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The Progress and Convergence of the icc and R2P Norms in a Rules-Based Global Order 国际刑事法院和保护责任规范在基于规则的全球秩序中的进展和趋同
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-01204005
Fatou Bensouda
In this contribution, the author reflects on the Forum topic ‘R2P 15 Years after the World Summit: Progress, Problems and Prospects’, and provides her perspective as Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (icc) on the correlation between R2P and the principles and goals of the icc Rome Statute, against the backdrop of increasing pressures on multilateralism and multilateral institutions.
在这篇文章中,作者对论坛主题“世界首脑会议15年后的R2P:进展、问题和前景”进行了反思,并提供了她作为国际刑事法院检察官的观点,在多边主义和多边机构压力日益增加的背景下,R2P与国际刑事法院《罗马规约》的原则和目标之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Progress, Problems, and Prospects: R2P 15 Years after the World Summit 进展、问题与前景:世界首脑会议15年后的R2P
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-01204002
Charles T. Hunt, Cecilia Jacob, A. Gallagher
This short article introduces the GR2P Forum reflecting on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine 15 years after it was institutionalised at the international level through the World Summit Outcome Document. It contextualises the relevance of critical reflections on the R2P at its 15th anniversary and then lays out the aims and objectives of the Forum. It provides an overview of the different contributions, describing the perspectives of the authors and the key arguments they present.
这篇短文介绍了在通过世界首脑会议成果文件在国际层面制度化保护责任(R2P)原则15年后,GR2P论坛对该原则的反思。它将在R2P成立15周年之际对其进行批判性反思的相关性置于背景下,然后列出论坛的目的和目标。它提供了不同贡献的概述,描述了作者的观点和他们提出的关键论点。
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引用次数: 3
R2P and the Arab Spring: Norm Localisation and the US Response to the Early Syria Crisis R2P与阿拉伯之春:规范本土化与美国对早期叙利亚危机的反应
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/1875-984X-20200005
Benedict Docherty, Xavier Mathieu, J. Ralph
This article explains why R2P failed to motivate action to protect vulnerable Syrians in the first two years of the crisis. We focus on the United States and argue that official discourse ‘localised’ the meaning R2P by grafting it on to preconceived ideas of America’s role in supporting democratic revolutions, which is how the situation was understood. American ‘exemplarism’ demanded the US support democracy by calling on Assad to go while not corrupting the ‘homegrown’ revolution through foreign intervention. The call for political and criminal accountability aligned exemplarist democracy promotion to R2P, but it did nothing to protect vulnerable populations from the conflict that ensued. This refraction of the norm complicated the United Nations sponsored peace process, which provided an alternative means of protecting the Syrian population. We address a gap in the literature by examining Western localisation and draw policy lessons, namely the importance of examining national predispositions when implementing R2P.
这篇文章解释了为什么R2P未能在危机的头两年激发保护弱势叙利亚人的行动。我们将重点放在美国,并认为官方话语将R2P的含义“本地化”,将其嫁接到美国在支持民主革命中的作用的先入为主的想法上,这就是对情况的理解。美国的“榜样主义”要求美国支持民主,呼吁阿萨德下台,同时不通过外国干预破坏“本土”革命。对政治和刑事问责制的呼吁使模范民主推广与R2P一致,但它无助于保护弱势群体免受随后的冲突。这种对规范的曲解使联合国发起的和平进程复杂化,这一进程为保护叙利亚人民提供了另一种手段。我们通过研究西方本地化并吸取政策教训来解决文献中的空白,即在实施R2P时检查国家倾向的重要性。
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引用次数: 5
Key Aspects of Combined Thinking of the brics Countries on the Responsibility to Protect 金砖国家关于保护责任的综合思考要点
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20200003
S. Bokeriya
This article analyses the key aspects of the brics countries’ joint position on the ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P) concept, as well as the degree of their influence on transforming R2P into a global norm. The author’s aim was to answer the following questions: What interconnection is there between the brics and R2P discourses? How can brics stimulate an alternative interpretation of the R2P idea? In terms of cross-border partnerships, is R2P-based cooperation possible within the brics framework, and are states ready to expand it in the future? brics member states have demonstrated several common approaches to R2P, including their reliance on mechanisms strengthening the role of the state, their support for the UN position on peaceful conflict settlement, and preventive diplomacy.
