Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2020.1978708
J. Last
ABSTRACT In 2009 the ninth annual English Heritage Characterisation Seminar addressed the subject of ‘Hiddenscapes’, with the aim of looking at how to apply an Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) approach to the less accessible archaeological layers of the historic landscape. This reflected the growing availability of large-scale digital datasets from aerial investigation and mapping, geophysics and excavation, alongside the recognition that too often the archaeological resource was treated as a series of discrete sites. Over a decade on from that seminar, however, archaeologists studying the prehistoric and Roman periods in England still make relatively little use of characterisation. At the same time, various academic projects have analysed large-scale archaeological data for these periods in other ways. It is therefore timely to reconsider the potential contribution of the HLC approach to the development of methods of characterising the buried archaeological landscape. This article considers the relationship between HLC and archaeological data and outlines a possible approach to mapping the character of the archaeological record.
{"title":"‘Hidden Landscape Characterisation’: Some Thoughts on the Relationship of HLC to Archaeological Data","authors":"J. Last","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2020.1978708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2020.1978708","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 2009 the ninth annual English Heritage Characterisation Seminar addressed the subject of ‘Hiddenscapes’, with the aim of looking at how to apply an Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) approach to the less accessible archaeological layers of the historic landscape. This reflected the growing availability of large-scale digital datasets from aerial investigation and mapping, geophysics and excavation, alongside the recognition that too often the archaeological resource was treated as a series of discrete sites. Over a decade on from that seminar, however, archaeologists studying the prehistoric and Roman periods in England still make relatively little use of characterisation. At the same time, various academic projects have analysed large-scale archaeological data for these periods in other ways. It is therefore timely to reconsider the potential contribution of the HLC approach to the development of methods of characterising the buried archaeological landscape. This article considers the relationship between HLC and archaeological data and outlines a possible approach to mapping the character of the archaeological record.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48378535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2020.1942050
Peter Herring
ABSTRACT From the distance in time of twenty-five years since its initial development, this paper reviews Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) and especially the approaches that determined its form when pioneered in Cornwall, its subsequent development and application, and its continued relevance, usefulness and value. It explores likely future developments and applications.
{"title":"Back to the Beginning, and into the Future: Historic Landscape Characterisation, a Review from Cornwall","authors":"Peter Herring","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2020.1942050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2020.1942050","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT From the distance in time of twenty-five years since its initial development, this paper reviews Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) and especially the approaches that determined its form when pioneered in Cornwall, its subsequent development and application, and its continued relevance, usefulness and value. It explores likely future developments and applications.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48008063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2020.1993562
N. Dabaut, F. Carrer
ABSTRACT This paper describes how Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) projects are implemented using Geographical Information Systems. Today, HLCs are still often considered simple thematic maps to visualise landscape histories, but they are more than that – spatial databases that serve more than one purpose and could be integrated in planning processes with different types of aims. By explaining how historic characterisation is carried out in GIS environments and how future methodological developments can unlock HLC’s potential in spatial analysis, this paper seeks to enhance the integration of HLC in various spatially driven projects and processes. While exploring the technical aspects of HLC a further purpose of the paper is to reach out towards other approaches (e.g. Landscape Character Assessment) to be better equipped in finding solutions to complement them.
{"title":"Historic Landscape Characterisation: Technical Approaches Beyond Theory","authors":"N. Dabaut, F. Carrer","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2020.1993562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2020.1993562","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper describes how Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) projects are implemented using Geographical Information Systems. Today, HLCs are still often considered simple thematic maps to visualise landscape histories, but they are more than that – spatial databases that serve more than one purpose and could be integrated in planning processes with different types of aims. By explaining how historic characterisation is carried out in GIS environments and how future methodological developments can unlock HLC’s potential in spatial analysis, this paper seeks to enhance the integration of HLC in various spatially driven projects and processes. While exploring the technical aspects of HLC a further purpose of the paper is to reach out towards other approaches (e.g. Landscape Character Assessment) to be better equipped in finding solutions to complement them.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46464821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2020.1938428
Peter Herring, N. Dabaut, J. Last
ABSTRACT This paper introduces a special issue on Historic Landscape Characterisation. It places in its wider context the development of HLC from the 1990s to the present, beginning with unpicking the implications for understanding and practice inherent in the meanings of the three constituent terms, historic (or historical), landscape and characterisation. The discussion includes consideration of society’s changing approaches to understanding, presenting and managing landscape and place, and especially their comprehensively historical aspects. It also introduces the main trends that seem likely to influence the continued development of HLC and its application by decision makers.
