Variable-speed wind turbines with full power processing capability are the new technology trend for large wind power plants. In this type of turbine, there is an interface between the generator and the utility grid. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of a variable-speed wind turbine connected to a stiff grid or a weak grid, the role of reactive power compensation in optimizing the operation of the wind turbines, and the operation of a wind turbine under normal and fault conditions. Both steady state and dynamic analysis are presented.
{"title":"Characteristics of Variable Speed Wind Turbines Under Normal and Fault Conditions","authors":"E. Muljadi, C. Butterfield, B. Parsons, A. Ellis","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385489","url":null,"abstract":"Variable-speed wind turbines with full power processing capability are the new technology trend for large wind power plants. In this type of turbine, there is an interface between the generator and the utility grid. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of a variable-speed wind turbine connected to a stiff grid or a weak grid, the role of reactive power compensation in optimizing the operation of the wind turbines, and the operation of a wind turbine under normal and fault conditions. Both steady state and dynamic analysis are presented.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130470040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes two new methods for congestion management. One is the concept of line flow sensitivities for line reactances and the other is a congestion management method using these sensitivities. The proposed sensitivities are based on the DC method. The proposed congestion management method, whose purpose is to relieve congestion without influencing transactions, is carried out by changing reactances by means of FACTS devices. In this paper, we conduct simulations using the Ward & Hale 6 bus system and the IEEJ EAST 107 bus system, and compare the estimated values by the sensitivities with the ones calculated by changing reactances. Based on the simulation results, the validity of the proposed methods is confirmed.
本文提出了两种新的拥塞管理方法。一种是线路电抗的线路流灵敏度概念，另一种是利用这些灵敏度的拥塞管理方法。提出的灵敏度是基于直流法的。本文提出的拥塞管理方法是通过FACTS设备改变电抗来实现的，其目的是在不影响事务的情况下缓解拥塞。本文采用Ward & Hale 6母线系统和IEEJ EAST 107母线系统进行了仿真，并将灵敏度估计值与改变电抗计算值进行了比较。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。
{"title":"Line Flow Sensitivities of Line Reactances for Congestion Management","authors":"T. Jibiki, Eiji Sakakibara, S. Iwamoto","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385928","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes two new methods for congestion management. One is the concept of line flow sensitivities for line reactances and the other is a congestion management method using these sensitivities. The proposed sensitivities are based on the DC method. The proposed congestion management method, whose purpose is to relieve congestion without influencing transactions, is carried out by changing reactances by means of FACTS devices. In this paper, we conduct simulations using the Ward & Hale 6 bus system and the IEEJ EAST 107 bus system, and compare the estimated values by the sensitivities with the ones calculated by changing reactances. Based on the simulation results, the validity of the proposed methods is confirmed.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134414279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Miu, V. Cecchi, M. Tong, B. Kleinberg, M. Kleinberg
This paper outlines the adaptation of an existing distribution power flow experiment for use in outreach education. Using an iterative learning and design process with non-engineering students at the pre-college level and the pre- junior, college level, new laboratory materials were developed and a new set of laboratory activities were selected. Assessment surveys developed for both the design process and subsequent execution of the experiments will be presented. Feedback results from the non-engineers will be shared.
{"title":"Adapting Existing Distribution Power Flow Experiments for Outreach Education","authors":"K. Miu, V. Cecchi, M. Tong, B. Kleinberg, M. Kleinberg","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.386196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.386196","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines the adaptation of an existing distribution power flow experiment for use in outreach education. Using an iterative learning and design process with non-engineering students at the pre-college level and the pre- junior, college level, new laboratory materials were developed and a new set of laboratory activities were selected. Assessment surveys developed for both the design process and subsequent execution of the experiments will be presented. Feedback results from the non-engineers will be shared.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134085172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The implementation of auctions of long-term firm energy call options and forward contracts as part of the instruments adopted in emerging countries to ensure resource adequacy is discussed. These mechanisms are being implemented in Latin American nations (Brazil, Chile, Peru, El Salvador and Panama) and fast-growing economies in Europe such as Turkey. Brazil has led this process and in overall has auctioned about 25,000 average MW of contracts, involving about 65 billion USD in financial transactions, while Chile has carried out its first auction in 2006, involving about 1,300 average MW (30% of energy sales of the main interconnected Chilean system expected for 2010). Overall, this mechanism is proving to be adequate to attract investments and ensure resource adequacy.
