SAE Technical Papers最新文献_第10页

Optimization of Spark Erosion Machining of Monel 400 Alloy for Automobile Applications 汽车用蒙乃尔400合金火花腐蚀加工优化

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0140

Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Jothi Kiruthika, V Kumar, Palanisamy D, Vamsinath Polanki

Monel 400, a type of nickel alloy which is adopted in numerous engineering fields, such as high-temperature devices. Owing to its better strength and thermal diffusion, it can be difficult to machine with conventional methods. In order to avoid the disadvantages of conventional methods, various advanced material removal techniques have been developed. One of these is Wire Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM). This process is an evolution of the electrical discharge method. In the process of WEDM, difficult materials with intricate forms are usually machined. In this study, the performance of this method on Monel 400 has been analyzed. The three independent variables that are considered when it comes to analyzing the performance of this process are the pulse on, the applied current, and the pulse off. The experiments were performed using the design approach of Taguchi, which involves using an L27 orthogonal array. The single response analysis performed by Taguchi revealed that the process parameters can influence the output variables that are desired by the users. Through the use of the Taguchi-grey relational analysis method, the multiple aspects optimization of the process was performed. The results of the exploration divulged that the proposed method can improve the effectiveness of this process.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">Monel 400是一种镍合金，广泛应用于高温器件等工程领域。由于其较好的强度和热扩散，用传统方法很难加工。为了避免传统方法的缺点，人们开发了各种先进的材料去除技术。其中之一是电火花线切割加工(WEDM)。该工艺是放电法的演变。在电火花线切割加工过程中，通常要加工形状复杂的难加工材料。在本研究中，分析了该方法在Monel 400上的性能。在分析该过程的性能时，要考虑三个独立的变量:脉冲打开、施加的电流和脉冲关闭。实验采用田口的设计方法，其中包括使用L27正交阵列。田口进行的单响应分析显示，工艺参数可以影响用户期望的输出变量。运用田口灰关联分析方法，对该工艺进行了多方面优化。勘探结果表明，所提出的方法可以提高这一过程的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Application of Taguchi Approach on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of SS304 for Automotive Applications 田口法在汽车用SS304线切割加工中的应用

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0151

Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Lakshmi Narasimhamu Katta, Lakshmi Narayana Somsole, Palanisamy D, Jothi Kiruthika

SS304 is a type of stainless steel that is well-known for its high ductility and resistance to corrosion; as a result, it is typically utilized in a variety of applications, such as the exhaust systems of automobiles and the springs that are used in seatbelts. Because of its qualities, it will eventually be employed in a variety of body parts, including fuel tanks and chassis, among other things. Due to its properties, SS304 is known to be incredibly difficult to machine using conventional methods. Through a wire electrical discharge machining process, it is easier to cut complex materials with high surface finishes. In this study, a study was conducted on the WEDM process parameters of SS304 to optimize its machining process. The study was carried out using the DoE approach, which involved planning the various experiments. The parameters of the process, such as the pulse on time, peak current, and off time, were analyzed to determine their performance. The various performance measures included surface roughness, overcut, and removal rate. The results of the study were then analyzed with an interaction plot analysis. The influence of the various process variables on the output measures were then studied through this analysis.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">SS304是一种以高延展性和耐腐蚀性著称的不锈钢;因此，它通常用于各种应用，例如汽车的排气系统和安全带中使用的弹簧。由于它的质量，它最终将被用于各种身体部位，包括油箱和底盘等。由于其特性，SS304被认为是难以置信的难以使用传统方法进行加工。通过线材电火花加工工艺，更容易切割具有高表面光洁度的复杂材料。本研究对SS304的电火花线切割工艺参数进行了研究，以优化其加工工艺。该研究采用DoE方法进行，其中包括规划各种实验。分析了工艺参数，如脉冲导通时间、峰值电流和关断时间，以确定其性能。各种性能指标包括表面粗糙度、过切和去除率。然后对研究结果进行交互作用图分析。然后，通过分析，研究了各种工艺变量对输出指标的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Redundant Sensor-Based Perception Sensor Reliability Estimation from Field Tests without Reference Truth 基于冗余传感器的无参考真值现场测试感知传感器可靠性估计

