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Cost-benefit analysis of adopting the solar photovoltaic water pumping system: A case of Rajasthan 采用太阳能光伏抽水系统的成本效益分析:以拉贾斯坦邦为例
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-002002
K. Muniyoor
Rajasthan, the largest state in India, occupies 10.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the country, although about two-thirds of its area is arid. The state has a predominantly agrarian economy, and agriculture is the mainstay of about two-thirds of the workforce. Interestingly, only 28 per cent of the net cultivable area in the state is irrigated, compared to the national average of 49.8 per cent. With the aim to improve irrigation facilities and increase agricultural productivity, the state government implemented the solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) in 2008-09 as an appropriate alternative to grid-connected water pumping. The aim of this paper is to assess the costs and benefits of adopting the SPVWPS using data from a field survey of 126 households. The findings show that use of the SPVWPS offers substantial benefits to adopters in the long run. In addition, government subsidy plays a major role in determining the payback period of adopters' investment in the scheme. The paper suggests that, alongside timely implementation of the scheme, the government should facilitate domestic manufacturing of solar cells and panels to fully harness social benefits of the SPVWPS.
拉贾斯坦邦(Rajasthan)是印度最大的邦,占该国总地理面积的10.5%,尽管约三分之二的地区是干旱地区。该州以农业经济为主,农业是约三分之二劳动力的支柱。有趣的是,与49.8%的全国平均水平相比,该邦只有28%的净可耕种面积得到灌溉。为了改善灌溉设施和提高农业生产力,该邦政府在2008-09年实施了太阳能光伏抽水系统(SPVWPS),作为电网抽水的合适替代方案。本文的目的是利用对126户家庭的实地调查数据来评估采用SPVWPS的成本和收益。研究结果表明,从长远来看,SPVWPS的使用为采用者提供了实质性的好处。此外,政府补贴在决定采用者投资回收期方面起着重要作用。该论文建议,除了及时实施该计划外,政府还应该促进太阳能电池和电池板的国内制造,以充分利用SPVWPS的社会效益。
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引用次数: 0
From production to consumption: An inter-sectoral analysis of air emissions external costs in Italy 从生产到消费:意大利空气排放外部成本的跨部门分析
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-002007
Andrea Molocchi
Aim of the paper is to attempt an estimate of the air emissions external costs related to activity sectors in Italy with both a production and demand perspective and to explore possible appli-cations of the approach in public policies. This is done by adopting an environmentally ex-tended national input-output modelling (about 20 substances are covered, among which CO2 emissions) and law recognized methods for calculating air emissions external costs in Italy. The external costs resulting from this exercise on 2015 emissions sum up to € 77.4 billion, € 51.7 billion of which are related to all economy sectors of activity, while € 25.7 billion are due to household activities. Total external costs of air emissions embodied in final demand sum up to 53.0 billion euro in 2015 if total activated production is considered (including external costs embodied in imports), while they decrease to 36.1 billion euro if only domestic activated pro-duction is considered (assuming zero external costs embodied in imports). The specific exter-nal costs embodied in final demand, calculated for each sector through input-output analysis, are then compared with the specific external costs of direct emissions of the same sector pro-duction, highlighting the additional information provided by input-output analysis: many branches with relatively low direct external costs show much higher external costs when the supply chain branches are included in the assessment. A final chapter discusses the main poli-cy application areas of the suggested approach, focusing particularly on national environmental fiscal reform, company level environmental management, public investments planning and sustainable finance.