{"title":"Ensuring Resource Adequacy with Auctions of Options and Forward Contracts","authors":"L. Barroso, H. Rudnick, R. Moreno, B. Bezerra","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.386169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.386169","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of auctions of long-term firm energy call options and forward contracts as part of the instruments adopted in emerging countries to ensure resource adequacy is discussed. These mechanisms are being implemented in Latin American nations (Brazil, Chile, Peru, El Salvador and Panama) and fast-growing economies in Europe such as Turkey. Brazil has led this process and in overall has auctioned about 25,000 average MW of contracts, involving about 65 billion USD in financial transactions, while Chile has carried out its first auction in 2006, involving about 1,300 average MW (30% of energy sales of the main interconnected Chilean system expected for 2010). Overall, this mechanism is proving to be adequate to attract investments and ensure resource adequacy.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"501 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134322771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Capturing system dynamics is one important feature of phasor measurements. To ensure PMU accurately reflect system dynamic behavior, one must evaluate the dynamic performance of a PMU. PMU dynamic performance evaluation includes three aspects: PMU modeling studies, laboratory testing and field evaluation. This paper briefly reviews the general PMU model structure, and then continues on PMU dynamic performance evaluation from actual field measurements. Reasons for field evaluation include: (1) inappropriate field settings of a PMU would generate unexpected phasor measurements; and (2) many conditions can not be easily produced in a lab environment. PMU field evaluation includes aspects like time synchronization, timing inconsistency due to filtering, frequency calculation issues, parasitic oscillations/processing artifacts, etc. Actual WECC measurement examples will be presented. Dynamic PMU testing in a lab environment is explored with a special focus on PMU filtering characteristics. How the phasor quality would impact derived system dynamic characteristics is addressed in the later part of this paper.
{"title":"Evaluation of PMU Dynamic Performance in Both Lab Environments and under Field Operating Conditions","authors":"Zhenyu Huang, J. Hauer, K. Martin","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385992","url":null,"abstract":"Capturing system dynamics is one important feature of phasor measurements. To ensure PMU accurately reflect system dynamic behavior, one must evaluate the dynamic performance of a PMU. PMU dynamic performance evaluation includes three aspects: PMU modeling studies, laboratory testing and field evaluation. This paper briefly reviews the general PMU model structure, and then continues on PMU dynamic performance evaluation from actual field measurements. Reasons for field evaluation include: (1) inappropriate field settings of a PMU would generate unexpected phasor measurements; and (2) many conditions can not be easily produced in a lab environment. PMU field evaluation includes aspects like time synchronization, timing inconsistency due to filtering, frequency calculation issues, parasitic oscillations/processing artifacts, etc. Actual WECC measurement examples will be presented. Dynamic PMU testing in a lab environment is explored with a special focus on PMU filtering characteristics. How the phasor quality would impact derived system dynamic characteristics is addressed in the later part of this paper.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129387830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingyuan Dong, Jian Zuo, Lei Wang, K. Kook, Il-Yop Chung, Yilu Liu, S. Affare, Bruce Rogers, Michael Ingram
It is very important to understand system dynamics during disturbances in order to improve control measures to ensure power system security and reliability. Power system disturbances are examined in this paper based on wide-area frequency data from a nation-wide frequency monitoring network (FNET). Frequency characteristics of events in three major North America power grids are investigated. Typical frequency patterns of generation loss and load drop events are analyzed for Eastern Interconnection system, Western Electricity Coordinating Council system, and Electric Reliability Council of Texas system. The recovery patterns following disturbances are also studied to evaluate control performances of the interconnections.
{"title":"Analysis of Power System Disturbances Based on Wide-Area Frequency Measurements","authors":"Jingyuan Dong, Jian Zuo, Lei Wang, K. Kook, Il-Yop Chung, Yilu Liu, S. Affare, Bruce Rogers, Michael Ingram","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385654","url":null,"abstract":"It is very important to understand system dynamics during disturbances in order to improve control measures to ensure power system security and reliability. Power system disturbances are examined in this paper based on wide-area frequency data from a nation-wide frequency monitoring network (FNET). Frequency characteristics of events in three major North America power grids are investigated. Typical frequency patterns of generation loss and load drop events are analyzed for Eastern Interconnection system, Western Electricity Coordinating Council system, and Electric Reliability Council of Texas system. The recovery patterns following disturbances are also studied to evaluate control performances of the interconnections.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131223948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power system real-time control and operations planning are functions that have been traditionally separated regarding enterprise processes and deployed technologies. This division results in numerous data sharing issues that limit the ability to achieve secure operation and to enhance situational awareness. There is a great need to bring these two functions closer by means of integrating architectures. This paper illustrates how same-format power system data models and object-oriented architectures can be used to integrate the real-time operations with the operations planning environment. This integration has many advantages including compatibility of the data models, ability to perform thorough analysis of snapshot cases in the planning environment, ability to use powerful off-line tools as part of the real-time sequence, unification of the enterprise application suite, reduced complexity in engineering procedures, and reduction in the cost of training, software development, and database maintenance.
