SAE Technical Papers最新文献_第6页

Integration of Automatic Speed Reducers and Motion Stabilizers for Improved Turn Ability in Two-Wheelers 集成自动减速和运动稳定器以提高两轮车的转弯能力

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0120

Ragul S, Venkatesan Radhika Venugopal Jawahar, Rudra Venugopalan, Hariharan Sankarasubramanian

The operation of two-wheelers, or bikes, presents risks due to factors such as excessive speed, severe acceleration, and over-tilting, which may compromise the stability of the vehicle. This study proposes a solution to enhance ride safety and turn ability by integrating automatic speed reducers and a motion stabilizer, modelled using CATIA and designed from PVC material. The stabilizer is situated between the fork arms, holding a magnet, which initiates automatic braking when the magnet approaches the rim during a turn. We conducted three modes of testing, including no load and no angle, under magnetic load at zero angles, and under magnetic load at various angles in both lateral directions. Frequency data corresponding to the calculated speed was recorded using a spectrum analyzer, and we performed counterbalancing weight calculations to ensure stability. The results revealed a reduction in speed due to magnetic action. The objective was to design a setup that can be used for a safe two-wheeler ride while making a turn by reducing the speed. While it is true that the reduction in speed due to magnetic action in an Eddy current brake is an expected result, the unique contribution of our research lies in the application of this concept to enhance ride safety and turn ability in two-wheelers. This reduction in speed, although an expected outcome due to the magnetic action, was essential for improving stability and safety during turns. Future work will involve implementing this concept in a two-wheeler and conducting real-time testing while considering implementation challenges and reviewing relevant literature.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">由于速度过快、加速过快和过度倾斜等因素，两轮车或自行车的运行存在风险，这些因素可能会损害车辆的稳定性。本研究提出了一种通过集成自动减速机和运动稳定器来提高驾驶安全性和转弯能力的解决方案，该方案采用CATIA建模，采用PVC材料设计。稳定器位于叉臂之间，握着一块磁铁，当磁铁在转弯时接近轮辋时，就会启动自动制动。我们进行了三种模式的测试，分别是空载无角、零角磁载、横向各角度磁载。使用频谱分析仪记录计算速度对应的频率数据，并进行平衡权重计算以确保稳定性。结果显示，由于磁力作用，速度降低了。我们的目标是设计一种装置，可以用于安全的两轮车骑行，同时通过降低速度来转弯。由于涡流制动器中的磁作用而导致的速度降低确实是预期的结果，但我们研究的独特贡献在于将这一概念应用于提高两轮车的行驶安全性和转向能力。这种速度的降低，虽然是由于磁作用的预期结果，但对于提高转弯时的稳定性和安全性至关重要。未来的工作将包括在两轮车上实现这一概念，并在考虑实现挑战和审查相关文献的同时进行实时测试。

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引用次数: 0

Development of Organic Reinforcement Composite Materials for Brake Pads 刹车片用有机增强复合材料的研制

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0069

G Jamuna Rani, Chaitanya Sai Teja Konda, Srivalli Gollamudi, Naveen Babu Lakshmipuram

Commercial brake pads are being wind down because of asbestos fibre which causes carcinogenic effect. By observing it is obligatory to analyse about the alternate materials for brake pads additionally there are heaps of alternatives for asbestos furthermore to develop an organic composite material for brake pads using organic fibers including grind orange peel and banana peel as the reinforcement material. Disparate alternatives for filler materials and different binders such as epoxy resin, phenolic resin and distinctive organic materials used to alter the material for asbestos fiber and studied miscellaneous possible formulations and their effect on the performance of the brake pads by varying the reinforcement composition from 20% - 30%, binding material from 30% - 40%, filler materials as 17.5%, friction modifiers as 22.5%, and fabricated the material for brake pads using grinded orange peel and banana peel as reinforcement further performed hardness test and wear test to compare results among samples. The hardness is greater for the composition R 25% + EP 35%. And the same composition has less wear. The optimum content of reinforcement is 25% and for epoxy resin is 35%. In comparison between composite materials made with orange peel powder and banana peel powder as reinforcement, the samples made with banana peel powder has better braking performance than samples made with orange peel powder.

