Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20220007
Felicity Gray
The protection of civilians in the context of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is often understood as a practice of ‘saving strangers’. In this article, I argue that such an understanding overlooks the ways that close relational webs can be used as a form of prevention of, and protection from, atrocity crimes. Through an examination of unarmed protection practices in the context of the civil war in South Sudan, I highlight how practices of unarmed, civilian-led protection – performed both by non-governmental organisations (ngo s), and by communities themselves – hinge on the creation and sustaining of close relational webs. Rather than ‘saving strangers’, this ‘relational R2P’ hinges on familiarity as a means of protecting one’s friends, families, and neighbours. Through a lens of relational connectivity, fresh perspectives and opportunities for re-imagining ‘intervention’ in the face of atrocity crimes arise. The article explores potential opportunities, challenges, and limitations for the implementation of unarmed, civilian-based approaches in the context of atrocity crimes.
{"title":"Relational R2P? Civilian-Led Prevention and Protection against Atrocity Crimes","authors":"Felicity Gray","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-20220007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-20220007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The protection of civilians in the context of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is often understood as a practice of ‘saving strangers’. In this article, I argue that such an understanding overlooks the ways that close relational webs can be used as a form of prevention of, and protection from, atrocity crimes. Through an examination of unarmed protection practices in the context of the civil war in South Sudan, I highlight how practices of unarmed, civilian-led protection – performed both by non-governmental organisations (ngo s), and by communities themselves – hinge on the creation and sustaining of close relational webs. Rather than ‘saving strangers’, this ‘relational R2P’ hinges on familiarity as a means of protecting one’s friends, families, and neighbours. Through a lens of relational connectivity, fresh perspectives and opportunities for re-imagining ‘intervention’ in the face of atrocity crimes arise. The article explores potential opportunities, challenges, and limitations for the implementation of unarmed, civilian-based approaches in the context of atrocity crimes.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87051678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20220006
L. Glanville
The idea of international protection of vulnerable populations has imperial roots. Scholars of international history teach us that the idea of protection was routinely invoked to justify European colonial rule and some of its brutal violence. Their scholarship makes for sobering reading for anyone advocating international efforts to protect vulnerable people today. In this roundtable contribution, I describe how I have wrestled with R2P’s colonial parallels in my recent book, Sharing Responsibility: The History and Future of Protection from Atrocities.
{"title":"Wrestling with R2P’s Colonial Parallels","authors":"L. Glanville","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-20220006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-20220006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The idea of international protection of vulnerable populations has imperial roots. Scholars of international history teach us that the idea of protection was routinely invoked to justify European colonial rule and some of its brutal violence. Their scholarship makes for sobering reading for anyone advocating international efforts to protect vulnerable people today. In this roundtable contribution, I describe how I have wrestled with R2P’s colonial parallels in my recent book, Sharing Responsibility: The History and Future of Protection from Atrocities.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73353472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20220004
R. Clark
{"title":"Jennifer Trahan, Existing Legal Limits to Security Council Veto Power in the Face of Atrocity Crimes","authors":"R. Clark","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-20220004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-20220004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90937083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20220005
Phyu Phyu Oo
{"title":"Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum, Caitlin O. Mahoney, Amy E. Meade, and Arlan F. Fuller (eds.), Public Health, Mental Health, and Mass Atrocity Prevention","authors":"Phyu Phyu Oo","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-20220005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-20220005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79120125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20220001
Sascha Nanlohy
Terrorism is often cited in the justifications of state perpetrators of mass atrocities. The reality behind these claims runs the gamut from thin pretext to genuine security threats. Irrespective of this reality, the discursive abuse of counter-terrorism to perpetrate atrocities is a key challenge to the Responsibility to Protect. Perpetrators employing the language of counter-terrorism to justify their actions, in an attempt to pre-empt objections or interventions, disincentivises external action by actors unwilling to incur the risk that they may inadvertently protect terrorists. This risks limiting the application and successful operationalisation of the Responsibility to Protect to relatively simple or ideal cases. This article provides a comparative analysis of two crises often described as successes or failures for R2P, Kenya (2007–08) and Sri Lanka (2009) respectively, to demonstrate this challenge for the operationalisation of R2P even in cases with complex conflict dynamics.
