Antibodies have transformed biomedical research and are now being used for different experimental applications. Generally, the interaction of enzymes with their specific antibodies can lead to a reduction in their enzymatic activity. The effect of the antibody is dependent on its narrow i.e. the regions of the enzyme to which it is directed. The mechanism of this inhibition is rarely a direct combination of the antibodies with the catalytic site, but is rather due to steric hindrance, barring the substrate access to the active site. In several systems, however, the interaction with the antibody induces conformational changes on the enzyme that can either inhibit or enhance its catalytic activity. The extent of enzyme inhibition or enhancement is, therefore, a reflection of the nature and distribution of the various antigenic determinants on the enzyme molecule. Currently, the mode of action of many enzymes has been elucidated at the molecular level. We here review the molecular mechanisms and recent trends by which antibodies inhibit the catalytic activity of enzymes and provide examples of how specific antibodies can be useful for the neutralization of biologically active molecules.
Out of seven Fusarium spp. isolated from infected faba bean roots, two Fusarium oxysporum were selected and showed faba bean-wilt disease severity with percentages of 68% and 47% under greenhouse conditions. The F. oxysporum showed the highest wilt disease was selected to complete the current study. Three rhizobacterial strains were isolated and identified as Bacillus velezensis Vb1, B. paramycoides Vb3, and B. paramycoides Vb6. These strains showed the highest in-vitro antagonistic activity by the dual-culture method against selected F. oxysporum with inhibition percentages of 59±0.2, 46±0.3, and 52±0.3% for Vb1, Vb3, and Vb6, respectively. These rhizobacterial strains exhibit varied activity for nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing. Moreover, these strains showed positive results for ammonia, HCN, and siderophores production. The phytohormones production (indole-3-acetic acid, ABA, benzyl, kinten, ziaten, and GA3) and secretion of various lytic enzymes were recorded by these strains with varying degrees. Under greenhouse conditions, the rhizobacterial strains Vb1, Vb3, Vb6, and their consortium can protect faba bean from wilt caused by F. oxysporum with percentages of 70, 60, 65, and 82%, respectively. Under field conditions, the inoculation with the rhizobacterial consortium (Vb1+Vb3+Vb6) significantly increases the growth performance of the F. oxysporum-infected faba bean plant and recorded the highest wilt protection (83.3%).
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