<div class="section摘要"><div class="htmlview段落">商用刹车片因含有石棉纤维而被逐步淘汰，石棉纤维具有致癌作用。通过观察，有必要对刹车片的替代材料进行分析，此外，石棉的替代品有很多，此外，利用磨碎的橙皮和香蕉皮等有机纤维作为增强材料，开发一种刹车片的有机复合材料。不同的填充材料替代品和不同的粘结剂，如环氧树脂、酚醛树脂和独特的有机材料，用于改变石棉纤维的材料，并研究了各种可能的配方及其对刹车片性能的影响，通过改变增强成分从20%到30%，粘结材料从30%到40%，填充材料为17.5%，摩擦改进剂为22.5%，并以磨碎的橙皮和香蕉皮为增强剂制备刹车片材料，并进行硬度试验和磨损试验，对比样品间的结果。当组合物R为25% + EP为35%时硬度较大。同样的成分磨损更少。增强剂的最佳掺量为25%，环氧树脂的最佳掺量为35%。对比以橙皮粉和香蕉皮粉为增强剂的复合材料，以香蕉皮粉为增强剂的复合材料的制动性能优于以橙皮粉为增强剂的复合材料。</div></div>

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of Energy Absorption and Deformation Characteristics of Aluminium Crash Box with the Effect of Groove along with a Screw 考虑螺旋槽效应的铝碰撞箱吸能及变形特性优化

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0089

Vignesh SK, Jaikumar Mayakrishnan, Peter König

The Crash box is the mechanical component that absorbs the impact energy by axial deformation. When an accident occurs, energy absorption and deformation play a vital role in the Automobile safety aspects, and also grooves and triggers are the ones included in the crash box for axial folding and uniform deformation. Here in this research paper, the energy absorption of kinetic energy and deformation parameter is going to be compared with the crash box with the groove at different thicknesses, also the groove is added through the vertical axis along with axial crush occurs. The modeling is done in Hyper mesh 2021 and the simulation and result validation in LS Dyna. The primary goal of this research project is to increase the crash box’s efficiency and enhance the crashworthiness and the passive safety of the passenger vehicle. It is also observed that the groove plays a vital role in reducing the acceleration transmitted to the surrounding area. The box sleeve with screw run through the groove first which almost absorbs 20% of impact energy and the remaining will be absorbed during full axial folding of the crash box. The rupture will happen along with the failure of the grooves when the screw moves, thus improving the energy absorption in the crash box, this kind of screw-type crash box was also easy to replace after the collision. Further, this simulation result will be compared with the crash box without a groove. The improvisation of crashworthiness in the crumple zone of the passenger car is the primary goal of this research. The research findings provide a valuable reference for the design of crash box constructions.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落"> Crash box是通过轴向变形吸收冲击能量的机械部件。当发生事故时，能量吸收和变形对汽车安全起着至关重要的作用，而碰撞箱中包含的沟槽和触发器是用于轴向折叠和均匀变形的。在本文中，我们将对具有不同厚度槽的碰撞箱的动能吸收和变形参数进行比较，并在发生轴向挤压时通过垂直轴添加槽。在Hyper mesh 2021中进行建模，在LS Dyna中进行仿真和结果验证。本课题研究的主要目标是提高碰撞箱的效率，提高乘用车的耐撞性和被动安全性。还观察到凹槽在减少传递到周围区域的加速度方面起着至关重要的作用。带螺杆的箱套首先穿过槽，几乎吸收了20%的冲击能量，剩余的冲击能量将在碰撞箱的全轴向折叠时被吸收。当螺杆运动时，随着凹槽的失效而发生破裂，从而提高了碰撞箱内的能量吸收，这种螺杆式碰撞箱在碰撞后也易于更换。并将仿真结果与无槽碰撞箱进行比较。乘用车皱缩区耐撞性的即时性是本研究的主要目标。研究结果为碰撞箱结构的设计提供了有价值的参考。