{"title":"R2P, Terrorism, and the Protection of Civilians – ‘Are All Humans Human? Or Are Some More Human than Others?’","authors":"Sascha Nanlohy","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-20220001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-20220001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Terrorism is often cited in the justifications of state perpetrators of mass atrocities. The reality behind these claims runs the gamut from thin pretext to genuine security threats. Irrespective of this reality, the discursive abuse of counter-terrorism to perpetrate atrocities is a key challenge to the Responsibility to Protect. Perpetrators employing the language of counter-terrorism to justify their actions, in an attempt to pre-empt objections or interventions, disincentivises external action by actors unwilling to incur the risk that they may inadvertently protect terrorists. This risks limiting the application and successful operationalisation of the Responsibility to Protect to relatively simple or ideal cases. This article provides a comparative analysis of two crises often described as successes or failures for R2P, Kenya (2007–08) and Sri Lanka (2009) respectively, to demonstrate this challenge for the operationalisation of R2P even in cases with complex conflict dynamics.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89324342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20220002
J. Hornung
The last decade has seen an overall increase in mass atrocity crimes being committed by non-state actors, including terrorist groups. A key strength of R2P Pillar Two Protection Assistance lies in its potential for addressing imminent threats of mass atrocity posed by such groups. This article discusses the scope and legitimacy of R2P Pillar Two, its application to non-state actors, and the conditions that enabled limited protection assistance action to be effectively rendered in response to the impending genocide of 40,000 Yazidis trapped on Mount Sinjar in northern Iraq in 2014.
{"title":"Terrorism and Pillar Two Protection Assistance: The Yazidis on Mount Sinjar","authors":"J. Hornung","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-20220002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-20220002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The last decade has seen an overall increase in mass atrocity crimes being committed by non-state actors, including terrorist groups. A key strength of R2P Pillar Two Protection Assistance lies in its potential for addressing imminent threats of mass atrocity posed by such groups. This article discusses the scope and legitimacy of R2P Pillar Two, its application to non-state actors, and the conditions that enabled limited protection assistance action to be effectively rendered in response to the impending genocide of 40,000 Yazidis trapped on Mount Sinjar in northern Iraq in 2014.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83154030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-22DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-14010015
A. Gallagher, Blake Lawrinson, Charles T. Hunt
The United Nations Security Council passes resolutions that invoke multiple norms including the protection of civilians (PoC), the responsibility to protect (R2P), and counter-terrorism. The fact that these norms are invoked alongside one another raises questions about how they interact. While there have been studies on the relationship between PoC and R2P, as well as R2P and counter-terrorism, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first study that analyses the interplay between all three norms. To do this, the article utilises the concept of ‘norm clusters’ to discuss the internal structure of PoC, R2P, and counter-terrorism prior to analysing the linkages between them. The article proposes that PoC, R2P, and counter-terrorism can be viewed as a ‘human protection norm cluster’ but also highlights areas of tension and overlap between the three norms. At the empirical level, the article explores these dynamics in the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (minusma). Although all three norms embody the value of human protection, our findings evidence, first, these norms are not given equal weight, second, they are not mutually reinforcing, and third, even though counter-terrorism plays a more peripheral role, it has a detrimental impact upon PoC.