{"title":"Integrating Real-Time Operations and Planning using Same-Format Power System Models","authors":"S. Grijalva","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.386248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.386248","url":null,"abstract":"Power system real-time control and operations planning are functions that have been traditionally separated regarding enterprise processes and deployed technologies. This division results in numerous data sharing issues that limit the ability to achieve secure operation and to enhance situational awareness. There is a great need to bring these two functions closer by means of integrating architectures. This paper illustrates how same-format power system data models and object-oriented architectures can be used to integrate the real-time operations with the operations planning environment. This integration has many advantages including compatibility of the data models, ability to perform thorough analysis of snapshot cases in the planning environment, ability to use powerful off-line tools as part of the real-time sequence, unification of the enterprise application suite, reduced complexity in engineering procedures, and reduction in the cost of training, software development, and database maintenance.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131224002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern distance protection relays are complex multifunctional devices based on classical or advanced operating principles that impose special requirements for their testing. The paper analyzes the functionality, the functional hierarchy and the schemes typically available in distance relays. It then discusses the methodology for testing of such relays. Testing of individual protection and non-protection elements, complex protection functions and communications based transmission line protection schemes is described in detail.
{"title":"Testing of Multifunctional Distance Protection Relays","authors":"A. Apostolov, B. Vandiver","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.386178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.386178","url":null,"abstract":"Modern distance protection relays are complex multifunctional devices based on classical or advanced operating principles that impose special requirements for their testing. The paper analyzes the functionality, the functional hierarchy and the schemes typically available in distance relays. It then discusses the methodology for testing of such relays. Testing of individual protection and non-protection elements, complex protection functions and communications based transmission line protection schemes is described in detail.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130995276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microgrids comprise low voltage distribution systems with distributed energy sources, such as micro-turbines, fuel cells, PVs, etc., together with storage devices, i.e. flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, and controllable loads, offering considerable control capabilities over the network operation. These systems are interconnected to the medium voltage distribution network, but they can be also operated isolated from the main grid, in case of faults in the upstream network. One of the key benefits of microgrids is the potential to increase service quality by providing generation redundancy, where most needed. In this paper the effects of microgrids in increasing the service quality are assessed by calculating a set of reliability indices on a typical LV network with and without DG sources connected and coordinated in islanded operation.
{"title":"Impact of Microgrids on Service Quality","authors":"E. Dialynas, N. Hatziargyriou","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385972","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids comprise low voltage distribution systems with distributed energy sources, such as micro-turbines, fuel cells, PVs, etc., together with storage devices, i.e. flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, and controllable loads, offering considerable control capabilities over the network operation. These systems are interconnected to the medium voltage distribution network, but they can be also operated isolated from the main grid, in case of faults in the upstream network. One of the key benefits of microgrids is the potential to increase service quality by providing generation redundancy, where most needed. In this paper the effects of microgrids in increasing the service quality are assessed by calculating a set of reliability indices on a typical LV network with and without DG sources connected and coordinated in islanded operation.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133141887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electricity market demand is increasing by 1.5 - 2.0% per year. With demand rising and older power plants retiring, the need for power supply in the North Americas, in general, is becoming critical. This is especially true in the Northeast part of the US. While much discussions and regulatory filings have been done, an effective formation of the capacity market is still in the making. A review of the capacity market and resource deliverability in the Northeast, the mechanism of the capacity markets, the pros and cons, and how they are supposedly to work will be discussed.
{"title":"Capacity Markets in NYISO & ISO-NE","authors":"H. Chao","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.386277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.386277","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity market demand is increasing by 1.5 - 2.0% per year. With demand rising and older power plants retiring, the need for power supply in the North Americas, in general, is becoming critical. This is especially true in the Northeast part of the US. While much discussions and regulatory filings have been done, an effective formation of the capacity market is still in the making. A review of the capacity market and resource deliverability in the Northeast, the mechanism of the capacity markets, the pros and cons, and how they are supposedly to work will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133246515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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