Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.12681/historein.21588
Chrysa Vachtsevanou
Review of Stratos N. Dordanas and Nikos Papanastasiou, eds. Ο «μακρύς» ελληνογερμανικός εικοστός αιώνας: Οι μαύρες σκιές στην ιστορία των διμερών σχέσεων [The “long” Greek-German twentieth century: The dark shadows in the history of the bilateral relationships]. Thessaloniki: Epikentro, 2018. 488 pp.
{"title":"Stratos N. Dordanas and Nikos Papanastasiou, eds., Ο «μακρύς» ελληνογερμανικός εικοστός αιώνας: Οι μαύρες σκιές στην ιστορία των διμερών σχέσεων [The “long” Greek-German twentieth century: The dark shadows in the history of the bilateral relationships]","authors":"Chrysa Vachtsevanou","doi":"10.12681/historein.21588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/historein.21588","url":null,"abstract":"Review of Stratos N. Dordanas and Nikos Papanastasiou, eds. Ο «μακρύς» ελληνογερμανικός εικοστός αιώνας: Οι μαύρες σκιές στην ιστορία των διμερών σχέσεων [The “long” Greek-German twentieth century: The dark shadows in the history of the bilateral relationships]. Thessaloniki: Epikentro, 2018. 488 pp. ","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49347458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-03DOI: 10.12681/historein.18612
Julia Harnoncourt
Unlike many other countries, the Brazilian state has created institutions and actions against unfree labour. In addition, unfree labour is a topic that appears in popular media as well as in scientific research. Poverty is generally attributed as the only factor making people vulnerable to the promises of labour recruiters, while the intersection between class and race is denied. In this article, which takes the Brazilian example, racism is seen as a structural element of unfree labour. Two factors play a big role in this intersection: first, structural racism and, second, racism as a theory of legitimation. As regards the first, imagined races influence one’s chances of having a good education as well as lead to segregation in the job and housing markets, etc. Black people in Brazil are more likely to be poor and have lower chances of upward mobility. As these structures are also mirrored in unfree labour formation, most of unfree labourers in Brazil are black, even though skin colour does not constitute a factor for labour recruiters or estate owners in choosing labourers. As regards the second, when poor people are racialised, they are ascribed specific characteristics. These mostly legitimise their subordinated position as well as their poverty. In Brazil, it could be argued that the category of the peão de trecho (migrant labourer) has been racialised. This group of subaltern labourers are seen as totally irrational people who do not possess the ability to plan their future, but who could be, with the correct guidance, potentially good labourers. Therefore, the exploitation of the peões de trecho is attributed to their characteristic traits and not to labour relations. Additionally, structural factors – as, for example, the lack of access to basic resources – are negated, making poverty a problem of merit and not of chances. Using the example of unfree labour in Brazilian agriculture, this article presents racism and racialisation as factors structuring the labour market as a whole.
与许多其他国家不同，巴西政府建立了针对不自由劳动力的制度和行动。此外，非自由劳动是一个出现在大众媒体和科学研究中的话题。贫困通常被认为是使人们容易受到劳动力招聘者承诺影响的唯一因素，而阶级和种族之间的交集则被否认。在这篇以巴西为例的文章中，种族主义被视为不自由劳动的一个结构性因素。有两个因素在这种交集中发挥了重要作用:首先是结构性种族主义，其次是作为一种合法化理论的种族主义。关于第一种，想象中的种族会影响一个人接受良好教育的机会，也会导致就业和住房市场等方面的隔离。巴西的黑人更有可能变穷，向上流动的机会也更低。由于这些结构也反映在不自由的劳动力形成中，巴西大多数不自由的劳动力都是黑人，尽管肤色不是劳动力招聘者或地产所有者选择劳动力的一个因素。至于第二点，当穷人被种族化时，他们被赋予了特定的特征。这些大多使他们的从属地位和贫穷合法化。在巴西，可以说pe o de trecho(移徙工人)这一类别已经被种族化了。这群次等劳动者被视为完全不理性的人，他们没有能力规划自己的未来，但在正确的指导下，他们可能成为潜在的好劳动者。因此，对peões de trecho的剥削归因于他们的特点，而不是劳动关系。此外，结构性因素- -例如缺乏获得基本资源的机会- -被否定，使贫穷成为一个价值问题，而不是机会问题。以巴西农业中的不自由劳动力为例，本文将种族主义和种族化作为构成整个劳动力市场的因素。
