Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2022.2144256
Sarah Collins
ABSTRACT This article examines instances of criminal activity and capital punishment occurring on English wastelands, such as commons, heaths, moors, and forests, between 1730 and 1830. A broad range of information drawn from newspaper reports, assize records, court proceedings and local histories enables comparison of human experience on wastes when encountering criminal activity and/or any resulting punishments. Detailed accounts of crime and punishment on historic wastelands are sparse, with the majority of information relating to public perceptions concerned with safety and place-making. This article considers the extent to which those perceptions were accurate, identifying entanglements between three discrete processes: elite desires to ‘improve’ wastelands; the use of wastes to reinforce ritualised punishments; and increased media reporting of crime that was often coupled with sensationalism. Examination of the sources above demonstrates a variable and highly localised place-making founded on negative emotions, which popularised tropes of wastelands being places of fear and lawlessness.
{"title":"A Dangerously Empty Space: Crime and Punishment on English Wastelands","authors":"Sarah Collins","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2022.2144256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2022.2144256","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines instances of criminal activity and capital punishment occurring on English wastelands, such as commons, heaths, moors, and forests, between 1730 and 1830. A broad range of information drawn from newspaper reports, assize records, court proceedings and local histories enables comparison of human experience on wastes when encountering criminal activity and/or any resulting punishments. Detailed accounts of crime and punishment on historic wastelands are sparse, with the majority of information relating to public perceptions concerned with safety and place-making. This article considers the extent to which those perceptions were accurate, identifying entanglements between three discrete processes: elite desires to ‘improve’ wastelands; the use of wastes to reinforce ritualised punishments; and increased media reporting of crime that was often coupled with sensationalism. Examination of the sources above demonstrates a variable and highly localised place-making founded on negative emotions, which popularised tropes of wastelands being places of fear and lawlessness.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46851655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2022.2073652
P. Dixon
may throw up evidence that is peculiar to these locales and not representative of Ireland as a whole. This is countered by broadening the narrative where possible, but especially at the end of each chapter which incorporates data from the other fiveMaking Christian Landscapes case study, and further afield. The result is a fascinating, indeed compelling narrative of the development of the Irish church to c.1100, and a volume which like its predecessor is supplemented with a wealth of illustrations, plans and truly beautiful photographs of the Irish landscape. Also like its predecessor this is a truly magisterial work, which exhibits Ó Carragáin’s unique ability to imagine the lived experience of early medieval communities and model in detail how they articulated their beliefs in the material world.
{"title":"The Medieval Landscape of North-East Scotland: Renaissance, Reformation and Revolution","authors":"P. Dixon","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2022.2073652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2022.2073652","url":null,"abstract":"may throw up evidence that is peculiar to these locales and not representative of Ireland as a whole. This is countered by broadening the narrative where possible, but especially at the end of each chapter which incorporates data from the other fiveMaking Christian Landscapes case study, and further afield. The result is a fascinating, indeed compelling narrative of the development of the Irish church to c.1100, and a volume which like its predecessor is supplemented with a wealth of illustrations, plans and truly beautiful photographs of the Irish landscape. Also like its predecessor this is a truly magisterial work, which exhibits Ó Carragáin’s unique ability to imagine the lived experience of early medieval communities and model in detail how they articulated their beliefs in the material world.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41255209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2022.2145863
D. Austin, Jemma Bezant, L. Barker
ABSTRACT Abbey Wood today is a beautiful, if ill-kept, mixed deciduous woodland a few hundred metres to the south of the former Cistercian monastery of Strata Florida in the Upper Teifi Valley in central Ceredigion, Wales. It consists of a number of different elements of land use and ecology, largely self-regenerated wood and scrub, some older tree specimens and patches of open rough pasture. There are ecological traces of historic management such as pollards and coppice boles, as well as extensive areas of archaeological earthworks on the woodland floor. These appear to demonstrate that the wood, as its name suggests, was originally planted onto open agricultural land perhaps as early as the twelfth century at the time of the Abbey’s foundation. The present extent is approximately 80 hectares (c.200 acres), but early estate maps show that 250 years ago it was larger and much more coherent as a managed wood. Some conifers were planted by the Forestry Commission in the mid-twentieth century. This article will argue that the historic wood was the main source of timber for the Abbey and that this re-founded institution, as part of its re-shaping of a pre-existing traditional landscape sacrificed good arable land for the purpose.