本文分析了金砖国家在“保护责任”(R2P)概念上的共同立场的关键方面,以及它们在将R2P转变为全球规范方面的影响程度。作者的目的是回答以下问题:金砖四国和R2P话语之间有什么相互联系?金砖四国如何激发对R2P理念的另一种解读?在跨境伙伴关系方面,金砖国家框架内是否有可能开展基于r2p的合作?各国是否准备在未来扩大这种合作?金砖国家已经展示了几种共同的R2P方式,包括依赖加强国家作用的机制,支持联合国在和平解决冲突方面的立场,以及预防性外交。
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引用次数: 0
The Responsibility Not to Veto Revisited under the Theory of ‘Consequential Jus Cogens’ “结果强制法”理论下的不否决责任再论
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20200002
R. Essawy
In this article, I argue that contemporary international law imposes an obligation upon the UN Security Council permanent members to refrain from using their veto repeatedly in ways that impede the Council from acting against violations of peremptory norms. This obligation not to veto emanates from the duty to cooperate to end violations of peremptory norms as enshrined in Article 41(1) of the International Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility. For this purpose, I demonstrate that the duty to cooperate itself possesses a peremptory character under the theory of ‘consequential jus cogens’, whereby effects of jus cogens norms are themselves peremptory. In doing so, this article contributes to the ongoing debates concerning the legal nature of the effects of jus cogens norms by showing that the theory of ‘consequential jus cogens’ is an application of the generally accepted maxim accessorium sequitur principale and thus forms part of positive international law.
在本文中,我认为,当代国际法规定联合国安理会常任理事国有义务避免以阻碍安理会对违反强制性准则的行为采取行动的方式反复使用否决权。这项不行使否决权的义务源于合作制止违反国际法委员会《国家责任条款》第41(1)条规定的强制性准则的义务。为此,我论证了在“结果性强制法”理论下,合作义务本身具有强制性,即强制法规范的效果本身是强制性的。在这样做的过程中,本文通过表明“结果性强制法”理论是普遍接受的“附带结果原则”的一种应用,从而构成了实证国际法的一部分,从而有助于正在进行的关于强制法规范效力的法律性质的辩论。
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引用次数: 1
China’s Engagement with R2P: Pluralist Shaper? 中国参与R2P:多元主义塑造者?
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20200001
Mike Ribeiro, M. Medeiros, Alexandre Cesar Cunha Leite
Recently, the behaviour of emerging powers in relation to R2P has been understood as that of norm-shapers: states that seek to adjust the norm so that it conforms to their particular understandings. In this behaviour, respect for sovereignty is seen as a central concern. In the English School of International Relations, identification with the institution of sovereignty reflects an approach called pluralism. China’s behaviour is consistent with a pluralist approach to international relations. This paper aims to examine the Chinese positions regarding R2P, in order to identify pluralist traits in them. The procedure was to raise, inductively, prescriptions made by China, associating them with theoretical categories. From an analysis of the Chinese positions, it can be demonstrated that China’s behaviour reveals a paradigmatic case of a pluralist norm-shaper. Qualitative Content Analysis techniques were used as a methodological approach, while MAXQDAplus software was applied as a tool to aid in the coding of declarations.
最近,新兴大国在R2P问题上的行为被理解为规范塑造者的行为:这些国家寻求调整规范,使其符合自己的特定理解。在这种行为中,尊重主权被视为一个核心问题。在英国国际关系学院,对主权制度的认同反映了一种被称为多元主义的方法。中国的做法与多元国际关系的做法是一致的。本文旨在考察中国在R2P问题上的立场,以识别其多元特征。程序是归纳地提出中国的处方,并把它们与理论范畴联系起来。通过对中国立场的分析,可以证明中国的行为揭示了一个多元主义规范塑造者的范例。定性内容分析技术被用作方法学方法,而MAXQDAplus软件被用作辅助声明编码的工具。
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引用次数: 2
The Role of the Human Rights Council in Implementing the Responsibility to Protect 人权理事会在履行保护责任方面的作用
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.1163/1875-984x-20200004
Elisabeth Pramendorfer
Over the past fifteen years since the adoption of the Responsibility to Protect, all eyes have been on the UN Security Council and its ability to respond to situations at imminent risk of, or experiencing, atrocity crimes. To the contrary, little attention has been given to the Geneva-based Human Rights Council (hrc) and its procedures and mechanisms. This is interesting considering that the hrc has responded to emerging and protracted atrocity situations around the world, often at times when the Security Council remained silent. hrc response to atrocities in Myanmar, Venezuela, and elsewhere highlights the unique role it can play in implementing R2P and triggering follow-up action outside of Geneva; yet, much remains to be done to overcome both institutional and political challenges to fully utilise the hrc’s potential to uphold our individual and shared responsibility to protect.