{"title":"Forms of Unfree Labour in Brazil: Dealing with Racism and Racialisation in Amazonian Agriculture","authors":"Julia Harnoncourt","doi":"10.12681/historein.18612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/historein.18612","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike many other countries, the Brazilian state has created institutions and actions against unfree labour. In addition, unfree labour is a topic that appears in popular media as well as in scientific research. Poverty is generally attributed as the only factor making people vulnerable to the promises of labour recruiters, while the intersection between class and race is denied. In this article, which takes the Brazilian example, racism is seen as a structural element of unfree labour. Two factors play a big role in this intersection: first, structural racism and, second, racism as a theory of legitimation. As regards the first, imagined races influence one’s chances of having a good education as well as lead to segregation in the job and housing markets, etc. Black people in Brazil are more likely to be poor and have lower chances of upward mobility. As these structures are also mirrored in unfree labour formation, most of unfree labourers in Brazil are black, even though skin colour does not constitute a factor for labour recruiters or estate owners in choosing labourers. As regards the second, when poor people are racialised, they are ascribed specific characteristics. These mostly legitimise their subordinated position as well as their poverty. In Brazil, it could be argued that the category of the peão de trecho (migrant labourer) has been racialised. This group of subaltern labourers are seen as totally irrational people who do not possess the ability to plan their future, but who could be, with the correct guidance, potentially good labourers. Therefore, the exploitation of the peões de trecho is attributed to their characteristic traits and not to labour relations. Additionally, structural factors – as, for example, the lack of access to basic resources – are negated, making poverty a problem of merit and not of chances. Using the example of unfree labour in Brazilian agriculture, this article presents racism and racialisation as factors structuring the labour market as a whole.","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48038177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-03DOI: 10.12681/historein.19495
Anna-Maria Sichani
Review of Mitsos Bilalis, Το παρελθόν στο δίκτυο: Εικόνα, τεχνολογία και ιστορική κουλτούρα στη σύγχρονη Ελλάδα (1994–2005) [Online pasts: image, technology and historical culture in contemporary Greece, 1994–2005].Athens: Historein; National Documentation Centre, 2015. 182 pp.
{"title":"Mitsos Bilalis, Το παρελθόν στο δίκτυο: Εικόνα, τεχνολογία και ιστορική κουλτούρα στη σύγχρονη Ελλάδα (1994–2005) [Online pasts: image, technology and historical culture in contemporary Greece, 1994–2005]","authors":"Anna-Maria Sichani","doi":"10.12681/historein.19495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/historein.19495","url":null,"abstract":"Review of Mitsos Bilalis, Το παρελθόν στο δίκτυο: Εικόνα, τεχνολογία και ιστορική κουλτούρα στη σύγχρονη Ελλάδα (1994–2005) [Online pasts: image, technology and historical culture in contemporary Greece, 1994–2005].Athens: Historein; National Documentation Centre, 2015. 182 pp. ","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49433589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dimitris Stamatopoulos, ed., Balkan Nationalism(s) and the Ottoman Empire","authors":"Leonidas Moiras","doi":"10.12681/historein.19333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/historein.19333","url":null,"abstract":"Review of Dimitris Stamatopoulos, ed., Balkan Nationalism(s) and the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2015. 3 vols. 710 pp.","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49188201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-03DOI: 10.12681/historein.20243
Alexis Rappas
Review of Leonidas Karakatsanis and Nikolaos Papadogiannis, eds., The Politics of Culture in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus: Performing the Left Since the Sixties. London: Routledge, 2017. 321 pp.
{"title":"Leonidas Karakatsanis and Nikolaos Papadogiannis, eds., The Politics of Culture in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus: Performing the Left Since the Sixties","authors":"Alexis Rappas","doi":"10.12681/historein.20243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/historein.20243","url":null,"abstract":"Review of Leonidas Karakatsanis and Nikolaos Papadogiannis, eds., The Politics of Culture in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus: Performing the Left Since the Sixties. London: Routledge, 2017. 321 pp.","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41438569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.17254
Dimitris Plantzos
Review of Johanna Hanink, The Classical Debt: Greek Antiquity in an Era of Austerity. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2017. 352 pp.
