both Till and the editors conclude that small navies are rarely (if ever) different in kind, but rather in degree. On the issue of types or classifications of navies, Basil Germond (chapter 3) provides a good overview of the literature in the field. Assessing the different attempts at categorisation, he concludes that navies are usually ranked according to two main criteria: reach and projection capabilities. Navies that do not have the latter characteristic tend to be represented and constructed as ‘small’, but frequently also as ‘inferior’. He also asserts that navies described as ‘small’ can escape their ‘inferiority’ label if they successfully join multilateral naval frameworks and coalitions, thus contributing to the general effort to protect and secure the liberal international order. As with most edited collections, this book includes texts that are often incisive and wellwritten as separate entities, but together they form a rather disparate whole. While ambitious in its aim, to penetrate and unpack the dilemmas facing small navies, it hardly solves the conceptual issue at hand, leaving the reader with more questions than answers. If anything, the book succeeds in showing the diversity of small navies and their many roads to success.
{"title":"The opened letter: networking in the early modern British world","authors":"Catherine Beck","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1345161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1345161","url":null,"abstract":"often have different missions, levels of ambitions and skills. Some have ambitions to help larger navies maintaining wider maritime security, while others are content with merely protecting their own coasts and their Exclusive Economic Zones. Some attempt to keep a balanced fleet with different capabilities, while others aim to specialise in certain fields, for example, mine-clearing, hoping a larger ally will compensate in other areas. Both Till and the editors conclude that small navies are rarely (if ever) different in kind, but rather in degree. On the issue of types or classifications of navies, Basil Germond (chapter 3) provides a good overview of the literature in the field. Assessing the different attempts at categorisation, he concludes that navies are usually ranked according to two main criteria: reach and projection capabilities. Navies that do not have the latter characteristic tend to be represented and constructed as ‘small’, but frequently also as ‘inferior’. He also asserts that navies described as ‘small’ can escape their ‘inferiority’ label if they successfully join multilateral naval frameworks and coalitions, thus contributing to the general effort to protect and secure the liberal international order. As with most edited collections, this book includes texts that are often incisive and wellwritten as separate entities, but together they form a rather disparate whole. While ambitious in its aim, to penetrate and unpack the dilemmas facing small navies, it hardly solves the conceptual issue at hand, leaving the reader with more questions than answers. If anything, the book succeeds in showing the diversity of small navies and their many roads to success.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"82 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83512095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1334850
R. Robinson
ABSTRACT Discussion about the Great War at sea tends to centre on capital ships and Jutland. Far less has been written about the crucial role played by fishermen, fishing vessels and their coastal communities. Yet armed fishing vessels and their fishermen crews were continually on the maritime front line. They formed the backbone of the Auxiliary Patrol, working principally on anti-U-boat patrols or minesweeping. Around 3000 fishing vessels were requisitioned whilst more than 39,000 fishermen joined the Trawler Section of the Royal Naval Reserve. The cultural, social and attitudinal gulf between working fishermen and many RN officers was enormous. Those vessels left fishing also played a vital role in maintaining the food supplies; many were sunk whilst working. Around 672 fishing vessels were lost through enemy action whilst either fishing or on Admiralty service. After the war, their substantial role was gradually forgotten, now hardly recognised. This paper examines their contribution.
{"title":"A forgotten navy: fish, fishermen, fishing vessels and the Great War at sea","authors":"R. Robinson","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1334850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1334850","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Discussion about the Great War at sea tends to centre on capital ships and Jutland. Far less has been written about the crucial role played by fishermen, fishing vessels and their coastal communities. Yet armed fishing vessels and their fishermen crews were continually on the maritime front line. They formed the backbone of the Auxiliary Patrol, working principally on anti-U-boat patrols or minesweeping. Around 3000 fishing vessels were requisitioned whilst more than 39,000 fishermen joined the Trawler Section of the Royal Naval Reserve. The cultural, social and attitudinal gulf between working fishermen and many RN officers was enormous. Those vessels left fishing also played a vital role in maintaining the food supplies; many were sunk whilst working. Around 672 fishing vessels were lost through enemy action whilst either fishing or on Admiralty service. After the war, their substantial role was gradually forgotten, now hardly recognised. This paper examines their contribution.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"67 1","pages":"47 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86893247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1331617
M. Bailey
ABSTRACT The British Empire depended on international trade and financial systems for survival. These depended on general peace. The Empire could not afford extended periods of military expenditure, using civil–military and economic mechanisms to avoid the costs of an army. These demanded an efficient global maritime transport system feeding a free economic market with close industry–navy and insurance market–government–navy cooperation. These required a naval system to protect global maritime trade. The outbreak of war in 1914 stopped maritime trade, requiring rapid unprecedented government intervention to restart it. From this restart, the privately run global maritime trade system began to distort, but collapse was protracted and the commercial system showed remarkable elasticity. The imperial government progressively replaced an efficient, fluid maritime trade system based on meeting commercial demand with centralised control to meet the demands of a mobilising war economy. By July 1916 this process was complete and a remarkable example of international administration across all areas of the global and domestic economy was well advanced. The resulting centralised control of global maritime trade fed multinational economic demands of war economies: yet this broad, complex, multidisciplinary event remains largely unknown.