自《保护的责任》通过以来的过去15年里,所有人的目光都集中在联合国安理会及其应对即将发生或正在发生暴行犯罪的局势的能力上。相反,很少注意设在日内瓦的人权理事会及其程序和机制。考虑到人权理事会经常在安全理事会保持沉默的时候对世界各地正在出现和持续的暴行局势作出反应,这一点很有意思。人权高专办对缅甸、委内瑞拉和其他地方暴行的反应凸显了它在实施保护责任和触发日内瓦以外的后续行动方面可以发挥的独特作用;然而,要克服体制和政治上的挑战,充分利用人权理事会的潜力,维护我们个人和共同的保护责任,还有很多工作要做。
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引用次数: 4
Are Arms Trade Treaty Meetings Being Used to Their Full Potential? 武器贸易条约会议正在充分发挥其潜力吗?
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-05-08 DOI: 10.1163/1875984x-01202003
A. Pytlak
When adopted in 2013 the international Arms Trade Treaty (att) was widely heralded for its life-saving potential and for bringing human rights and humanitarian concerns squarely into international arms transfers decision-making processes. This article takes a critical look at the att meeting cycle, which comprises an annual conference of states parties (csp), as well as preparatory sessions and meetings of the Treaty’s working groups. The article is guided by the question, are att meetings being used to their full potential to meet the Treaty’s objectives and prevent atrocities? It studies two aspects of the att meeting cycles—working groups and annual csp thematic areas of focus — to demonstrate the nature of the substantive outcomes that are emerging from conferences. The article identifies that the inability of states parties to use the meetings to address matters of compliance with the att’s prohibition and risk assessment requirements constitutes a major shortcoming, and offers suggestions and alternatives for states parties and other stakeholders.
2013年通过的《武器贸易条约》因其拯救生命的潜力以及将人权和人道主义关切直接纳入国际武器转让决策过程而受到广泛赞誉。本文对《条约》的会议周期进行了批判性的审视,该周期包括年度缔约国会议(csp)以及筹备会议和《条约》工作组会议。该条的指导问题是,是否正在充分利用att会议的潜力来实现《条约》的目标和防止暴行?它研究了att会议周期的两个方面- -工作组和年度csp专题重点领域- -以说明会议所产生的实质性成果的性质。该条指出,缔约国无法利用会议解决遵守《武器贸易条约》禁止和风险评估要求的问题,这是一个重大缺陷,并为缔约国和其他利益攸关方提供了建议和替代方案。
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引用次数: 1
Gender-Based Violence and the Arms Trade 基于性别的暴力和武器贸易
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-05-08 DOI: 10.1163/1875984x-01202002
R. Acheson
This article explains gender-based violence (gbv) and the relationship between gbv and the international arms trade. It examines how governments and activists worked together to ensure that the Arms Trade Treaty included a legally binding provision to prevent gbv, and how this provision has been used—or not used—since the Treaty’s adoption in 2013. It also encourages states, arms producers, lawyers, and activists to work to ensure that human lives and wellbeing are prioritised over profits as an imperative to realising the att’s objective and purpose, and to ensuring respect for the rule of law and international law.
本文阐述了基于性别的暴力以及性别暴力与国际武器贸易的关系。报告考察了各国政府和活动人士如何共同努力,确保《武器贸易条约》包含一项具有法律约束力的条款,以防止性别暴力,以及自2013年《条约》通过以来,这一条款是如何被使用或未被使用的。它还鼓励各国、武器生产商、律师和活动人士共同努力,确保将人类的生命和福祉置于利润之上,这是实现《武器贸易条约》的目标和宗旨、确保尊重法治和国际法的必要条件。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary: Making Sense of the World that the att and the sdgs Are Designed to ‘Fix’ 评论:理解att和sdgs旨在“修复”的世界
IF 0.9 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2020-05-08 DOI: 10.1163/1875984x-01202005
D. Ray
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Global Responsibility to Protect
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