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-5078

Marco Kryda, Minhao Qiu, Mario Berk, Boris Buschardt, Daniel Straub

The introduction of autonomous vehicles has gained significant attention due to its potential to revolutionize mobility and safety. A critical aspect underpinning the functionality of these autonomous vehicles is their sensor perception system. Demonstrating the reliability of the environment perception sensors and sensor fusion algorithms is, therefore, a necessary step in the development of automated vehicles. Field tests offer testing conditions that come closest to the environment of an automated vehicle in the future. However, a significant challenge in field tests is to obtain a reference truth of the surrounding environment. Here, we propose a pipeline to assess the sensor reliabilities without the need for a reference truth. The pipeline uses a model to estimate the reliability of redundant sensors. To do this, it relies on a binary representation of the surrounding area, which indicates either the presence or absence of an object. Therefore, the pipeline includes another step to convert object lists into this binary representation. Using the pipeline, we estimate the sensor reliabilities from object data derived from the Waymo dataset. Even though we are capable of obtaining close estimates of the sensor reliabilities we find out that the estimation of the sensor reliabilities is not robust for different parameter sets.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">由于自动驾驶汽车有可能彻底改变移动性和安全性，因此它的引入受到了极大的关注。支撑这些自动驾驶汽车功能的一个关键方面是它们的传感器感知系统。因此，验证环境感知传感器和传感器融合算法的可靠性是自动驾驶汽车发展的必要步骤。现场测试提供了最接近未来自动驾驶车辆环境的测试条件。然而，现场测试的一个重大挑战是获得周围环境的参考真值。在这里，我们提出了一个管道来评估传感器的可靠性，而不需要参考真值。该管道使用一个模型来估计冗余传感器的可靠性。要做到这一点，它依赖于周围区域的二进制表示，这表明对象的存在或不存在。因此，管道包含了将对象列表转换为这种二进制表示的另一个步骤。使用管道，我们从来自Waymo数据集的对象数据中估计传感器的可靠性。尽管我们能够获得传感器可靠性的接近估计，但我们发现，对于不同的参数集，传感器可靠性的估计不是鲁棒的。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical Iterative Analysis of Drag Reduction System for a Racing Car Rear Wing 某赛车尾翼减阻系统的数值迭代分析

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-5079

Carlos Monteiro, Moisés Brito, Diana Filipa da Conceição Vieira

In Formula Student competitions, the active adaptation of the aerodynamic components to the current race track conditions can significantly enhance the overall dynamic performance of the car. Due to the abundant low-speed corners, angles of attack of fixed aerodynamic components are usually exaggerated, preventing the car from achieving higher acceleration capabilities due to induced drag. This issue can be tackled by introducing an active drag reduction system (DRS). In this work, a strategy for performing iterative numerical simulations is proposed, with the goal of obtaining a range of different configurations suitable for certain track conditions. Specifically, the case of lowest drag is exploited.

Different macros were developed to couple the utilization of computational fluid dynamics tools for aerodynamic analysis with an extensive iterative process with minimal user interference. An initial mesh refinement study was conducted. Afterward, angles of attack and centers of rotation of the two most rear flaps are iterated. The lowest-drag configuration was found to be at α_flap₁ = 0° and α_flap₂ = −6 ° , the latter mostly due to its aerodynamic interaction with the rest of the system. Results show that the angle of attack of flap 2 had the most influence on the overall forces, while varying the centers of rotation had a weaker impact. Nevertheless, combining the investigation of the angles of the attack with the center of rotation yields optimal DRS configuration with the minimum drag. Within one loop of the proposed strategy, a reduction of up to 94.5% in rear-wing drag was found. The strategy proposed can be looped until a configuration is obtained for specific optimization targets, such as drag reduction.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">在学生方程式比赛中，空气动力学部件主动适应当前赛道条件，可以显著提高赛车的整体动态性能。由于大量的低速弯道，固定气动元件的迎角通常被夸大，阻止了汽车获得更高的加速能力，由于诱导阻力。这个问题可以通过引入主动减阻系统(DRS)来解决。在这项工作中，提出了一种进行迭代数值模拟的策略，目标是获得适合特定轨道条件的一系列不同配置。具体来说，我们利用了最小阻力的情况。</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">我们开发了不同的宏，将计算流体动力学工具用于气动分析的利用与用户干扰最小的广泛迭代过程相结合。进行了初步的网格细化研究。然后，迭代两个最后襟翼的攻角和旋转中心。最小阻力配置为<i>α</i><sub><i>flap</i><sub>1</sub></sub>= 0°和& lt; i>α& lt; / i> & lt; sub> & lt; i> flap< / i> & lt; sub> 2 & lt; / sub> & lt; / sub>=−6°，后者主要是由于其与系统其余部分的气动相互作用。结果表明，皮瓣2的攻角对整体受力影响最大，而改变旋转中心对整体受力影响较小。然而，结合对攻击角度和旋转中心的研究，得出了具有最小阻力的最佳DRS配置。在提出的策略的一个循环中，发现后翼阻力减少了高达94<i>; </i>5%。所提出的策略可以循环，直到获得特定优化目标的配置，例如减阻。</div> /div>

