SAE Technical Papers最新文献_第4页

Design and Investigation of Automatic Trash Collecting Machine for Industry 工业用自动垃圾收集机的设计与研究

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0179

Balamurugan R, V Sudhir Kumar, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Sadhasivam Deepan Kumar

Scrap collection from any location is handled with mortal interference in several places and companies which may be extremely harmful or even dangerous to humanity. The demand for robotization has risen rapidly in recent years, owing to cutting-edge technologies that minimize manpower and threat-taking training directly or indirectly. The main objective of the paper is to study, analyze, investigate the main contribution of waste collecting by workers while cleaning in the Mechanical Industry. In order to ensure the safety of the workers during cleaning we had implemented the Automatic Trash Collecting Machine in the industry. For Fabricating the Trash collecting Machine first we had analyzed the problem in the industry and then we had started the free hand sketch of Trash Collecting Machine. Then the design work of Automatic Trash Collecting Machine is done in the modeling software Catia V5. Then the material selection for our model has been done. We had taken the mild steel for the frame, 4 motors for the conveyor and the movement of the vehicle and a movable trash bin for the disposal of waste and a karcher brush for collecting the waste. Then for the Automatic motion we had used Node mc, IoT and the coding part has done for the model. Then the fabrication work for our model is done and finally the testing part for our model in the industry is demonstrated. After the implementation of the model in the industry the safety of the workers while cleaning has greatly increased.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">从任何地点收集废料都会受到几个地方和公司的致命干扰，这可能对人类极其有害甚至危险。近年来，由于尖端技术直接或间接地减少了人力和威胁培训，对机器人化的需求迅速上升。本文的主要目的是研究、分析、调查机械工业中工人在清洁过程中收集废物的主要贡献。为了保证工人在清洁过程中的安全，我们在行业中实施了自动垃圾收集机。为了制造垃圾收集机，我们首先分析了行业中存在的问题，然后开始了垃圾收集机的手绘草图。然后在Catia V5建模软件中完成了自动垃圾收集机的设计工作。然后我们模型的材料选择就完成了。我们采用了低碳钢作为框架，4个电机用于输送和车辆的运动，一个可移动的垃圾箱用于处理废物，一个karcher刷用于收集废物。然后对于自动运动，我们使用了Node mc, IoT和模型的编码部分。然后进行了模型的制作工作，最后进行了模型的工业测试部分的演示。该模式在行业内实施后，工人在清洁时的安全性大大提高。< </div>

{"title":"Design and Investigation of Automatic Trash Collecting Machine for Industry","authors":"Balamurugan R, V Sudhir Kumar, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Sadhasivam Deepan Kumar","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0179","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Scrap collection from any location is handled with mortal interference in several places and companies which may be extremely harmful or even dangerous to humanity. The demand for robotization has risen rapidly in recent years, owing to cutting-edge technologies that minimize manpower and threat-taking training directly or indirectly. The main objective of the paper is to study, analyze, investigate the main contribution of waste collecting by workers while cleaning in the Mechanical Industry. In order to ensure the safety of the workers during cleaning we had implemented the Automatic Trash Collecting Machine in the industry. For Fabricating the Trash collecting Machine first we had analyzed the problem in the industry and then we had started the free hand sketch of Trash Collecting Machine. Then the design work of Automatic Trash Collecting Machine is done in the modeling software Catia V5. Then the material selection for our model has been done. We had taken the mild steel for the frame, 4 motors for the conveyor and the movement of the vehicle and a movable trash bin for the disposal of waste and a karcher brush for collecting the waste. Then for the Automatic motion we had used Node mc, IoT and the coding part has done for the model. Then the fabrication work for our model is done and finally the testing part for our model in the industry is demonstrated. After the implementation of the model in the industry the safety of the workers while cleaning has greatly increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Automotive Applications 汽车用混杂天然纤维增强复合材料的研制

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0131

Devaiah Malkapuram

Industrialization concerns are stimulating research in development of new materials for automotive industries. Natural fibers which are available abundantly can be extracted naturally from environment. Preventing further pollutants on environment from depleting dwindling wood resources from forests and earth surface.

Natural fibers are derived from renewable sources, making them environmentally friendly. Their use in composites reduces dependence on non-renewable resources and helps lower the carbon footprint of automobiles. Natural fibers, such as hemp, jute, and flax are lightweight materials. By incorporating them into polymer composites, the overall weight of automobile components can be reduced, leading to improved fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Natural fibers are generally less expensive than synthetic fibers, incorporating natural fibers into polymer composites can help reduce material costs in automobile manufacturing. Natural fiber polymer composites can be recycled at the end of their life cycle, contributing to a more sustainable automotive industry.