Johanna Hanink评论，《古典债务：紧缩时代的希腊古董》。剑桥：哈佛大学出版社贝尔克纳普出版社，2017年。352页。
{"title":"Johanna Hanink, The Classical Debt: Greek Antiquity in an Era of Austerity","authors":"Dimitris Plantzos","doi":"10.12681/HISTOREIN.17254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HISTOREIN.17254","url":null,"abstract":"Review of Johanna Hanink, The Classical Debt: Greek Antiquity in an Era of Austerity. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2017. 352 pp.","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49118795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.14284
E. Gans
This article elaborates on two antisemitic stereotypes or phenomena that show how the Shoah was turned against the Jews as early as 1945. The curse “they forgot to gas you” popped up immediately after the war, during all kind of public rows on the street with Jewish employers and neighbours. It was, so to say, the first antisemitic post-Holocaust stereotype that sent the Jewish survivor – verbally – to the gas chamber. Several Jews took cases to court. The insult “they forgot to gas you” was taken more seriously by Jews themselves and punished more severely by the court than the simple insult “filthy Jew”. The identification of “the Jew” and the gas chamber never disappeared but lives on – also within the football world, satire and anti-Israel demonstrations. It is a manifestation of what Theodor Adorno coined Schuld- und Erinnerungsabwehrantisemitismus (antisemitism based on a rejection of guilt and unwelcome memories). The same goes for the accusation that, during the German occupation, the Jews had offered no, or not enough, resistance against the Nazis. Others had to fight for them. Jews were neither fighters nor heroes; they depended on the courage of gentiles. Also this stereotype of the passive, obedient Jew would persist, for example, in a final school examination paper in 1983 and in some recent Dutch historiography on the Second World War and the Shoah. In this way the Shoah functioned as a point of fixation for postliberation – and more generally – postwar antisemitism.
{"title":"The Cowardly Jew they Forgot to Gas: The Phenomenon of Dutch Post-liberation Antisemitism and Some Continuities","authors":"E. Gans","doi":"10.12681/HISTOREIN.14284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HISTOREIN.14284","url":null,"abstract":"This article elaborates on two antisemitic stereotypes or phenomena that show how the Shoah was turned against the Jews as early as 1945. The curse “they forgot to gas you” popped up immediately after the war, during all kind of public rows on the street with Jewish employers and neighbours. It was, so to say, the first antisemitic post-Holocaust stereotype that sent the Jewish survivor – verbally – to the gas chamber. Several Jews took cases to court. The insult “they forgot to gas you” was taken more seriously by Jews themselves and punished more severely by the court than the simple insult “filthy Jew”. The identification of “the Jew” and the gas chamber never disappeared but lives on – also within the football world, satire and anti-Israel demonstrations. It is a manifestation of what Theodor Adorno coined Schuld- und Erinnerungsabwehrantisemitismus (antisemitism based on a rejection of guilt and unwelcome memories). The same goes for the accusation that, during the German occupation, the Jews had offered no, or not enough, resistance against the Nazis. Others had to fight for them. Jews were neither fighters nor heroes; they depended on the courage of gentiles. Also this stereotype of the passive, obedient Jew would persist, for example, in a final school examination paper in 1983 and in some recent Dutch historiography on the Second World War and the Shoah. In this way the Shoah functioned as a point of fixation for postliberation – and more generally – postwar antisemitism.","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46949916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.17811
Kostas Yannakopoulos
Review of Athena Athanasiou. Agonistic Mourning: Political Dissidence and the Women in Black. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. xii + 348 pp.