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引用次数: 0

Investigations on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Magnesium Alloy for Automobile Parts 汽车零部件用镁合金线切割加工的研究

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0155

Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Palanisamy D, V Kumar, Jothi Kiruthika, Vamsinath Polanki

Magnesium alloy, known for its high strength and lightweight properties, finds widespread utilization in various technical applications. Aerospace applications, such as fuselages and steering columns, are well-suited for their utilization. These materials are frequently employed in automotive components, such as steering wheels and fuel tank lids, due to their notable corrosion resistance. The performance of magnesium alloy components remains unimproved by normal manufacturing methods due to the inherent characteristics of the material. This work introduces a contemporary approach to fabricating complex geometries through the utilization of Wire-Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM). The material utilized in this study was magnesium alloy. The investigation also considered the input parameters associated with the Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) process, specifically the pulse duration and peak current. The findings of the study encompassed the material removal rate and surface roughness. Taguchi successfully employed a single aspect optimization technique to ascertain the ideal combination that would enhance the efficacy of the WEDM process. The findings of the investigation revealed that the proposed technique significantly improved the efficiency of the WEDM approach.

<div class="section摘要"><div class="htmlview段落">镁合金以其高强度和轻量化而著称，在各种技术应用中得到了广泛的应用。航空航天应用，如机身和操纵杆，非常适合它们的使用。由于具有显著的耐腐蚀性，这些材料经常用于汽车部件，如方向盘和油箱盖。由于镁合金材料的固有特性，用常规的制造方法无法提高镁合金部件的性能。这项工作介绍了一种当代的方法来制造复杂的几何形状，通过利用线切割加工(WEDM)。本研究使用的材料为镁合金。研究还考虑了与线切割加工(WEDM)工艺相关的输入参数，特别是脉冲持续时间和峰值电流。研究结果包括材料去除率和表面粗糙度。田口成功地利用单向优化技术确定了提高线切割加工效率的理想组合。研究结果表明，所提出的技术显著提高了电火花切割方法的效率。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of Tyre Ride Comfort Performance on Electric Vehicle 电动汽车轮胎平顺性研究

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0058

Jaiganesh Subbian, Saravanan M, Jeyakumar Krishnakumar, Pradeepkumar N

Over the last few years, the Electric Vehicle Market (EV’s) has experienced significant growth. One of the major challenges faced by electric vehicles is its tyre performance requirements. Reduced range, Increased vehicle weight, higher motor torque and absence of engine needs lower rolling resistance, higher load capacity, low tread wear & low noise tyre, respectively. All these demands will lower the ride comfort performance of the Electric Vehicle. The objective of this work is to investigate the impact of tyre parameters on the ride comfort performance of EV’s. Tyre construction, tread compound and tyre pressure have a significant impact on the ride comfort performance. Tests like drive point mobility, modal analysis and cleat test are conducted experimentally as well as using virtual tools, the ride comfort performance of tyres is evaluated. The results show that tyre construction and inflation pressure have major influence on the ride comfort performance of EV tyres. Finally, the influence of tyre parameters on its ride comfort requirements without major compromise on other performances are identified.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">在过去几年中，电动汽车市场(EV 's)经历了显著的增长。电动汽车面临的主要挑战之一是其轮胎性能要求。减少行驶里程，增加车辆重量，提高电机扭矩和没有发动机需要更低的滚动阻力，更高的负载能力，低胎面磨损。分别采用低噪音轮胎。这些需求都会降低电动汽车的乘坐舒适性。本研究的目的是研究轮胎参数对电动汽车平顺性的影响。轮胎结构、胎面化合物和轮胎压力对平顺性能有显著影响。通过试验和虚拟工具对轮胎进行了驱动点移动性、模态分析和清净测试，对轮胎的平顺性进行了评价。结果表明，轮胎结构和充气压力对电动汽车轮胎的平顺性有重要影响。最后，在不影响其他性能的前提下，确定了轮胎参数对平顺性要求的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Unlocking the Potential of Water-Blended Karanji Ester and EGR in CI Engines: A Micro-Explosion Effect Investigation 释放水混合卡兰吉酯和EGR在CI发动机中的潜力:微爆炸效应研究