In this project work, we have opted Hemp and Short carbon as fiber composite and prepared three composites of Hemp, Short Carbon and hybrid composite of both fibers. The composites are prepared by employing Hand Lay-up technique and evaluated the Density, Water Absorption Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength of the Hemp, Short Carbon and Hemp/Short Carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites.

<div class="section摘要"><div class="htmlview段落">对工业化的关注刺激了汽车工业新材料的研究开发。天然纤维可从自然环境中提取，其储量丰富。防止进一步污染环境，消耗森林和地表日益减少的木材资源</div><div class="htmlview段落">天然纤维来源于可再生资源，对环境非常友好。它们在复合材料中的使用减少了对不可再生资源的依赖，并有助于降低汽车的碳足迹。天然纤维，如大麻、黄麻和亚麻都是轻质材料。通过将它们整合到聚合物复合材料中，可以减少汽车部件的总重量，从而提高燃油效率并降低排放。天然纤维通常比合成纤维便宜，将天然纤维掺入聚合物复合材料中可以帮助降低汽车制造中的材料成本。天然纤维聚合物复合材料可以在其生命周期结束时回收利用，为更可持续的汽车工业做出贡献。</div><div class="htmlview段落"> div class="htmlview段落">在本项目工作中，我们选择了Hemp和Short carbon作为纤维复合材料，制备了Hemp、Short carbon和两者混合复合材料三种复合材料。采用手工铺层法制备了复合材料，并对其密度、吸水率、抗拉强度、抗弯强度等性能进行了测试。

{"title":"Development of Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Automotive Applications","authors":"Devaiah Malkapuram","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0131","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Industrialization concerns are stimulating research in development of new materials for automotive industries. Natural fibers which are available abundantly can be extracted naturally from environment. Preventing further pollutants on environment from depleting dwindling wood resources from forests and earth surface.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Natural fibers are derived from renewable sources, making them environmentally friendly. Their use in composites reduces dependence on non-renewable resources and helps lower the carbon footprint of automobiles. Natural fibers, such as hemp, jute, and flax are lightweight materials. By incorporating them into polymer composites, the overall weight of automobile components can be reduced, leading to improved fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Natural fibers are generally less expensive than synthetic fibers, incorporating natural fibers into polymer composites can help reduce material costs in automobile manufacturing. Natural fiber polymer composites can be recycled at the end of their life cycle, contributing to a more sustainable automotive industry.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In this project work, we have opted Hemp and Short carbon as fiber composite and prepared three composites of Hemp, Short Carbon and hybrid composite of both fibers. The composites are prepared by employing Hand Lay-up technique and evaluated the Density, Water Absorption Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength of the Hemp, Short Carbon and Hemp/Short Carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigational Analysis on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Aluminium Based Composites by Taguchi’s Method 田口法线切割加工铝基复合材料的研究分析

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0075

Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, V Kumar, Jothi Kiruthika, R Silambarasan, PC Krishnamachary

A wide range of engineering domains, such as aeronautical, automobiles, and marine, rely on the use of Metal Matrix Composites (MMC). Due to the excellent properties, such as hardness and strength, Aluminum base MMC are generally adopted in various uses. Due to the increasing number of reinforcement materials being added to the MMC, its properties are expected to improve. In this exploratory analysis, an effort was given to develop a new aluminium-based MMC. The analysis of the machinability of the composite was also performed. The process of creating a new MMC using a stir casting technique was carried out. It resulted in a better and more reinforced composite than its base materials. The reinforcement materials were fabricated using different weight combinations and process parameters, such as the temperature and duration required to stir. Due to the improved properties of the composite, the traditional machining method is not feasible for machining of these materials. Wire Electro-Discharge Machining (WEDM) is commonly used for machining harder materials and especially for making intricate shapes. The machining has been performed through the use of pulse on, a pulse off, and an applied current. The experiments conducted under the supervision of Taguchi are designed to be performed according to the specified parameters and outputs. These variables are considered to be important in improving the performance of the process. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been adopted to examine the significance of the various factors on the preferred output. The results of this study can help the manufacturer improve the performance of the WEDM process.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">航空、汽车和船舶等广泛的工程领域都依赖于金属基复合材料(MMC)的使用。由于铝基MMC具有优异的硬度和强度等性能，因此在各种用途中普遍采用。由于越来越多的增强材料被添加到MMC中，其性能有望得到改善。在这一探索性分析中，努力开发一种新的铝基MMC。对复合材料的可加工性进行了分析。采用搅拌铸造技术制备了一种新型MMC。它产生了比基材更好、更强的复合材料。使用不同的重量组合和工艺参数(如搅拌所需的温度和持续时间)制备增强材料。由于复合材料性能的提高，传统的加工方法已不适合加工这些材料。电火花线切割加工(WEDM)通常用于加工较硬的材料，特别是加工复杂的形状。通过使用脉冲开、脉冲关和施加电流来进行加工。在田口的监督下进行的实验是根据指定的参数和输出进行的。这些变量在改进过程性能方面被认为是重要的。采用方差分析(ANOVA)来检验各种因素对优选输出的显著性。本研究的结果可以帮助制造商提高电火花线切割工艺的性能。