{"title":"Where Next for Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC)?","authors":"Peter Herring, N. Dabaut, J. Last","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2020.1938428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2020.1938428","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper introduces a special issue on Historic Landscape Characterisation. It places in its wider context the development of HLC from the 1990s to the present, beginning with unpicking the implications for understanding and practice inherent in the meanings of the three constituent terms, historic (or historical), landscape and characterisation. The discussion includes consideration of society’s changing approaches to understanding, presenting and managing landscape and place, and especially their comprehensively historical aspects. It also introduces the main trends that seem likely to influence the continued development of HLC and its application by decision makers.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47920168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2019.1882720
D. Wright
{"title":"Planning in the Early Medieval Landscape","authors":"D. Wright","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2019.1882720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2019.1882720","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2019.1882720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43810828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2019.1882719
Stephen Radley
mission of the classical technology by which they were created. For this subject, the volume relies heavily on the Historia Ecclesiastica, and seeks to tie the archaeological evidence closely into Bede’s championing narrative. The grid planning evident at the Canterbury churches is thus viewed as a result of Augustine himself bringing surveyors on his mission in 597, after which the techniques were taken northward to plan the monumental complex at Yeavering in the 620s. Likewise, Wilfred (d.710) is credited with extending the technology to Winchester, and Benedict Biscop to Monkwearmouth and Jarrow, apparently as a result of their entrepreneurial zeal. While a solid case is made for the broad social and cultural milieux in which careful grid planning may have emerged, attempting to deploy the archaeology into the narrative of documented individuals and events stretches credulity. The project team have also noted the differential use of short perches of 15 imperial feet (4.57 m), which largely appear in eastern England and the East Midlands, and grids which draw upon long perches of 18 feet (5.5 m) that are found further south. Such a regional distinction is no doubt significant, but it is argued here that these are ‘Anglian’ and ‘Saxon’ perches and the zones in which they were used represent a ‘cultural fault line running through what tends to be conceived as homogenous Anglo-Saxon territory’ (p.102). This model and the terms used to develop it some will find contentious, especially in a climate which is more openly questioning the use of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and other nomenclature. In spite of these issues, there is no doubting the quality and rigour of the research presented here and the meticulous nature in which the three authors have undertaken their task. Indeed, the very publication of this volume at this point is significant in itself, in demonstrating quite how far early medieval settlement studies has come in the past two decades. This is not purely the product of an increased database, but also the result of a more comprehensive shift amongst scholars that no longer see places of habitation as a poor relation of funerary archaeology. The text is successful too in bringing to light not just celebrated type-sites, but a variety of material derived from a range of research contexts including commercial intervention. As for the central thesis of perches and grids, some will be more convinced than others, and divergence of opinion will likely happen on a case-by-case basis. The excavation of further sites will surely put these hypotheses to the test, and it is perhaps only in the years and decades to come that the veracity of the regular measures as an idea will be borne out.
{"title":"Humphry Repton: Landscape Design in an Age of Revolution","authors":"Stephen Radley","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2019.1882719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2019.1882719","url":null,"abstract":"mission of the classical technology by which they were created. For this subject, the volume relies heavily on the Historia Ecclesiastica, and seeks to tie the archaeological evidence closely into Bede’s championing narrative. The grid planning evident at the Canterbury churches is thus viewed as a result of Augustine himself bringing surveyors on his mission in 597, after which the techniques were taken northward to plan the monumental complex at Yeavering in the 620s. Likewise, Wilfred (d.710) is credited with extending the technology to Winchester, and Benedict Biscop to Monkwearmouth and Jarrow, apparently as a result of their entrepreneurial zeal. While a solid case is made for the broad social and cultural milieux in which careful grid planning may have emerged, attempting to deploy the archaeology into the narrative of documented individuals and events stretches credulity. The project team have also noted the differential use of short perches of 15 imperial feet (4.57 m), which largely appear in eastern England and the East Midlands, and grids which draw upon long perches of 18 feet (5.5 m) that are found further south. Such a regional distinction is no doubt significant, but it is argued here that these are ‘Anglian’ and ‘Saxon’ perches and the zones in which they were used represent a ‘cultural fault line running through what tends to be conceived as homogenous Anglo-Saxon territory’ (p.102). This model and the terms used to develop it some will find contentious, especially in a climate which is more openly questioning the use of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and other nomenclature. In spite of these issues, there is no doubting the quality and rigour of the research presented here and the meticulous nature in which the three authors have undertaken their task. Indeed, the very publication of this volume at this point is significant in itself, in demonstrating quite how far early medieval settlement studies has come in the past two decades. This is not purely the product of an increased database, but also the result of a more comprehensive shift amongst scholars that no longer see places of habitation as a poor relation of funerary archaeology. The text is successful too in bringing to light not just celebrated type-sites, but a variety of material derived from a range of research contexts including commercial intervention. As for the central thesis of perches and grids, some will be more convinced than others, and divergence of opinion will likely happen on a case-by-case basis. The excavation of further sites will surely put these hypotheses to the test, and it is perhaps only in the years and decades to come that the veracity of the regular measures as an idea will be borne out.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2019.1882719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48731830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2020.1823097
Rafael Y. Lewis, Rona S. Avissar Lewis, M. Finkel
ABSTRACT The Horns of Hattin and its surrounding fields in the Lower Galilee is most famous as the scene of the Battle of Hattin (4 July 1187), during which the forces of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of the Muslims led by Saladin. Based on a large-scale landscape archaeology study and with focused prehistoric research, we present a three-step explanation for the outcome of the battle: 1. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic flint extraction and reduction activity resulted in massive tailing piles on the southern slopes of the Horns of Hattin; 2. These prehistoric land features were the foundation for a coaxial, second century CE Roman field and road system; 3. This field and road system ultimately restricted Frankish manoeuvrability during the twelfth century, notably in the eastern and southern part of the Plain of Hattin, and thus had a significant impact on the outcome of the Battle of Hattin.