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引用次数: 0

Effect of Deadweight on Frame and Correlation with Human Passenger in a Two Wheeler 两轮车自重对车架的影响及与乘员的关系

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-5080

Rajesh Kumar, Mohit Kumar, Md Irfan, Pardiwan Kumar

Deadweight as payload is an important parameter, which affects the vehicle dynamics and durability of the vehicle. This paper presents a study performed to evaluate the effect of deadweight on dynamic input load, suspension operation, and fatigue life of frame in a two wheeler. Also, an optimization exercise was undertaken to correlate and optimize deadweight with a human payload in terms of equivalent damage to the frame. Strain, wheel acceleration, and suspension displacement data were acquired with pillion and multiple deadweights and compared. Relative damage spectrum (RDS) characterization and best-fit optimization methods were used for deadweight correlation. It was observed that with deadweight addition dynamic loads decreases on the front wheel while increases on the rear. Strain damage wise increasing deadweights have marginal effects on the front zone of the frame while on the middle and rear side, deadweights are detrimental. Human payload behaves like deadweight for dynamic loading as observed with higher acceleration and suspension stroke level given its magnitude, but in terms of strain damage it has very low damaging effect as compared to deadweights. Deadweight optimization exercise suggested an optimum weight to have an equivalent damage for the same durability cycle as human pillion. The study aimed to help in understanding the design load considerations taking deadweight into account as well as in the development of proving ground test cycle with deadweight as a human substitute. The latter could be applied in case of manpower planning or pandemic scenario such as COVID-19.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">自重作为有效载荷是影响车辆动力学和车辆耐久性的重要参数。本文研究了自重对两轮车动输入载荷、悬架运行和车架疲劳寿命的影响。此外，根据对框架的等效损坏，进行了一项优化练习，以关联和优化自重与人类有效载荷。应变、车轮加速度和悬架位移的数据获得与垫和多个自重和比较。采用相对损伤谱(RDS)表征和最佳拟合优化方法进行自重关联。随着自重的增加，前轮的动载荷减小，后轮的动载荷增大。应变损伤与增加自重对框架的前部区域有边际影响，而在中间和后部，自重是有害的。人类有效载荷的行为就像动态载荷的自重一样，在更高的加速度和悬架行程水平下观察到它的大小，但在应变损伤方面，它与自重相比具有非常低的破坏效果。自重优化练习提出了一个最佳重量，在相同的耐久性循环中，具有与人体支柱相当的损伤。该研究旨在帮助理解考虑自重的设计载荷考虑因素，以及开发以自重作为人工替代的试验场试验周期。后者可用于人力规划或COVID-19等大流行情景。</div></div>

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引用次数: 0

Effect of Moisture Adsorption on Low-Speed and Moderate-Speed Braking: Effect on In-Stop Friction Coefficient and Low Frequency Noise 湿吸附对低速和中速制动的影响:对制动时摩擦系数和低频噪声的影响

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-05 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-1862

Meechai Sriwiboon, Saiprasit Koetniyom, Seong Kwan Rhee, Jittrathep Sukultanasorn, Kritsana Kaewlob, Jitpanu Kunthong

Copper-free NAO disc pads of passenger cars were investigated for a combination of prior braking conditions and moisture adsorption influencing in-stop friction and noise during low-speed stops, and in-stop-friction during moderate-speed stops. Prior braking conditions and moisture adsorption strongly influence subsequent in-stop friction behavior and noise at room temperature. The low-speed in-stop friction behavior looks totally different from that of moderate-speed stops. The low-speed in-stop friction increasingly oscillates with increasing moisture adsorption and goes down towards the end of a stop, which is accompanied by increasing low-frequency noise.

The moisture content needs to be quantified/specified to obtain repeatable/reproducible brake test results as the moisture is an unintended and uncontrolled ingredient of a friction material. As the disc surface roughness increases due to prior braking conditions, the friction coefficient of low-speed stops is found to decrease. The changing friction coefficient is explained by the nature of the friction film and its interactions with moisture.