{"title":"Investigational Analysis on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Aluminium Based Composites by Taguchi’s Method","authors":"Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, V Kumar, Jothi Kiruthika, R Silambarasan, PC Krishnamachary","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0075","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">A wide range of engineering domains, such as aeronautical, automobiles, and marine, rely on the use of Metal Matrix Composites (MMC). Due to the excellent properties, such as hardness and strength, Aluminum base MMC are generally adopted in various uses. Due to the increasing number of reinforcement materials being added to the MMC, its properties are expected to improve. In this exploratory analysis, an effort was given to develop a new aluminium-based MMC. The analysis of the machinability of the composite was also performed. The process of creating a new MMC using a stir casting technique was carried out. It resulted in a better and more reinforced composite than its base materials. The reinforcement materials were fabricated using different weight combinations and process parameters, such as the temperature and duration required to stir. Due to the improved properties of the composite, the traditional machining method is not feasible for machining of these materials. Wire Electro-Discharge Machining (WEDM) is commonly used for machining harder materials and especially for making intricate shapes. The machining has been performed through the use of pulse on, a pulse off, and an applied current. The experiments conducted under the supervision of Taguchi are designed to be performed according to the specified parameters and outputs. These variables are considered to be important in improving the performance of the process. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been adopted to examine the significance of the various factors on the preferred output. The results of this study can help the manufacturer improve the performance of the WEDM process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revolutionizing Electric Mobility: The Latest Breakthroughs in Tyre Design 革命性的电动交通:轮胎设计的最新突破

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0056

Jeyakumar Krishnakumar, Jaiganesh Subbian, Midhunkrishna C S

The increasing demand for electric mobility has brought about significant advancements in tyre design. This paper covers the latest developments in tyre design that cater specifically to the needs of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have unique performance characteristics that place greater emphasis on tyre requirements like High traction, Wear resistance, Low Cavity & pattern noise, Low Rolling resistance and High load carrying capacity. Hence, the tyre manufacturers have been working relentlessly to create advanced designs that can meet these requirements.

This paper will cover various aspects of tyre design, including tyre cavity, tread patterns, sidewall design, compound & reinforcement design, and various construction techniques. The tyre cavity and tread pattern play a crucial role in the overall performance of an EV. The new tyre cavity with flat tread and adaptive tread pattern are optimized to provide low rolling resistance, pattern noise reduction and enhanced dry and wet traction. Additionally, the use of advanced materials such as high-performance functionalized polymers and high tenacity reinforcements has led to the creation of low rolling resistance, lightweight and durable tyres that can withstand high power, acceleration, and braking torque on driving wheels of EVs. Furthermore, the construction techniques of EV tyres have also seen significant improvements for durability to handle heavy battery packs. In addition, this paper also highlights various enabling technology like the use of foam technology for cavity noise reduction and Sealant technology for Extended mobility.

In conclusion, this paper showcases the recent advancements in tyre design for EVs. The advancements in tyre design have enabled tyre manufacturers to create bespoke designs that cater to the specific needs of each EV model. These developments are crucial in promoting the adoption of electric mobility and improving the overall driving experience for EV users.

div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">对电动汽车日益增长的需求带来了轮胎设计的重大进步。本文介绍了专为满足电动汽车(ev)需求而设计的轮胎的最新发展。电动汽车具有独特的性能特点，更强调对轮胎的要求，如高牵引力、耐磨性、低空腔等。花纹噪声小，滚动阻力小，承载能力高。因此，轮胎制造商一直在不懈地努力创造先进的设计，以满足这些要求。</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">本文将涵盖轮胎设计的各个方面，包括轮胎腔，胎面图案，侧壁设计，复合材料&加固设计，以及各种施工技术。胎腔和胎面花纹对电动汽车的整体性能起着至关重要的作用。新的胎腔与平胎面和自适应胎面图案进行了优化，以提供低滚动阻力，减少图案噪音和增强干湿牵引力。此外，高性能功能化聚合物和高强度增强材料等先进材料的使用，创造了低滚动阻力、轻质耐用的轮胎，可以承受电动汽车驱动轮的高功率、加速度和制动扭矩。此外，电动汽车轮胎的构造技术也有了显著的改进，其耐用性可以处理重型电池组。此外，本文还重点介绍了各种使能技术，如使用泡沫技术来降低腔体噪音和使用密封剂技术来延长机动性能。div><div class="htmlview段落">最后，本文展示了电动汽车轮胎设计的最新进展。轮胎设计的进步使轮胎制造商能够创建定制设计，以满足每个电动汽车模型的特定需求。这些发展对于促进电动汽车的普及和改善电动汽车用户的整体驾驶体验至关重要。