{"title":"The Archaeology of Abbey Wood, Strata Florida, Ceredigion, Wales","authors":"D. Austin, Jemma Bezant, L. Barker","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2022.2145863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2022.2145863","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Abbey Wood today is a beautiful, if ill-kept, mixed deciduous woodland a few hundred metres to the south of the former Cistercian monastery of Strata Florida in the Upper Teifi Valley in central Ceredigion, Wales. It consists of a number of different elements of land use and ecology, largely self-regenerated wood and scrub, some older tree specimens and patches of open rough pasture. There are ecological traces of historic management such as pollards and coppice boles, as well as extensive areas of archaeological earthworks on the woodland floor. These appear to demonstrate that the wood, as its name suggests, was originally planted onto open agricultural land perhaps as early as the twelfth century at the time of the Abbey’s foundation. The present extent is approximately 80 hectares (c.200 acres), but early estate maps show that 250 years ago it was larger and much more coherent as a managed wood. Some conifers were planted by the Forestry Commission in the mid-twentieth century. This article will argue that the historic wood was the main source of timber for the Abbey and that this re-founded institution, as part of its re-shaping of a pre-existing traditional landscape sacrificed good arable land for the purpose.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48657940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2021.2035095
J. Gaspar Bernárdez Villegas, A. Rigueiro Rodríguez, Ignacio Silva de la Iglesia
ABSTRACT Soutos – single-species groves of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) trees – are a highly characteristic component of the Galician cultural landscape in northwest Spain, and a clear expression of the interactions between nature and culture that define landscapes. The trees in the soutos have for centuries been subject to cultural practices aimed at increasing the production of fruit, timber, or both at the same time. Other products from the soutos not long ago considered secondary, for example ecosystem services, fungal production or beekeeping, are nowadays becoming steadily more valued by people. Individual trees, many of them catalogued as of outstanding value in the Inventario de Árboles Sobresalientes de Galicia, are often of unusual size and age thanks to the long tradition of pollarding, and they are often important landmarks and cultural icons. This paper based partly on research carried out for the Galician Catalogue of Heritage Trees, and focussing on 180 outstanding specimens of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), summarises the significance and use of the Galician soutos, and the traditional management that has created them. It also identifies the processes which over the past several decades have encouraged a decline in the numbers and preservation of the groves, and proposes good management practice for the future which could help to preserve these distinctive landscape.
{"title":"Monumental Sweet Chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Galicia’s Cultural Landscape (NW Spain)","authors":"J. Gaspar Bernárdez Villegas, A. Rigueiro Rodríguez, Ignacio Silva de la Iglesia","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2021.2035095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2021.2035095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soutos – single-species groves of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) trees – are a highly characteristic component of the Galician cultural landscape in northwest Spain, and a clear expression of the interactions between nature and culture that define landscapes. The trees in the soutos have for centuries been subject to cultural practices aimed at increasing the production of fruit, timber, or both at the same time. Other products from the soutos not long ago considered secondary, for example ecosystem services, fungal production or beekeeping, are nowadays becoming steadily more valued by people. Individual trees, many of them catalogued as of outstanding value in the Inventario de Árboles Sobresalientes de Galicia, are often of unusual size and age thanks to the long tradition of pollarding, and they are often important landmarks and cultural icons. This paper based partly on research carried out for the Galician Catalogue of Heritage Trees, and focussing on 180 outstanding specimens of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), summarises the significance and use of the Galician soutos, and the traditional management that has created them. It also identifies the processes which over the past several decades have encouraged a decline in the numbers and preservation of the groves, and proposes good management practice for the future which could help to preserve these distinctive landscape.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49526798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2021.1969792
R. Merino del Río
ABSTRACT The intricate character of the landscape is one of the main difficulties when reaching an agreement on its values. This information is, however, essential to manage the landscape, a process which relies on methodologies that recognise those values and/or identifies. In this paper, the analytical methodology for an integrated plan of the territory is reviewed, and a method is presented to design cultural routes as a strategy for connecting the archaeological sites to their landscapes by restoring the dynamics of landscape formation in their immediate environments. Using the area surrounding the archaeological site of the Roman city of Italica in Andalusia (Spain) as a case study, actions and processes are identified that can enable projects based on ‘cultural routes’ to restore the dynamics of landscape formation, highlighting those processes that allow us to recognise the landscape values and to extract some of the landscape’s characteristic features.