<div class="section摘要"><div class="htmlview段落">对乘用车无铜NAO盘垫进行了综合研究，研究了制动前条件和吸湿量对低速停车时停车摩擦和噪声的影响以及中速停车时停车摩擦的影响。在室温下，先前的制动条件和水分吸附强烈影响随后的停车摩擦行为和噪声。低速停车时的摩擦行为与中速停车时的完全不同。低速停站摩擦随着吸湿量的增加而不断振荡，并在停站结束时下降，同时伴随着低频噪声的增加。</div><div class="htmlview段落">由于水分是摩擦材料的非预期和不可控制的成分，因此需要对水分含量进行量化/规定，以获得可重复/可再现的制动试验结果。由于先前的制动条件，由于盘片表面粗糙度的增加，低速停车时的摩擦系数减小。摩擦系数的变化可以用摩擦膜的性质及其与水分的相互作用来解释。

{"title":"Effect of Moisture Adsorption on Low-Speed and Moderate-Speed Braking: Effect on In-Stop Friction Coefficient and Low Frequency Noise","authors":"Meechai Sriwiboon, Saiprasit Koetniyom, Seong Kwan Rhee, Jittrathep Sukultanasorn, Kritsana Kaewlob, Jitpanu Kunthong","doi":"10.4271/2023-01-1862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1862","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Copper-free NAO disc pads of passenger cars were investigated for a combination of prior braking conditions and moisture adsorption influencing in-stop friction and noise during low-speed stops, and in-stop-friction during moderate-speed stops. Prior braking conditions and moisture adsorption strongly influence subsequent in-stop friction behavior and noise at room temperature. The low-speed in-stop friction behavior looks totally different from that of moderate-speed stops. The low-speed in-stop friction increasingly oscillates with increasing moisture adsorption and goes down towards the end of a stop, which is accompanied by increasing low-frequency noise.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The moisture content needs to be quantified/specified to obtain repeatable/reproducible brake test results as the moisture is an unintended and uncontrolled ingredient of a friction material. As the disc surface roughness increases due to prior braking conditions, the friction coefficient of low-speed stops is found to decrease. The changing friction coefficient is explained by the nature of the friction film and its interactions with moisture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"120 24","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135724669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Developing EPB Analytic Model Based on Multi-Flexible Body Dynamics 基于多柔体动力学的EPB分析模型的建立

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-05 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-1885

Yongsik Kwon, Chang Hun Park, Joon Hee Yun, Park Jing Moon

The current braking system of a vehicle includes a parking braking system, which consists of a Motor on Caliper (MOC) that generates hydraulic main braking and electric parking braking through a caliper structure. When designing the MOC braking system, it is important to consider an analytical model that can predict the performance of the parking clamping force and the torque generated between the disk and caliper interactions. However, in previous designs, system predictions were often based on simplified structural calculations or incomplete Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis.

In this paper, a study was conducted to predict the system performance using Multi-flexible Body Dynamics (MFBD) analysis. Firstly, a kinematic model (MBD) was developed for the Electric Parking Brake (EPB) system currently used in mass-produced vehicles. And the MBD model which based on kinematics was the initial model for this study. Secondly, Multi flexible body dynamics model was built based on aforementioned MBD model. This model considered internal contact, deformation conditions especially caliper body as a flexible body and force. The RECURDYN program was used to construct the model, and dynamic and FEM analyses were applied to the system.

By using this analysis model, existing products was manufactured, and extensive performance evaluations were conducted to assess the consistency of the analysis model developed through the program. The results obtained from this study can help predict the performance of the initial MOC system design and identify areas that require improvement.

Additionally, when considering optimization for a specific system, this model can be used to determine key design dimensions and establish a basis for design in conjunction with the experimental planning method.

><div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">目前车辆的制动系统包括驻车制动系统，该制动系统由卡钳上电机(MOC)组成，通过卡钳结构产生液压主制动和电动驻车制动。在设计MOC制动系统时，必须考虑一个能够预测停车夹紧力性能和制动盘与制动卡钳相互作用产生的扭矩的分析模型。然而，在以往的设计中，系统预测往往是基于简化的结构计算或不完整的有限元法(FEM)分析。</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">本文采用多柔体动力学(MFBD)分析进行系统性能预测研究。首先，建立了目前量产车辆中使用的电动驻车制动系统的运动学模型(MBD)。基于运动学的MBD模型是本研究的初始模型。其次，在上述MBD模型的基础上建立了多柔体动力学模型。该模型考虑了卡钳体作为柔性体的内部接触、变形条件和受力。使用RECURDYN程序构建模型，并对系统进行了动力分析和有限元分析。</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">利用该分析模型对现有产品进行制造，并进行了广泛的性能评价，以评估通过该程序建立的分析模型的一致性。本研究的结果可以帮助预测MOC系统初始设计的性能，识别需要改进的地方。</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">此外，在考虑对特定系统进行优化时，该模型可以结合实验规划方法确定关键设计维度，为设计奠定基础。</div></div>

