Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre最新文献

This study investigated the effects of Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) on blood clinical parameters, changes in the intestinal production of short-chain fatty acids, and microbiota composition. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial intervention study was conducted on 50 healthy volunteers for four weeks, in which participants took a pill containing 500 mg of BSY or an equivalent placebo pill containing maltodextrin. After the intervention, plasma total cholesterol level decreased, and fecal short-chain fatty acids in the form of butyric acid and acetic acid increased in the BSY group but not in the control group. Microbiome analysis by qPCR showed a higher abundance of healthy associations of Lactobacillus and Firmicutes in the BSY-T group, suggesting that the dietary metabolic response may depend on the specific composition of the gut microbiota. These results indicate the potential positive impact of Brewer's yeast on metabolic health and intestinal microbiota.

Osteoporosis is a significant and escalating public health issue. It is a skeletal disorder in which there is a decrease in bone strength, resulting in a heightened susceptibility to fractures. Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EUL) has been traditionally employed to alleviate muscle and bone weakness. In order to investigate the induction of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation by the two EUL extracts under non-stress conditions, as well as their combined effects with Caltrate, this study examined cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and abundance of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins. The results demonstrated that EUL extract 1 and Caltrate intervention alone could promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and their combined treatment exhibited a synergistic effect. EUL extract 2, when administered alone, was capable of enhancing osteoblast proliferation and differentiation; however, it did not exhibit a strong synergistic effect when combined with Caltrate. Therefore, administering EUL extract 1 either individually or in combination with Caltrate serve as a potential dietary supplement for osteoporosis.

Depletion of natural-based resources is a common problem in many countries. This worse condition is in line with the people suffering from malnutrition when consuming food. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) challenge ensuring global food security. More exploration of underutilized sustainable protein resources is required to preserve the protein sources. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is a model-promoting extraction to isolate the plant-based protein effectively. UAE is a green extraction technique that provides high-performance results with power and time variation of protein isolates. This study aims to review the impact of UAE on functional and structural characteristics of plant protein isolation (PPI). The previous review reveals the optimum condition of extraction variables, whereas the contribution of UAE in protein isolate. The mechanism of UAE focused on extracting plant protein isolates such as protein yield, solubility, water or oil holding capacity, surface hydrophobicity, foaming capacity, emulsifying activities, and zeta potential. The UAE effect successfully maintains emulsion stability by lowering surface tension and increasing protein solubility in the aqueous phase. The aggregation of protein film at the interface between hydrophilic and hydrophobic media affects its stability in obtaining homogeneous mixtures. The findings clarified that the UAE can enhance the functional characteristics of PPI to fit and proper processing in food industries and support SDGs.

This study highlights the ability of beta-MOS derived from coconut processing residues (copra meal) to promote the in vitro growth of Lactobacillus probiotics. Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were manipulated to produce Low Molecular Weight (LMW) and (HMW) Manno-oligosaccharide (MOS) extracts. The LMW MOS contained more mannose and mannobiose, and the HMW MOS contained more mannotriose and higher molecular weight oligosaccharides. The growth of Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG on the MOS Extracts was evaluated and compared with growth on Inulin, FOS and XOS. There was significant growth of each probiotic on the MOS extracts. Probiotic growth was similar on MOS extracts and on FOS, while growth was much lower on XOS and Inulin. Probiotic growth was greater under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions. The results confirm the value of a bioactive compound from copra meal to support human and animal health, while contributing to a circular bioeconomy.