{"title":"The Tale of a ‘Tailing Pile’: The role of a Palaeolithic flint extraction and reduction site in the Frankish defeat in the Battle of Hattin, 1187","authors":"Rafael Y. Lewis, Rona S. Avissar Lewis, M. Finkel","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2020.1823097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2020.1823097","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Horns of Hattin and its surrounding fields in the Lower Galilee is most famous as the scene of the Battle of Hattin (4 July 1187), during which the forces of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of the Muslims led by Saladin. Based on a large-scale landscape archaeology study and with focused prehistoric research, we present a three-step explanation for the outcome of the battle: 1. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic flint extraction and reduction activity resulted in massive tailing piles on the southern slopes of the Horns of Hattin; 2. These prehistoric land features were the foundation for a coaxial, second century CE Roman field and road system; 3. This field and road system ultimately restricted Frankish manoeuvrability during the twelfth century, notably in the eastern and southern part of the Plain of Hattin, and thus had a significant impact on the outcome of the Battle of Hattin.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2020.1823097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48941222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2020.1864095
C. Mills, Ian McIntosh
ABSTRACT This article examines how landscapes of abandoned collieries in central Scotland are used, understood and experienced within the context of de-industrialisation and its lingering effects. A mixed research methodology was adopted that consisted of an on-line questionnaire, face to face interviews and on site observations, together with two case studies focusing on the Polmaise colliery site at Fallin (Stirlingshire) and the Devon colliery at Fishcross (Clackmannanshire). Analysis of the data revealed ambivalent and more complex relationships with the sites than the current literature suggests, and the strength and nature of these associations are dependent on the local topography, the socio-economic history of the site, and time.
{"title":"‘I See the Site of the Old Colliery Every Day’: Scotland’s Landscape Legacies of Coal","authors":"C. Mills, Ian McIntosh","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2020.1864095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2020.1864095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines how landscapes of abandoned collieries in central Scotland are used, understood and experienced within the context of de-industrialisation and its lingering effects. A mixed research methodology was adopted that consisted of an on-line questionnaire, face to face interviews and on site observations, together with two case studies focusing on the Polmaise colliery site at Fallin (Stirlingshire) and the Devon colliery at Fishcross (Clackmannanshire). Analysis of the data revealed ambivalent and more complex relationships with the sites than the current literature suggests, and the strength and nature of these associations are dependent on the local topography, the socio-economic history of the site, and time.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2020.1864095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45907901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14662035.2020.1905202
E. Svensson, Jan Haas, R. L. Eckstein
ABSTRACT The concepts landscape and biocultural heritage are based on an integrated view of nature and cultural heritage. This paper investigates the potential of using a low-budget method for integrating information on human impact and natural responses in the vegetation of boreal forested Scandinavia. The information from two national databases in Sweden – the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS) covering surveyed vegetation, and the Register of Ancient Monuments (Fornsök) – were combined and visualised using a Geographical Information System (GIS). In total, five sites were investigated. No connection between human impact and vegetation was detected at any of them. This negative result is partly due to gaps in time and scale, but mainly to sectorised survey methods not paying attention to biocultural heritage, landscape perspectives or long-term processes. The paper concludes that further development of survey methods and registers targeting contexts and processes are called for.
{"title":"Integrating Nature and Heritage in the Boreal Forests of Scandinavia? Exploration of a Low-Budget Method","authors":"E. Svensson, Jan Haas, R. L. Eckstein","doi":"10.1080/14662035.2020.1905202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2020.1905202","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The concepts landscape and biocultural heritage are based on an integrated view of nature and cultural heritage. This paper investigates the potential of using a low-budget method for integrating information on human impact and natural responses in the vegetation of boreal forested Scandinavia. The information from two national databases in Sweden – the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS) covering surveyed vegetation, and the Register of Ancient Monuments (Fornsök) – were combined and visualised using a Geographical Information System (GIS). In total, five sites were investigated. No connection between human impact and vegetation was detected at any of them. This negative result is partly due to gaps in time and scale, but mainly to sectorised survey methods not paying attention to biocultural heritage, landscape perspectives or long-term processes. The paper concludes that further development of survey methods and registers targeting contexts and processes are called for.","PeriodicalId":38043,"journal":{"name":"Landscapes (United Kingdom)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14662035.2020.1905202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49297712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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