{"title":"Athena Athanasiou: Agonistic Mourning: Political Dissidence and the Women in Black","authors":"Kostas Yannakopoulos","doi":"10.12681/HISTOREIN.17811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HISTOREIN.17811","url":null,"abstract":"Review of Athena Athanasiou. Agonistic Mourning: Political Dissidence and the Women in Black. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. xii + 348 pp.","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46136251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.14386
S. Leydesdorff
During the Demjanjuk trial in Munich (2009–2011), I had the unexpected privilege to interview the Nebenkläger (co-plaintiffs) who testified in court about Sobibor. They related extremely sad stories about losing fathers, mothers, spouses and close family. In this article, I attempt to analyse their extreme loneliness and I wonder how to interpret their fragmented language of trauma. What kind of knowledge did they commit, and in what way are their stories different from the stories told by survivors?
{"title":"My parents were killed in Sobibor, but it feels as if I was there: Imagination in my Interviews","authors":"S. Leydesdorff","doi":"10.12681/HISTOREIN.14386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HISTOREIN.14386","url":null,"abstract":"During the Demjanjuk trial in Munich (2009–2011), I had the unexpected privilege to interview the Nebenkläger (co-plaintiffs) who testified in court about Sobibor. They related extremely sad stories about losing fathers, mothers, spouses and close family. In this article, I attempt to analyse their extreme loneliness and I wonder how to interpret their fragmented language of trauma. What kind of knowledge did they commit, and in what way are their stories different from the stories told by survivors?","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47970648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.12681/HISTOREIN.18605
Henriette-Rika Benveniste, Pothiti Hantzaroula
This special issue of Historein offers new documentation and insights in a new area of historical research by contextualising different aspects of Jewish history in the Netherlands and in Greece: efforts to come to terms with sadness and loneliness due to the loss of the family, restitution struggles, disillusionment and hopes, persisting antisemitism, and political constraints. Any effort to better understand those years has to overcome traditional constraints and divisions between “internal” and “external” histories of the Jewish communities. Our issue points in the direction of the transnational approach. The dismantling of narratives that subsumed Jewish victims and their experiences under the general battle against fascism formed the basis for comparative studies that use various axes around which research questions revolve: time as a parameter for understanding the shifts in identities in relation to political and social contexts, the development of welfare politics that emerged as an antidote to the catastrophe, the generational experiences that established new memory frames, and the responses to conflicting memories. We need, at the same time, to remind ourselves that the demise of the “antifascist” narrative that shaped the postwar period was substituted by the “free market” one in European memories, which enabled the articulation of opinions whose expression was not accepted without difficulty in the public sphere. The rise of far-right movements across Europe makes all the more pertinent the comprehension of the economic exploitation and ideological factors that shaped conflicting memories. We hope that the research from the perspective of postwar Jewish experience and its comparative dimension paves the way for the enrichment of the research agenda and will allow us to better understand our contemporary world and those who made it.
{"title":"After the Tempest: The Post-Holocaust years in the Netherlands and in Greece","authors":"Henriette-Rika Benveniste, Pothiti Hantzaroula","doi":"10.12681/HISTOREIN.18605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/HISTOREIN.18605","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue of Historein offers new documentation and insights in a new area of historical research by contextualising different aspects of Jewish history in the Netherlands and in Greece: efforts to come to terms with sadness and loneliness due to the loss of the family, restitution struggles, disillusionment and hopes, persisting antisemitism, and political constraints. Any effort to better understand those years has to overcome traditional constraints and divisions between “internal” and “external” histories of the Jewish communities. Our issue points in the direction of the transnational approach. The dismantling of narratives that subsumed Jewish victims and their experiences under the general battle against fascism formed the basis for comparative studies that use various axes around which research questions revolve: time as a parameter for understanding the shifts in identities in relation to political and social contexts, the development of welfare politics that emerged as an antidote to the catastrophe, the generational experiences that established new memory frames, and the responses to conflicting memories. We need, at the same time, to remind ourselves that the demise of the “antifascist” narrative that shaped the postwar period was substituted by the “free market” one in European memories, which enabled the articulation of opinions whose expression was not accepted without difficulty in the public sphere. The rise of far-right movements across Europe makes all the more pertinent the comprehension of the economic exploitation and ideological factors that shaped conflicting memories. We hope that the research from the perspective of postwar Jewish experience and its comparative dimension paves the way for the enrichment of the research agenda and will allow us to better understand our contemporary world and those who made it.","PeriodicalId":38128,"journal":{"name":"Historein","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44600512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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