{"title":"Revolutionizing Electric Mobility: The Latest Breakthroughs in Tyre Design","authors":"Jeyakumar Krishnakumar, Jaiganesh Subbian, Midhunkrishna C S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0056","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The increasing demand for electric mobility has brought about significant advancements in tyre design. This paper covers the latest developments in tyre design that cater specifically to the needs of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have unique performance characteristics that place greater emphasis on tyre requirements like High traction, Wear resistance, Low Cavity &amp; pattern noise, Low Rolling resistance and High load carrying capacity. Hence, the tyre manufacturers have been working relentlessly to create advanced designs that can meet these requirements.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This paper will cover various aspects of tyre design, including tyre cavity, tread patterns, sidewall design, compound &amp; reinforcement design, and various construction techniques. The tyre cavity and tread pattern play a crucial role in the overall performance of an EV. The new tyre cavity with flat tread and adaptive tread pattern are optimized to provide low rolling resistance, pattern noise reduction and enhanced dry and wet traction. Additionally, the use of advanced materials such as high-performance functionalized polymers and high tenacity reinforcements has led to the creation of low rolling resistance, lightweight and durable tyres that can withstand high power, acceleration, and braking torque on driving wheels of EVs. Furthermore, the construction techniques of EV tyres have also seen significant improvements for durability to handle heavy battery packs. In addition, this paper also highlights various enabling technology like the use of foam technology for cavity noise reduction and Sealant technology for Extended mobility.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In conclusion, this paper showcases the recent advancements in tyre design for EVs. The advancements in tyre design have enabled tyre manufacturers to create bespoke designs that cater to the specific needs of each EV model. These developments are crucial in promoting the adoption of electric mobility and improving the overall driving experience for EV users.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"21 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical Control Cable Modeling and Simulation to Predict the Load Loss and Deformation 机械控制电缆的建模与仿真，以预测载荷损失和变形

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0168

Prasanna Balaji Subbaiyan, Balaramakrishna Nizampatnam, Dinesh Redkar, Anand Sathusundarsingh, Balakrishnan Muniappan

Mechanical control cables or Bowden cables are widely used in various applications for push-pull actions of mechanical systems. In mid-segment tractors, the linkage systems are designed along with control cables to actuate controls such as throttle, braking, transmission shift, position control, etc. due to its design flexibility. Output force and travel efficiency are two major performance parameters that depend on the routing, cable design composition, friction material, load transfer, etc. Virtual simulations can be used to predict cable performance and efficiency. There are different methodologies currently used to model the cable. These available methods can accurately predict either performance or travel efficiency. There is no method available in-house to predict both these parameters.

In this paper, a new cable modeling method is proposed by authors using multi-body simulation (MBS) software MSC ADAMS. Outer composite cable sheath and translating wire are modeled using flex-body model neutral file (*mnf) generated from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS. These flex-bodies are uniquely connected to represent the entire cable. This modeling method is used for predicting cable performance.

To validate this method, the U-Bend test and tractor-level tests are performed to study cable force and travel on input and output ends. The correlation between measured and virtual simulation results is above 85%. This method can be used to model and analyze cable efficiency and performance.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">机械控制电缆或鲍登电缆广泛应用于各种机械系统的推拉动作。在中型拖拉机中，由于其设计的灵活性，连杆系统与控制电缆一起设计，以驱动油门、制动、换挡、位置控制等控制。输出力和行程效率是两个主要性能参数，取决于布线、电缆设计组成、摩擦材料、载荷传递等。虚拟仿真可以用来预测电缆的性能和效率。目前有不同的方法用于对电缆进行建模。这些可用的方法可以准确地预测性能或行程效率。目前国内还没有方法可以同时预测这两个参数。</div><div class=" htmlviewparagraph ">在本文中，作者利用多体仿真(MBS)软件MSC ADAMS提出了一种新的电缆建模方法。利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS生成的柔体模型中性文件(*mnf)对复合电缆外护套和平移导线进行建模。这些柔体是唯一连接的，代表整个电缆。该建模方法用于预测电缆性能。</div><div class="htmlview段落">为了验证该方法，进行了u型弯试验和拖拉机水平试验，以研究电缆在输入和输出端的受力和行程。实测结果与虚拟仿真结果的相关性在85%以上。该方法可用于模拟和分析电缆的效率和性能。