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0074

Gnana Sagaya Raj, R L Krupakaran, Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Thangaraja Jeyaseelan

Biodiesel, which is made from the methyl ester of vegetable oils, is becoming more and more popular as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines because it is good for the environment and can be used as a replacement fuel without making major changes to the engine. Biodiesel offers several key advantages, including its ready availability, environment friendly and its ability to contribute to lower carbondioxide levels in the atmosphere. An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)-equipped Kirloskar compression ignition engine is used in this research to examine the influence of micro-explosions on the reduction of nitrogen oxides and smoke. The fuel chosen is Karanji oil methyl ester. The experiment involved varying the exhaust gas quantity in increments of 5%, ranging from 5% to 15%, as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is recognized as an effective technique for reducing NOx emissions. Similarly, the study also adjusted the water content, ranging from 5% to 15% in 5% increments. It has been shown that adding water to diesel fuel is an efficient and cheap way to cut down on pollution since it reduces the production of harmful nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and smoke. According to the test results, water mixed diesel fuel and EGR technology achieved a significant decrease in NO_x by 66.23 percent and smoke emissions by 50 percent with a 2.5 percent compromise in thermal efficiency.

<div class="section摘要"><div class="htmlview段落">生物柴油是由植物油的甲酯制成的燃料，由于它对环境有益，并且可以作为替代燃料而不需要对发动机进行重大改变，因此作为压缩点火发动机的替代燃料越来越受欢迎。生物柴油有几个关键的优势，包括它的现成可用性、环境友好性和降低大气中二氧化碳含量的能力。本文采用装有废气再循环装置的Kirloskar压缩点火发动机，研究了微爆炸对氮氧化物和烟雾减少的影响。选用的燃料为卡兰吉油甲酯。由于废气再循环(EGR)被认为是减少氮氧化物排放的有效技术，因此实验涉及以5%的增量改变废气量，范围从5%到15%。同样，该研究还调整了水分含量，以5%的增量从5%到15%不等。已经证明，在柴油中加水是一种有效而廉价的减少污染的方法，因为它减少了有害的氮氧化物(NO<sub>x</sub>)和烟雾的产生。试验结果表明，水混合柴油和EGR技术实现了NO<sub>x</sub>减少66.23%，烟雾排放量减少50%，热效率降低2.5%。</div> /div>

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical and Microstructure Analysis of Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Dissimilar Duplex UNS32205 and Austenitic AISI 321 Stainless Steel Joints 脉冲电流钨极电弧焊不同双相UNS32205与奥氏体AISI 321不锈钢接头的力学与显微组织分析