Leveraging bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory effects to boost immune functions represents a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention. The main objective of this work was to investigate the influence of the partial acid hydrolysis of an arabinoxylan extracted from Plantago ciliata Desf. seeds into oligosaccharides on its immunomodulatory effect. The resulting oligosaccharides and their polymer were evaluated for their potential to improve the phagocytic capacity (PC) and the phagocytic activity (PA) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) through the uptake of Candida albicans and to moderate alternative complement pathway (ACP) activation. As a result, the arabinoxylan derived from P. ciliata seeds (AXPCs) and its oligosaccharides (AXOPCs) significantly enhanced the PC of PMN cells, with EC50 values of 0.14 ± 0.23 and 0.12 ± 0.10 mg/mL, respectively. Zymosan used as a reference exhibited the highest PC with an EC50 0.07 ± 0.08 mg/mL. However, for PA, zymosan still demonstrated the highest activity with an EC50 of 0.22 ± 0.46 mg/mL compared to 0.33 ± 1.36 and 0.30 ± 0.74 mg/mL for AXPCs and AXOPCs, respectively. Moreover, AXPCs and AXOPCs were tested as moderator inhibitors of the complement system, showing maximum inhibition percentages of 40.11 ± 8.38% and 50.57 ± 10.45% at 1 mg/mL, with IC50 values of 1.49 ± 0.40 and 1.02 ± 0.20 mg/mL, respectively, compared to 61.52 ± 7.17% and 70.89 ± 5.78% for heparin used as a reference. These results suggest that AXPCs and AXOPCs can serve as relevant therapeutic immunomodulatory factors.

Calcium is an essential element for bone's strength and structure. Flaxseed mucilage (FM) is an economic bioactive component with potential prebiotic capability. FM promotes the growth of probiotic bacteria and it is added to fermented dairy products to increase the survivability of probiotic strains. Mucilage was extracted from flaxseed meal, as an industrial by-product, with or without ethanol precipitation (MEP and MWEP, respectively). Characterization, antioxidant, and chemical composition of the extracted mucilage were assessed. Plain milk as well as 100 mg/kg b. w of MWEP or MEP-fortified milk were administrated for 4 weeks to growing female rats fed a calcium-deficient diet to assess the role of mucilage, as a prebiotic, in calcium absorption, growth, and bone health. The free radical scavenging activity and the total reducing capability were greater in MWEP (72.4% and 17.53 mg/g, respectively) than in MEP (22.1% and 4.29 mg/g, respectively). Animals that received the mucilage-fortified milk showed an improvement in calcium absorption, which was reflected in the increase in the femur calcium and the improvement in bone health, which was evident through the histopathological findings of the bone tissues, and an improvement in bone growth, which was obvious through an increase in estrogen and insulin growth factor 1. It could be concluded that in addition to being a functional antioxidant made from industrial waste, flaxseed mucilage is also recommended to improve calcium absorption and bone health.

This research aims to investigate the effects of indigestible carbohydrates and plant polyphenols on the alteration of gut microbiota and their metabolites in obese patients. The results showed that resistant starch type II had the highest diversity index, while banana inflorescence powder had the lowest diversity index of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota profile exhibited that palm oil residue increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes from 23% to 44% and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes from 63% to 21%. This led to the lowest Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio of 0.5, followed by gnetum leaf powder (1.1), dragon fruit oligosaccharide (1.2), banana inflorescence powder (1.2), and resistance starch type II (1.6) compared to the initial fecal sample (F/B) ratio of 2.7. The isomaltooligosaccharide had an F/B ratio of 9.4. Palm oil residue could reduce the relative abundance of nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, aromatic compound synthesis, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, all of which are related to obesity metabolic pathways. The short-chain fatty acids analysis showed that gnetum leaf powder and isomaltooligosaccharide exhibited the highest production of acetic acid (19.37 mM) and butyric acid (11.27 mM). Palm oil residue and gnetum leaf powder significantly impacted propionic acid production (10.93 and 10.08 mM, respectively). In the gut microbiota of obese humans, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid derived from phenolic metabolites was detected during the fermentation of palm oil residue. In summary, our study demonstrated that plant polyphenols are more effective than indigestible carbohydrates, suggesting a novel alternative approach for the treatment of obesity.