{"title":"Mechanical Control Cable Modeling and Simulation to Predict the Load Loss and Deformation","authors":"Prasanna Balaji Subbaiyan, Balaramakrishna Nizampatnam, Dinesh Redkar, Anand Sathusundarsingh, Balakrishnan Muniappan","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0168","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Mechanical control cables or Bowden cables are widely used in various applications for push-pull actions of mechanical systems. In mid-segment tractors, the linkage systems are designed along with control cables to actuate controls such as throttle, braking, transmission shift, position control, etc. due to its design flexibility. Output force and travel efficiency are two major performance parameters that depend on the routing, cable design composition, friction material, load transfer, etc. Virtual simulations can be used to predict cable performance and efficiency. There are different methodologies currently used to model the cable. These available methods can accurately predict either performance or travel efficiency. There is no method available in-house to predict both these parameters.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In this paper, a new cable modeling method is proposed by authors using multi-body simulation (MBS) software MSC ADAMS. Outer composite cable sheath and translating wire are modeled using flex-body model neutral file (*mnf) generated from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS. These flex-bodies are uniquely connected to represent the entire cable. This modeling method is used for predicting cable performance.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">To validate this method, the U-Bend test and tractor-level tests are performed to study cable force and travel on input and output ends. The correlation between measured and virtual simulation results is above 85%. This method can be used to model and analyze cable efficiency and performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modelling of an IPMSM Drive and Investigation of the Torque Ripple and THD with SVPWM and SPWM 基于SVPWM和SPWM的IPMSM驱动器建模及转矩脉动和THD研究

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0090

Sabarinathan Sannasi, Venkata Dhanababu Govvala, Markus Deutel

Electric vehicles (EV) require an electric motor with a better power density, greater efficiency, a wide constant power area, ease of control, and low costs. A real time control adapted electric motor design is necessary to meet these criteria. In this work, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) design was created from Ansys rotating machine expert and 2D model was developed in Ansys Maxwell based on various design parameters for the rotor and stator configuration, and the electromagnetic (EM) simulations are carried out in accordance with the essential required EV characteristics. Using Ansys Twin Builder, a model was made for the drive circuit, proportional integral (PI) speed controller, speed references, rotor position detection, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) / sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are used. This method demonstrates the investigation of the torque ripple and total hormonic distortion (THD) and shows the influence of SVPWM and SPWM techniques on torque ripple and THD. To realistically reflect the performance of the drive, coupled simulation of the IPMSM motor and drive with vector control system is used to analyze the IPMSM drive system through Ansys maxwell and Ansys Twin Builder environment during EM analysis. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the high feasibility of motor design and control strategy, that delivers the intended result and quick response with minimal torque ripple and distortion. According to the simulation findings at 10kHz, SVPWM technique has torque ripple 12.4% and THD in the input current and voltage to the motor are 4.0 and 38.4% respectively. But SPWM has torque ripple 28.5% and input current and voltage THD are 6.8 and 42.6% respectively. Investigation shows SVPWM method is more practical and effective for producing sine waves that deliver higher voltage and current to the load with minimal torque ripple and harmonic distortion.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">电动汽车(EV)要求电动机具有更好的功率密度、更高的效率、更宽的恒功率区域、易于控制和低成本。为了满足这些标准，需要一种适应于电动机设计的实时控制。利用Ansys旋转机械专家软件对内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)进行了设计，并在Ansys Maxwell软件中根据转子和定子结构的各种设计参数建立了二维模型，并根据所要求的基本EV特性进行了电磁仿真。利用Ansys Twin Builder对驱动电路进行建模，采用比例积分(PI)速度控制器、速度参考、转子位置检测和空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM) /正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)。该方法展示了转矩脉动和总激素畸变(THD)的研究，并展示了SVPWM和SPWM技术对转矩脉动和THD的影响。为了真实地反映驱动器的性能，在电磁分析中，通过Ansys maxwell和Ansys Twin Builder环境对IPMSM电机和驱动器进行耦合仿真，并结合矢量控制系统对IPMSM驱动系统进行分析。仿真结果表明，电机设计和控制策略具有很高的可行性，可以在最小的转矩脉动和畸变下实现预期的效果和快速响应。仿真结果表明，在10kHz时，SVPWM技术的转矩纹波为12.4%，电机输入电流和电压的THD分别为4.0和38.4%。SPWM的转矩纹波为28.5%，输入电流和电压THD分别为6.8和42.6%。研究表明，SVPWM方法在产生向负载提供更高电压和电流的正弦波时更为实用和有效，且转矩纹波和谐波畸变最小。