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0076

S Praveen Kumar, Naveen Kilari

Dissimilar metal welding (DMW) gives a distinctive and complex process because each zone in the different welding area has unique structures and characteristics. The customized weld zone has a unique structure and may have a heating effect on weld metal properties. DMW is used in aerospace, marine, oil refineries, petrochemical industries, power plants including nuclear and other engineering applications due to economic considerations and offered lightweight in design. This paper's main objective is to investigate the microstructure evolution and impact strength of a joint Austenitic AISI 321 plates and Duplex UNS32205 stainless steel welded using pulsed current GTAW (PCGTAW). The base plates were joined by ER2209 filler metal and the microstructure of base and weld metal zones was observed. The selected filler metal was a duplex in nature and contains equal ratio of austenite and ferrite phase in the different weld metal zones of UNS32205 and AISI 321 weldments. The fractography studies of dissimilar joints UNS32205 and AISI 321 were done and investigated through scanning electron microscopic (SEM). Pipe joints in oil and gas and petrochemical industries make use of bimetallic combinations of different stainless steels.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">异种金属焊接(DMW)由于不同焊接区域的每个区域都具有独特的结构和特征，因此呈现出一种独特而复杂的焊接过程。定制焊接区具有独特的结构，并可能对焊缝金属性能产生加热效应。DMW用于航空航天，船舶，炼油厂，石化工业，发电厂，包括核电和其他工程应用，由于经济方面的考虑，并提供轻量化的设计。本文的主要目的是研究脉冲电流GTAW (PCGTAW)焊接奥氏体AISI 321板与双相UNS32205不锈钢的微观组织演变和冲击强度。用ER2209填充金属连接基板，观察了基板和焊缝区的显微组织。所选择的钎料为双相钎料，在UNS32205和AISI 321的不同焊缝金属区含有等比例的奥氏体和铁素体相。采用扫描电镜对不同接头UNS32205和AISI 321的断口形貌进行了研究。石油、天然气和石化行业的管道接头使用不同不锈钢的双金属组合。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of ZrO <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Loading on the Tribo-Mechanical Behavior of Magnesium Alloy Nanocomposites ZrO <sub>2</sub>纳米颗粒对镁合金纳米复合材料摩擦力学行为的影响

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0130

Chandradass J, Thirugnanasambandham T, R Rajendran, Palanivendhan Murugadoss

Magnesium alloy nanocomposite prepared with hard ceramic particles via conventional technique is a promising future material for automotive applications due to its unique characteristics like low density, high strength, castability, and good wear resistance. The present study is to enhance the tribo-mechanical properties of alumina nanoparticle (10wt %) reinforced magnesium alloy (Mg/Al) composite by incorporating 1wt%, 3wt%, and 5wt% zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles through stir casting method. The tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, and wear rate of developed composites were compared with (10wt %) alumina nanoparticles reinforced magnesium alloy composite. The nanocomposite containing 3wt% ZrO₂ shows maximum impact strength of 22.8 J/mm². The maximum tensile strength (88.9MPa), hardness (124.5BHN), and wear resistance (9.802mm³/m at 20N) are obtained for 5wt% ZrO₂ magnesium alloy nanocomposite.

>< > div class="htmlview段落">由硬质陶瓷颗粒经常规工艺制备的镁合金纳米复合材料具有低密度、高强度、可浇注性和良好的耐磨性等特点，是一种很有前途的汽车材料。本研究通过搅拌铸造的方法，加入1wt%、3wt%和5wt%的二氧化锆(ZrO<sub>2</sub>)纳米颗粒，以提高氧化铝纳米颗粒(10wt %)增强镁合金(Mg/Al)复合材料的摩擦力学性能。将复合材料的抗拉强度、冲击韧性、硬度和磨损率与(10wt %)氧化铝纳米颗粒增强镁合金复合材料进行比较。纳米复合材料含有3wt% ZrO<sub>2</sub>最大冲击强度为22.8 J/mm<sup>2</sup>在5wt% ZrO<sub>2</sub>时获得最大抗拉强度(88.9MPa)、硬度(124.5BHN)和耐磨性(20N时9.802mm<sup>3</sup>/m)。镁合金纳米复合材料</div></div>

引用次数: 0

Application of Taguchi Based ANFIS Approach in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Haste Alloy C276 for Automobile Applications 基于田口的ANFIS方法在汽车用急速合金C276线切割加工中的应用

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0167

Thejasree Pasupuleti, Manikandan Natarajan, Balamurugan R, PC Krishnamachary, Lakshmi Narasimhamu Katta, Jothi Kiruthika