{"title":"Colliding Norm Clusters: Protection of Civilians, Responsibility to Protect, and Counter-terrorism in Mali","authors":"A. Gallagher, Blake Lawrinson, Charles T. Hunt","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-14010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-14010015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The United Nations Security Council passes resolutions that invoke multiple norms including the protection of civilians (PoC), the responsibility to protect (R2P), and counter-terrorism. The fact that these norms are invoked alongside one another raises questions about how they interact. While there have been studies on the relationship between PoC and R2P, as well as R2P and counter-terrorism, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first study that analyses the interplay between all three norms. To do this, the article utilises the concept of ‘norm clusters’ to discuss the internal structure of PoC, R2P, and counter-terrorism prior to analysing the linkages between them. The article proposes that PoC, R2P, and counter-terrorism can be viewed as a ‘human protection norm cluster’ but also highlights areas of tension and overlap between the three norms. At the empirical level, the article explores these dynamics in the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (minusma). Although all three norms embody the value of human protection, our findings evidence, first, these norms are not given equal weight, second, they are not mutually reinforcing, and third, even though counter-terrorism plays a more peripheral role, it has a detrimental impact upon PoC.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84343447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-14010019
Shannon Zimmerman
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and counter-terrorism are two concepts that came of age in the new millennium. They have routinely been cast as contradictory, a dichotomy where actors must make a choice between prioritizing individual human rights or the security of the state. The evolution of these two concepts over the past 20 years, however, has shown that there are as many congruences between R2P and counter-terrorism as there are areas of conflict. This introduction briefly details the genesis of the R2P and counter-terrorism and highlights their shared basis in state sovereignty and protection of human rights. It then introduces the articles in this special issue, each of which looks at different areas of congruence or conflict between R2P and counter-terrorism.
{"title":"The Responsibility to Protect and Counter-terrorism","authors":"Shannon Zimmerman","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-14010019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-14010019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and counter-terrorism are two concepts that came of age in the new millennium. They have routinely been cast as contradictory, a dichotomy where actors must make a choice between prioritizing individual human rights or the security of the state. The evolution of these two concepts over the past 20 years, however, has shown that there are as many congruences between R2P and counter-terrorism as there are areas of conflict. This introduction briefly details the genesis of the R2P and counter-terrorism and highlights their shared basis in state sovereignty and protection of human rights. It then introduces the articles in this special issue, each of which looks at different areas of congruence or conflict between R2P and counter-terrorism.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88054562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-14010017
Jess Gifkins
{"title":"David Lanz, The Responsibility to Protect in Darfur: From Forgotten Conflict to Global Cause and Back","authors":"Jess Gifkins","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-14010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-14010017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"2011 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86337336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-14010018
Shannon Zimmerman
States play the lead role in implementing the norms of the international system. They interpret norms through the lens of their sovereignty, refining and revising them until they are suitable to local interests and context. The complex nature of sovereignty and its diverse manifestations across states means that norms will be interpreted and implemented in different ways. This article argues that R2P and counter-terrorism are complex norm regimes which are susceptible to modification as they are interpreted through diverse conceptions of state sovereignty. Using the cases of China’s response to the Uyghurs and Sri Lanka’s response to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, this article shows that the malleable prescriptive norms of R2P and counter-terrorism can be reinterpreted by states in ways contingent on their sovereignty that deeply impact, and may even violate, the original intent of the norm.
{"title":"R2P and Counter-terrorism: Where Sovereignties Collide","authors":"Shannon Zimmerman","doi":"10.1163/1875-984x-14010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-984x-14010018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000States play the lead role in implementing the norms of the international system. They interpret norms through the lens of their sovereignty, refining and revising them until they are suitable to local interests and context. The complex nature of sovereignty and its diverse manifestations across states means that norms will be interpreted and implemented in different ways. This article argues that R2P and counter-terrorism are complex norm regimes which are susceptible to modification as they are interpreted through diverse conceptions of state sovereignty. Using the cases of China’s response to the Uyghurs and Sri Lanka’s response to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, this article shows that the malleable prescriptive norms of R2P and counter-terrorism can be reinterpreted by states in ways contingent on their sovereignty that deeply impact, and may even violate, the original intent of the norm.","PeriodicalId":38207,"journal":{"name":"Global Responsibility to Protect","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84356645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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