{"title":"Modelling of an IPMSM Drive and Investigation of the Torque Ripple and THD with SVPWM and SPWM","authors":"Sabarinathan Sannasi, Venkata Dhanababu Govvala, Markus Deutel","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0090","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Electric vehicles (EV) require an electric motor with a better power density, greater efficiency, a wide constant power area, ease of control, and low costs. A real time control adapted electric motor design is necessary to meet these criteria. In this work, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) design was created from Ansys rotating machine expert and 2D model was developed in Ansys Maxwell based on various design parameters for the rotor and stator configuration, and the electromagnetic (EM) simulations are carried out in accordance with the essential required EV characteristics. Using Ansys Twin Builder, a model was made for the drive circuit, proportional integral (PI) speed controller, speed references, rotor position detection, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) / sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are used. This method demonstrates the investigation of the torque ripple and total hormonic distortion (THD) and shows the influence of SVPWM and SPWM techniques on torque ripple and THD. To realistically reflect the performance of the drive, coupled simulation of the IPMSM motor and drive with vector control system is used to analyze the IPMSM drive system through Ansys maxwell and Ansys Twin Builder environment during EM analysis. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the high feasibility of motor design and control strategy, that delivers the intended result and quick response with minimal torque ripple and distortion. According to the simulation findings at 10kHz, SVPWM technique has torque ripple 12.4% and THD in the input current and voltage to the motor are 4.0 and 38.4% respectively. But SPWM has torque ripple 28.5% and input current and voltage THD are 6.8 and 42.6% respectively. Investigation shows SVPWM method is more practical and effective for producing sine waves that deliver higher voltage and current to the load with minimal torque ripple and harmonic distortion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of Silicon Carbide Dispersed Steel Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process 采用电弧增材制造技术开发碳化硅分散钢

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0126

Harshavardhana Natarajan, Akash Vincent

High-strength steel has several industrial applications such as automobile, tool and die, construction industries etc. However, it is challenging to achieve it. Various strengthening mechanisms, such as dispersion strengthening, alloying, grain boundary strengthening etc., plays a vital role in deciding the properties of the steel. At the industrial level, high-strength steel is produced by adding alloying elements such as Tungsten, Chromium, and Molybdenum in the steel matrix, increasing the high-strength steel cost. On the other hand, Wire Arc Additive manufacturing (WAAM) can produce dispersion strengthening in steel to mimic the properties of a high-strength steel matrix. The WAAM is a relatively low-cost additive manufacturing technology which uses a welding process to build up layers of material to fabricate the finished product. We have dispersed hard silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the mild steel matrix using the WAAM process in this work. SiC-dispersed steel's hardness is 28% higher than mild steel samples prepared by the WAAM process. The SEM micrograph shows the presence of dispersion of SiC in the steel matrix, which increases hardness compared to mild steel samples.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">高强度钢在汽车、工具模具、建筑等行业有多种应用。然而，实现这一目标是具有挑战性的。各种强化机制，如弥散强化、合金化、晶界强化等，对钢的性能起着至关重要的作用。在工业上，高强度钢是通过在钢基体中加入钨、铬、钼等合金元素来生产的，这增加了高强度钢的成本。另一方面，电弧增材制造(WAAM)可以在钢中产生弥散强化，以模拟高强度钢基体的性能。WAAM是一种相对低成本的增材制造技术，它使用焊接过程建立材料层来制造成品。本文采用WAAM工艺在低碳钢基体中分散了硬质碳化硅(SiC)颗粒。sic分散钢的硬度比WAAM法制备的低碳钢样品高28%。SEM显微图显示，SiC分散在钢基体中，与低碳钢样品相比，硬度增加。</div></div>

{"title":"Development of Silicon Carbide Dispersed Steel Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process","authors":"Harshavardhana Natarajan, Akash Vincent","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0126","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">High-strength steel has several industrial applications such as automobile, tool and die, construction industries etc. However, it is challenging to achieve it. Various strengthening mechanisms, such as dispersion strengthening, alloying, grain boundary strengthening etc., plays a vital role in deciding the properties of the steel. At the industrial level, high-strength steel is produced by adding alloying elements such as Tungsten, Chromium, and Molybdenum in the steel matrix, increasing the high-strength steel cost. On the other hand, Wire Arc Additive manufacturing (WAAM) can produce dispersion strengthening in steel to mimic the properties of a high-strength steel matrix. The WAAM is a relatively low-cost additive manufacturing technology which uses a welding process to build up layers of material to fabricate the finished product. We have dispersed hard silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the mild steel matrix using the WAAM process in this work. SiC-dispersed steel's hardness is 28% higher than mild steel samples prepared by the WAAM process. The SEM micrograph shows the presence of dispersion of SiC in the steel matrix, which increases hardness compared to mild steel samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Machine Learning Approach to Predict Bead Height and Width in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Sample 用机器学习方法预测焊丝电弧增材制造样品中焊头高度和宽度

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0145

Akash Vincent, Harshavardhana Natarajan

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a type of 3D printing technology which build up layer by layer material using welding to create a finished product. To this extent, we have developed the machine learning approach using the KNN regression model to predict the bead’s height and width of the E71T1 mild steel sample by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). We have conducted a systematic experimental study by varying the process parameters such as Voltage (V), Current (A) and wire feed rate (f), and the corresponding output value: height, and width of the bead are recorded. A total of 195 experiments were conducted, and the corresponding output values were noted. From the experimental data, 80% data was used to train the model, and 20% was used for testing the model. Further, the model’s accuracy was predicted using an independent set of test samples. This approach will enable us to efficiently identify the optimal set of process parameters at a short time duration and reduce the traditional experimental methods.