Superalloys, also known as nickel alloys, are widely employed in a wide variety of engineering applications, including the creation of parts for the chemical processing industry and appliances for the food processing industry. Their high heat conductivity and strength, among other characteristics, make them challenging to machine using traditional techniques. Instead, cutting-edge techniques are typically created for the milling of such tougher materials. In this study, we use a modern method called wire electrical discharge machining, which is typically used for working with tougher materials. In order to anticipate WEDM variables, this paper aims to create a Grey-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System. The paper uses a Taguchi method to investigate the model’s varying inputs. The purpose of this model is to visualize the process’s varying performance characteristics. The model’s projected values have been compared to the experimental data, and it has been shown that the two sets of numbers are quite closely related. Developed model’s capabilities have been validated through rigorous testing, allowing the maker to make informed judgments.

><div class="section摘要"><div class="htmlview段落">高温合金，又称镍合金，广泛应用于各种各样的工程应用，包括为化学加工业制造零件和为食品加工业制造器具。它们的高导热性和强度以及其他特性使得使用传统技术进行加工具有挑战性。相反，尖端技术通常用于铣削这种更坚硬的材料。在这项研究中，我们使用了一种称为线材放电加工的现代方法，这种方法通常用于处理较硬的材料。为了预测电火花线切割加工的变量，本文旨在建立基于灰色的人工神经网络(ANN)模型和自适应神经模糊推理系统。本文使用田口方法来研究模型的不同输入。该模型的目的是可视化流程的不同性能特征。将模型的预估值与实验数据进行了比较，结果表明，这两组数据非常密切相关。开发的模型的性能已通过严格的测试验证，使制造商能够做出明智的判断。

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引用次数: 0

Design of Solar Power Propagation using Silicon Nanowire Photonic Crystals for Electric Vehicles 电动汽车用硅纳米线光子晶体太阳能传输的设计

Q3 Engineering

SAE Technical Papers

Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0093

Geetha P

Photonic crystals are materials for controlling and manipulating the light flow. Nano photonic devices deal with behavior of the light in the nanomaterial and devices. It works on the interaction of nano devices with light. They are periodic structures with different refractive indices. The wave guides can be constructed will have sharp and low-loss bending enabling high integration density of several orders of magnitude. On silicon surfaces, nano- and microstructures are created to lower reflection and increase light absorption. It can be applied to enhance infrared (IR) bolometer applications based on MEMS. In this work Silicon nanowires photonic crystals are grown and the electric characteristics and frequency characteristics are modeled, simulated and studied using finite element method. Waveguide is created by removing a set of wires making a path for signal flow for the frequency within the band gap. It is observed that depending on the displacements of the nanowires, waves of particular frequency range is getting reflected which is photonic band gap. The infrared response of silicon nanowires for the IR range (2.5 - 20m), the broadband infrared absorption is found to be boosted by around 2.5 to 3 times when compared to that of polished silicon. The Si nanowires IR sensitivity offers exciting prospective uses as a wideband IR absorbing/sensing mate.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview段落">光子晶体是控制和操纵光流的材料。纳米光子器件研究的是光在纳米材料和器件中的行为。它的工作原理是纳米设备与光的相互作用。它们是具有不同折射率的周期性结构。波导可以构造为具有尖锐和低损耗的弯曲，从而实现几个数量级的高积分密度。在硅表面，纳米和微结构被创造出来以降低反射和增加光吸收。它可以用于增强基于MEMS的红外(IR)测热仪的应用。本文采用有限元方法对硅纳米线光子晶体的电特性和频率特性进行了建模、模拟和研究。波导是通过去除一组导线，使信号流在带隙内的频率路径。观察到，随着纳米线的位移，特定频率范围的波被反射，这是光子带隙。在红外范围内(2.5 ~ 20m)，硅纳米线的红外响应发现，与抛光硅相比，宽带红外吸收提高了约2.5 ~ 3倍。硅纳米线红外灵敏度提供了令人兴奋的前景应用作为宽带红外吸收/传感伴侣。

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引用次数: 0