Fiber has an important role in modulating the intestinal microbiota and its metabolic activity. Since amaranth seeds are a good source of dietary fiber, this study aimed to evaluate the potential prebiotic capacity of fibers obtained from amaranth flour (AFF), a protein isolate (APIF), and a beverage (ABF) to modulate children's fecal microbiota in an in vitro fermentation model. Changes induced in fecal microbiota and the profile of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were evaluated after 24, 48, and 72h. APIF and ABF samples reached levels of 60 mM acetate, 35 mM propionate, and 8 mM butyrate, with significant increases in acetate and butyrate at 24 and 72h, and in propionate at the three times evaluated. Regarding AFF, significant increases of SCFA were observed after 72h with levels of 55 mM, 25 mM, and 6 mM for acetate, propionate, and butyrate respectively. Moreover, DGGE profiles at 24h fermentation of amaranth samples showed a high similarity (90%), locating in a cluster separated from inulin and basal medium. However, after 72h fermentation, AFF showed slight differences in the profile with 74% similarity with APIF and ABF. Sequencing results of 24h fermentation of amaranth fibers showed a marked decrease in Fusobacterium and enterobacteria compared with basal medium, accompanied by a significant increase in Bacteroides and Parabacteroides. These results constitute an important contribution in the search for new compounds that promote a healthy gut microbiota. Thereby, the incorporation of these new prebiotics into the diet could lead to the establishment of a widely diverse microbiota usually associated with a healthier state.

The extraction and encapsulation of bioactive compounds have emerged as promising strategies to enhance their utility in various industrial applications. This study explores functional compounds derived from tropical fruit waste, including grape pomace, jabuticaba, and dragon fruit. These compounds were extracted using sustainable methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, maceration, and pressurized liquid extraction for incorporation into alginate and chitosan microparticles. Among the extraction methods employed, pressurized liquid extraction demonstrated the highest efficiency in recovering phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and betalains. The optimized microparticles were tailored to specific fruit sources, with chitosan concentrations of 0.19%, 0.27%, and 0.34%, and alginate concentrations of 2.26%, 1.79%, and 1.73% for grape pomace, dragon fruit husk, and jabuticaba peel, respectively. These microparticles exhibited encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 98.43% to 99.78%. Furthermore, they displayed low solubility (0.23%–0.39%) and high hygroscopicity (38.92%–41.01%). In vitro gastrointestinal digestibility tests showed that the bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds reached up to 95%. This finding suggests that the encapsulated bioactive compounds remain highly bioavailable, making them potentially valuable in the development of pharmaceutical and health products as well as functional foods. In conclusion, this research underscores the significance of valorizing tropical fruit by-products in Brazil through pressurized liquid extraction, followed by their efficient encapsulation within alginate and chitosan matrices. This process not only reduces waste but also opens up exciting avenues for applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Oat β-glucan (OG) is a common food in many diets, but the relationship between the structural changes of dietary fibre and the dynamic shifts in gut microbiota composition remains unclear. In this study, the dynamic variations of physicochemical and structural characteristics of OG at different fermentation stages were studied using an in vitro porcine colonic digestion model. lMeanwhile, the correlation between the molecular structure changes of OG and its regulation of gut microorganisms during fermentation was studied. The molecular weight of OG decreased with the prolongation of fermentation time due to the decomposition of the glucoside bond by gut microorganisms. Methylation analysis showed that the sugar residues in OG mainly included T-Glcp, 3-Glcp and 4-Glcp, while the proportions of 3-Glcp and 4-Glcp did not change significantly during the process of fermentation, demonstrating that gut microorganisms could equally decompose β-(1, 3) and β-(1, 4) glucoside bonds. During the fermentation process, OG inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria while promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, especially Lactobacillus. Compared with gum arabic, hawthorn pectin, arabinoxylan, guar gum and dendrobium officinale polysaccharide, OG showed the fastest fermentation rate and highest Lactobacillus abundance. This study's results offer a scientific foundation for enhancing the conversion of oat β-glucan (OG) into prebiotics within the functional food industry. Additionally, they provide valuable insights into the reciprocal regulation between other structural polysaccharides and gut microorganisms.