{"title":"Connecting the Archaeological Site of Italica (Spain) to its Landscape: A Three-Step Method to Unveil and Enhance Landscape Values through the Design of Cultural Routes","authors":"R. Merino del Río","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2021.1969792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2021.1969792","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The intricate character of the landscape is one of the main difficulties when reaching an agreement on its values. This information is, however, essential to manage the landscape, a process which relies on methodologies that recognise those values and/or identifies. In this paper, the analytical methodology for an integrated plan of the territory is reviewed, and a method is presented to design cultural routes as a strategy for connecting the archaeological sites to their landscapes by restoring the dynamics of landscape formation in their immediate environments. Using the area surrounding the archaeological site of the Roman city of Italica in Andalusia (Spain) as a case study, actions and processes are identified that can enable projects based on ‘cultural routes’ to restore the dynamics of landscape formation, highlighting those processes that allow us to recognise the landscape values and to extract some of the landscape’s characteristic features.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44974993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2021.2042926
P. Stamper
{"title":"The Tree Experts. A History of Professional Arboriculture in Britain","authors":"P. Stamper","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2021.2042926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2021.2042926","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47864700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2021.2035959
M. Gardiner
ABSTRACT The peat fen was viewed by landscape improvers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as under-utilised land in need of improvement. Two contrasting areas of common peat fen in Lincolnshire are examined to test this contention. It is shown that by the twelfth and early thirteenth century these fens were closely managed. To prevent flooding the adjoining rivers the watercourses were canalised. Drainage channels were cut through the fen to remove water and embankments were constructed to constrain the rivers. Some permanent settlements were established by monasteries in the twelfth century to use the rich pasture for cattle grazing. Other areas were enclosed for meadowland. Instead of considering these as poorly used wetlands which could not be drained, it is argued that their usage was adapted to the different conditions within the peat fens and that this allowed a range of resources to be exploited.
{"title":"A Landscape of Medieval Common Peat Fens: The Lower Witham Valley and Wildmoor, Lincolnshire (UK)","authors":"M. Gardiner","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2021.2035959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2021.2035959","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The peat fen was viewed by landscape improvers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as under-utilised land in need of improvement. Two contrasting areas of common peat fen in Lincolnshire are examined to test this contention. It is shown that by the twelfth and early thirteenth century these fens were closely managed. To prevent flooding the adjoining rivers the watercourses were canalised. Drainage channels were cut through the fen to remove water and embankments were constructed to constrain the rivers. Some permanent settlements were established by monasteries in the twelfth century to use the rich pasture for cattle grazing. Other areas were enclosed for meadowland. Instead of considering these as poorly used wetlands which could not be drained, it is argued that their usage was adapted to the different conditions within the peat fens and that this allowed a range of resources to be exploited.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41770550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2021.2035962
N. Christie
{"title":"Rediscovering Lost Landscapes: Topographical Art in North-West Italy, 1800-1920","authors":"N. Christie","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2021.2035962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2021.2035962","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43262802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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