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引用次数: 0

A Renewed Look at Centralized vs. Decentralized Actuation for Braking Systems 重新审视制动系统的集中与分散驱动

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-05 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-1865

David Antanaitis

De-centralized brake actuation – that is, brake systems that incorporate individual actuators at each wheel brake location to both provide the apply energy and the modulation of braking force – is not a new area of study. Typically realized in the form of electro-mechanical brake calipers or drum brakes, or as “single corner” hydraulic actuators, de-centralized actuation in braking systems has already been deployed in production on General Motor EV1 Electric Vehicle (1997) in the form of electric drum brakes and has been studied continually by the automotive industry since then. It is frequently confused with “brake by wire,” and indeed practical implementations of de-centralized actuation are a form of brake by wire technology. However, with millions of vehicles on the road already with “brake by wire” systems - the vast majority of which have centralized brake actuation – the future of “brake by wire” is arguable settled. The question of what is next for braking technology is centered more on study of de-centralized actuation. There is little debate, especially with modern electronics and computing power, on whether de-centralized brake actuation technology can work – the technical feasibility has been largely proven. The frontier of study of this technology is instead “does it make sense,” in other words do the benefits outweigh the initial investments and the risks for high volume production. This question cannot be answered from purely within the confines of the braking system itself, as it has far ranged implications on everything from manufacturing to interior layout, to energy efficiency, and it affects other major systems such as propulsion and electrical. The present work takes a holistic look at the implications, both positive and negative, for brake systems with de-centralized actuation, and make a case for why the time may finally be here for broader implementation.

><div class="section摘要"><div class="htmlview段落">分散式制动驱动-即在每个车轮制动位置合并单个制动器以提供应用能量和制动力调制的制动系统-并不是一个新的研究领域。通常以机电制动卡钳或鼓式制动器的形式实现，或作为“单角”液压致动器，制动系统中的分散致动已经在通用汽车EV1电动汽车(1997)上以电动鼓式制动器的形式部署在生产中，并从那时起一直被汽车工业不断研究。它经常与“导线制动”相混淆，事实上，分散驱动的实际实现是导线制动技术的一种形式。然而，由于道路上数以百万计的车辆已经配备了“线控制动”系统——其中绝大多数都是集中制动驱动——“线控制动”的未来是有争议的。制动技术的下一步发展问题更多地集中在分散驱动的研究上。在分散式制动驱动技术是否可行的问题上，几乎没有什么争议，尤其是在现代电子和计算能力的推动下——技术上的可行性已在很大程度上得到了证明。这项技术的研究前沿是“它是否有意义”，换句话说，它的收益是否超过了最初的投资和大批量生产的风险。这个问题不能纯粹从制动系统本身的范围内回答，因为它对从制造到内部布局到能源效率的各个方面都有深远的影响，而且它还影响到其他主要系统，如推进和电力。目前的工作对分散驱动制动系统的影响进行了全面的研究，包括积极的和消极的影响，并提出了一个案例，说明为什么现在可能最终是时候进行更广泛的实施了。

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引用次数: 0

IMU Based Velocity Estimation Impact on Stopping Distance for Heavy-Duty Class 8 Truck Air Brake Systems with ABS 基于IMU的速度估计对带ABS的重型8级卡车空气制动系统制动距离的影响

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-05 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-1873

Tamas Erdos

An accurate estimate of vehicle speed is essential for optimal anti-lock braking system (ABS) calculations. Currently, most vehicles including heavy-duty class 8 trucks mainly rely on wheel speed sensors (WSS) to estimate velocity. However, as soon as braking is applied, WSS become inaccurate for determining the velocity due to the longitudinal slip developed in the tires. Using the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate vehicle speed allows for its use in conjunction with the WSS to accurately calculate the slip ratio at each tire. These slip ratio values can then be used as the main control variable in the ABS algorithm to utilize the grip available more fully at each tire, to improve stopping distance and controllability. A steady state braking analysis model is developed and validated against Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 121 60-0 mph stopping distance data for a loaded class 8 tractor semi-trailer combination. Once the model is validated to show good correlation to measured deceleration data, it is used to estimate the theoretical peak steady state deceleration with the ideal slip ratio at each tire. Then a semi-empirical approach is used to consider current air brake system and ABS algorithm capabilities in the analysis. Lastly, the initial transient phase of 60-0 mph stop is accounted for to get a realistic stopping distance improvement estimate for a loaded heavy-duty truck.