{"title":"Supporting the wartime economy: imperial maritime trade and the globalised maritime trade system, 1914–1916","authors":"M. Bailey","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1331617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1331617","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The British Empire depended on international trade and financial systems for survival. These depended on general peace. The Empire could not afford extended periods of military expenditure, using civil–military and economic mechanisms to avoid the costs of an army. These demanded an efficient global maritime transport system feeding a free economic market with close industry–navy and insurance market–government–navy cooperation. These required a naval system to protect global maritime trade. The outbreak of war in 1914 stopped maritime trade, requiring rapid unprecedented government intervention to restart it. From this restart, the privately run global maritime trade system began to distort, but collapse was protracted and the commercial system showed remarkable elasticity. The imperial government progressively replaced an efficient, fluid maritime trade system based on meeting commercial demand with centralised control to meet the demands of a mobilising war economy. By July 1916 this process was complete and a remarkable example of international administration across all areas of the global and domestic economy was well advanced. The resulting centralised control of global maritime trade fed multinational economic demands of war economies: yet this broad, complex, multidisciplinary event remains largely unknown.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"23 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90301032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1345160
T. S. Garcia
Of all the European nations who conquered the world by sea, trade and colonisation, Portugal has a justifiable claim to primacy – or, at the very least, precedence. The Portuguese poet Luis de Camo...
{"title":"Conquerors: how Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the first global empire","authors":"T. S. Garcia","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1345160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1345160","url":null,"abstract":"Of all the European nations who conquered the world by sea, trade and colonisation, Portugal has a justifiable claim to primacy – or, at the very least, precedence. The Portuguese poet Luis de Camo...","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"78 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78025550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21533369.2017.1357949
Evren Mercan
ABSTRACT In the twentieth century, submarines came to the forefront of naval strategy. This secret and silent weapon moved from being an experimental project into the reality of naval battles, and eventually became a symbol of deterrence. Initially given tactical duties such as coastal defence and blockade running, submarines were quick to prove their strategic significance during the First World War, especially in Gallipoli. Throughout the campaign, Allied submarines compelled Ottoman defenders increasingly to rely on land and railway transportation, which cost six times more than seaborne supplies. Disruptions to the flow of ammunition and other supplies to Ottoman troops resulted in delays to counter-offensives and contributed significantly to the heavy rates of attrition suffered by the Turkish defenders. In addition, the submarine campaign substantially contributed to food shortages in Istanbul, then the Ottoman capital. This alone was proof of the concept that submarines could effectively be employed as strategic weapons of industrial war.
{"title":"The impact of Allied submarine operations on Ottoman decision-making during the Gallipoli campaign","authors":"Evren Mercan","doi":"10.1080/21533369.2017.1357949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2017.1357949","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the twentieth century, submarines came to the forefront of naval strategy. This secret and silent weapon moved from being an experimental project into the reality of naval battles, and eventually became a symbol of deterrence. Initially given tactical duties such as coastal defence and blockade running, submarines were quick to prove their strategic significance during the First World War, especially in Gallipoli. Throughout the campaign, Allied submarines compelled Ottoman defenders increasingly to rely on land and railway transportation, which cost six times more than seaborne supplies. Disruptions to the flow of ammunition and other supplies to Ottoman troops resulted in delays to counter-offensives and contributed significantly to the heavy rates of attrition suffered by the Turkish defenders. In addition, the submarine campaign substantially contributed to food shortages in Istanbul, then the Ottoman capital. This alone was proof of the concept that submarines could effectively be employed as strategic weapons of industrial war.","PeriodicalId":38023,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Maritime Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"63 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89646547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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