><div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">线弧增材制造(WAAM)是一种3D打印技术，通过焊接一层一层地构建材料以创建成品。在这种程度上，我们开发了使用KNN回归模型的机器学习方法，通过电弧增材制造(WAAM)预测E71T1低碳钢样品的头的高度和宽度。我们通过改变电压(V)、电流(a)、送丝速度(f)等工艺参数，进行了系统的实验研究，并记录了相应的输出值:焊头的高度、宽度。共进行了195次实验，并记录了相应的输出值。从实验数据中，80%的数据用于训练模型，20%的数据用于测试模型。此外，模型的准确性是使用一组独立的测试样本来预测的。该方法将使我们能够在短时间内有效地识别出最优的工艺参数集，并减少传统的实验方法。

引用次数: 0

Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Parameters of Sesbaniarostrata Fiber Reinforced Polycaprolactone Biodegradable Polyester Resin Composites 田菁岩纤维增强聚己内酯可生物降解聚酯树脂复合材料力学性能及钻进参数研究

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0073

K Raja, Karthik A, MS Senthil Kumar, Sampath P S

The requirement of the current scenario is to identify the sustainable material and process it into acceptable properties for current applications. The natural fiber is a prime sustainable material having the properties of biodegradability, plenty of availability, economical and adequate physical-mechanical property. Sesbania rostrata fiber is extracted from the stem of Sesbania rostrata plant which is cultivated along with Turmeric plants on 1000 acres annually as a nitrogen fixation plant. The fiber-reinforced composite is a tailor made material by altering the fiber and polymer weight proportion to achieve desired properties for applications. The natural fiber is a promising material to replace synthetic fiber to transform the composite into biodegradable. The making of holes in the biocomposite by the secondary process is essential for the assembly operation. The biocomposite was developed by reinforced Sesbania rostrata fiber in Polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer at the weight ratio of 20:80 and the mechanical properties and drilling parameters were investigated. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the biocomposite was increased by 68%, 28% and 20.6% respectively compared with PCL biopolymer. The biocomposite was drilled by 4 mm at spindle speeds of 300, 750, and 1800 rpm with feed rates of 0.05, 0.12, and 0.25 mm/rev to evaluate the thrust force and delamination properties. The results showed that increasing spindle speed and feed rate resulted in higher thrust force and increased delamination in the composites. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical properties and drilling behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber reinforced Polycaprolactone biodegradable composite and their potential use in various applications.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">当前场景的要求是识别可持续材料并将其加工成当前应用可接受的属性。天然纤维具有可生物降解性、可利用性强、经济性好和良好的物理力学性能，是一种优质的可持续材料。田菁纤维是从田菁植物的茎中提取的，该植物与姜黄植物一起种植，每年种植1000英亩，作为固氮植物。纤维增强复合材料是通过改变纤维和聚合物的重量比例来实现所需性能的定制材料。天然纤维是替代合成纤维使复合材料转化为生物可降解材料的一种很有前途的材料。通过二级工艺在生物复合材料中制造孔对于组装操作至关重要。采用聚己内酯(PCL)生物聚合物增强田葵纤维，制备了重量比为20:80的生物复合材料，并对其力学性能和钻孔参数进行了研究。与PCL生物聚合物相比，该生物复合材料的拉伸、弯曲和冲击强度分别提高了68%、28%和20.6%。在主轴转速分别为300、750和1800 rpm、进料速度分别为0.05、0.12和0.25 mm/rev的情况下，钻取4 mm的生物复合材料，以评估推力和分层性能。结果表明，主轴转速和进给速度的增加会导致推力增大，复合材料的分层现象加剧。本研究对田菁纤维增强聚己内酯可生物降解复合材料的力学性能和钻井性能及其在各种应用中的潜在用途提供了有价值的见解。