><div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">对车速的准确估计对于优化防抱死制动系统(ABS)的计算至关重要。目前，包括重型8级卡车在内的大多数车辆主要依靠轮速传感器(WSS)来估计速度。然而，一旦制动应用，WSS变得不准确的速度确定由于纵向滑移发展在轮胎。使用惯性测量单元(IMU)来估计车辆速度，可以将其与WSS结合使用，以准确计算每个轮胎的滑移率。然后，这些滑移率值可以用作ABS算法中的主要控制变量，以更充分地利用每个轮胎上可用的抓地力，以提高停车距离和可控性。根据联邦机动车安全标准(FMVSS) 121的60-0 mph停车距离数据，开发了稳态制动分析模型，并对8级拖拉机半挂车组合进行了验证。一旦验证了该模型与实测减速度数据具有良好的相关性，就可以使用它来估计每个轮胎理想滑移比下的理论峰值稳态减速度。在此基础上，采用半经验方法综合考虑了当前空气制动系统和ABS算法的性能。最后，考虑60-0 mph停车的初始瞬态阶段，以获得装载重型卡车实际的停车距离改进估计。

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引用次数: 0

Transfer Learning-Based Neural Network for Natural Frequency Prediction of Linear Dynamic Systems 基于迁移学习的线性动态系统固有频率预测神经网络

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-05 DOI: 10.4271/2023-01-1883

Sreejesh Mammily

The prediction of natural frequencies is a crucial aspect of engineering design and analysis. Traditional methods involve finite element analysis (FEA) which is a standard method for calculating natural frequencies of dynamic systems. For each design variant, FEA calculation can be time-consuming and computationally expensive. In this study, we propose a novel method for predicting the natural frequencies of design variants using transfer learning and artificial neural networks (ANN).

The proposed method involves the use of FEA to generate the stiffness and mass matrices of the brake disc, which are then used as inputs to the neural network. However, the prediction can become tedious when there is a change in the design. To address this, we employ transfer learning followed by linear regression using a design variant of the previous structure as test data. The neural network learns through transfer learning and fine-tunes its outputs using regression for final frequency prediction.

The proposed approach can predict the natural frequencies of new structures efficiently without compromising the quality of the outcome, even when the degree of freedom changes due to design alterations. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by calculating frequencies of brake disc with different material property, and the results are compared with FEA to measure its accuracy. The results indicate that this method can accurately predict the natural frequencies of new design variants with high prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. This method has potential applications in engineering design and analysis, especially for structures that require iterations to finalize design and where there is a need to calculate the dynamic characteristics of the system.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">固有频率的预测是工程设计和分析的一个重要方面。传统的方法包括有限元分析(FEA)，这是计算动力系统固有频率的标准方法。对于每个设计变体，有限元分析计算可能是耗时且计算代价昂贵的。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种利用迁移学习和人工神经网络(ANN)来预测设计变量固有频率的新方法。</div><div class="htmlview段落">该方法涉及使用有限元分析来生成制动盘的刚度和质量矩阵，然后将其用作神经网络的输入。然而，当设计发生变化时，预测可能会变得乏味。为了解决这个问题，我们采用迁移学习，然后使用先前结构的设计变体作为测试数据进行线性回归。神经网络通过迁移学习进行学习，并使用回归对其输出进行微调，以进行最终频率预测。</div><div class="htmlview段落">该方法可以有效地预测新结构的固有频率，而不会影响结果的质量，即使当自由度因设计更改而改变时也是如此。通过对不同材质制动盘频率的计算，验证了该方法的有效性，并将计算结果与有限元分析结果进行了比较，验证了该方法的精度。结果表明，该方法能够准确预测新设计变量的固有频率，具有较高的预测精度和计算效率。这种方法在工程设计和分析中有潜在的应用，特别是对于需要迭代来完成设计的结构，以及需要计算系统动态特性的结构。

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引用次数: 0