{"title":"Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Parameters of Sesbaniarostrata Fiber Reinforced Polycaprolactone Biodegradable Polyester Resin Composites","authors":"K Raja, Karthik A, MS Senthil Kumar, Sampath P S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The requirement of the current scenario is to identify the sustainable material and process it into acceptable properties for current applications. The natural fiber is a prime sustainable material having the properties of biodegradability, plenty of availability, economical and adequate physical-mechanical property. Sesbania rostrata fiber is extracted from the stem of Sesbania rostrata plant which is cultivated along with Turmeric plants on 1000 acres annually as a nitrogen fixation plant. The fiber-reinforced composite is a tailor made material by altering the fiber and polymer weight proportion to achieve desired properties for applications. The natural fiber is a promising material to replace synthetic fiber to transform the composite into biodegradable. The making of holes in the biocomposite by the secondary process is essential for the assembly operation. The biocomposite was developed by reinforced Sesbania rostrata fiber in Polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer at the weight ratio of 20:80 and the mechanical properties and drilling parameters were investigated. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the biocomposite was increased by 68%, 28% and 20.6% respectively compared with PCL biopolymer. The biocomposite was drilled by 4 mm at spindle speeds of 300, 750, and 1800 rpm with feed rates of 0.05, 0.12, and 0.25 mm/rev to evaluate the thrust force and delamination properties. The results showed that increasing spindle speed and feed rate resulted in higher thrust force and increased delamination in the composites. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical properties and drilling behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber reinforced Polycaprolactone biodegradable composite and their potential use in various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comprehensive Exergy Analysis of CI Engines with Hydrogen Injection for Enhanced Performance 为提高性能而采用氢喷射的CI发动机的综合火用分析

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0129

Praveena V, Deborah Stephen, Rajarajeswari R, Phavan Kumaar J S

This study aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine running on biodiesel. The tests are performed on a single-cylinder CI engine cooled by water, operating at a consistent speed of 1500 rpm. The torque load range varies from 0.01 kg to 18 kg, and hydrogen injection rates range from 4 litres per minute (lpm) to 10 lpm. The study focuses on evaluating the impact of hydrogen injection on various performance metrics, including exergetic efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and exhaust gas temperature. The findings reveal that hydrogen injection significantly improves the performance of the biodiesel-run CI engine. The highest improvement is observed at a hydrogen injection rate of 10 lpm, which results in a 5% decrease in BSFC, a 6% increase in brake thermal efficiency, and an exergetic efficiency of 25.3%. Furthermore, exergy analysis is conducted to assess the contribution of different components, such as shaft work, cooling water, exhaust gas availability, and entropy generation. The results demonstrate that hydrogen injection can be an effective strategy for enhancing the performance and sustainability of CI engines powered by biodiesel. Overall, this research provides information about the potential advantages of hydrogen injection for CI engines powered by biodiesel. The findings of this study will be useful for future investigations and creation of sustainable engine technologies.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">本研究旨在研究氢喷射对使用生物柴油的压缩点火(CI)发动机性能和排放的影响。测试是在一台单缸CI发动机上进行的，该发动机用水冷却，以1500转/分钟的恒定转速运行。扭矩负载范围从0.01 kg到18 kg，氢气喷射速度从每分钟4升到每分钟10升。该研究的重点是评估氢喷射对各种性能指标的影响，包括火用效率、制动热效率、制动比油耗(BSFC)、气缸压力、热释放率和排气温度。研究结果表明，氢注入显著提高了生物柴油发动机的性能。在氢气喷射速度为10 lpm时，性能得到了最大的改善，BSFC降低了5%，制动热效率提高了6%，火用效率提高了25.3%。此外，进行了火用分析，以评估不同组成部分的贡献，如竖井工作，冷却水，废气可用性和熵的产生。结果表明，氢喷射是提高生物柴油发动机性能和可持续性的有效策略。总的来说，这项研究为生物柴油驱动的内燃机提供了氢喷射的潜在优势。这项研究的结果将对未来可持续发动机技术的研究和创造有帮助。

{"title":"A Comprehensive Exergy Analysis of CI Engines with Hydrogen Injection for Enhanced Performance","authors":"Praveena V, Deborah Stephen, Rajarajeswari R, Phavan Kumaar J S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0129","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This study aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine running on biodiesel. The tests are performed on a single-cylinder CI engine cooled by water, operating at a consistent speed of 1500 rpm. The torque load range varies from 0.01 kg to 18 kg, and hydrogen injection rates range from 4 litres per minute (lpm) to 10 lpm. The study focuses on evaluating the impact of hydrogen injection on various performance metrics, including exergetic efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and exhaust gas temperature. The findings reveal that hydrogen injection significantly improves the performance of the biodiesel-run CI engine. The highest improvement is observed at a hydrogen injection rate of 10 lpm, which results in a 5% decrease in BSFC, a 6% increase in brake thermal efficiency, and an exergetic efficiency of 25.3%. Furthermore, exergy analysis is conducted to assess the contribution of different components, such as shaft work, cooling water, exhaust gas availability, and entropy generation. The results demonstrate that hydrogen injection can be an effective strategy for enhancing the performance and sustainability of CI engines powered by biodiesel. Overall, this research provides information about the potential advantages of hydrogen injection for CI engines powered by biodiesel. The findings of this study will be useful for future investigations and creation of sustainable engine technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0