本文的目的是试图从生产和需求的角度估计意大利活动部门的空气排放外部成本,并探索该方法在公共政策中的可能应用。这是通过采用环保的国家投入产出模型(涵盖约20种物质,其中包括二氧化碳排放)和法律认可的方法来计算意大利的空气排放外部成本来实现的。2015年这项活动产生的外部成本总计774亿欧元,其中517亿欧元与所有经济活动部门有关,257亿欧元与家庭活动有关。如果考虑总的激活生产(包括进口中体现的外部成本),2015年最终需求中体现的空气排放的外部总成本总计为530亿欧元,而如果仅考虑国内激活生产(假设进口中体现零外部成本)则降至361亿欧元。通过投入产出分析为每个部门计算的最终需求中体现的具体外部成本,然后与同一部门生产的直接排放的具体外部费用进行比较,强调投入产出分析提供的额外信息:当供应链分支机构被纳入评估时,许多直接外部成本相对较低的分支机构显示出更高的外部成本。最后一章讨论了建议方法的主要政策应用领域,特别侧重于国家环境财政改革、公司层面的环境管理、公共投资规划和可持续金融。
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引用次数: 2
Economic regulation of waste management utilities: Taking stock of the Italian reform 废物管理公用事业的经济规制:意大利改革的评估
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-002001
A. Massarutto
Since 2018, the economic regulation of Italian municipal waste utilities is attributed to an inde-pendent authority, ARERA. This original model is supposed to facilitate the transition towards the circular economy paradigm, that associates demanding public service obligations to recy-cling and valorization of waste, in the context of a vertically-integrated industry with a wide differentiation of conditions and maturity throughout the country. This paper analyzes the ex-perience of the first two years and discusses the outcomes reached. We start from a discussion of the fundamental economic characteristics of the waste management industry and of how the circular economy paradigm has radically changed it, raising rather new regulatory issues. We next analyze the structure of the Italian municipal waste management industry and its trajecto-ries of evolution face to the challenge to achieve the demanding targets imposed by the EU Circular Economy Package. We present then the regulatory approach adopted by ARERA in the first regulatory period (2020-2021) and discuss its advantages and drawbacks, based on the experience made in the early phase of its implementation.
自2018年以来,意大利城市垃圾公用事业的经济监管归属于一个独立的权威机构ARERA。这种原始模式旨在促进向循环经济范式的过渡,在全国范围内条件和成熟度差异很大的垂直整合行业的背景下,将要求苛刻的公共服务义务与废物的回收和增值联系起来。本文分析了前两年的经验,并讨论了取得的成果。我们首先讨论了废物管理行业的基本经济特征,以及循环经济范式如何从根本上改变了它,提出了相当新的监管问题。接下来,我们将分析意大利城市垃圾管理行业的结构及其演变轨迹,以实现欧盟循环经济一揽子计划所规定的苛刻目标。然后,我们介绍了ARERA在第一个监管期(2020-2021年)采用的监管方法,并根据其实施早期阶段的经验讨论了其优点和缺点。
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引用次数: 0
Linking energy consumption with economic growth: Rwanda as a case study 将能源消费与经济增长联系起来:以卢旺达为例
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-002008
Gerard Bikorimana, Charles Rutikanga, Didier Mwizerwa
This paper analyzes the link between energy consumption and economic growth in Rwanda for the period 1985-2017. The ARDL bounds test was used to test for the existence of co-integration, while the Toda and Yamamoto granger causality test was applied to test for causal direction. The results from the estimation of the ARDL bounds test showed that there was no evidence of co-integration between the considered variables under study. Additionally, the empirical findings confirmed that there was no relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Rwanda. The findings supported the "neutrality hypothesis" between energy consumption and economic growth. This implies that neither conservative nor expansive policies in relation to energy consumption have any effect on economic growth. Furthermore, the study found a uni-directional granger causality running from energy consumption to economic growth. The results of this findings are consistent with the "growth hypothesis" which postulates that energy consumption leads to economic growth
本文分析了1985-2017年期间卢旺达能源消费与经济增长之间的联系。ARDL界检验用于检验协整的存在,而Toda和Yamamoto granger因果关系检验用于检验因果方向。ARDL边界检验的估计结果表明,没有证据表明所研究的变量之间存在协整。此外,实证结果证实,卢旺达的经济增长与能源消耗之间没有关系。研究结果支持了能源消耗和经济增长之间的“中性假说”。这意味着,无论是保守的还是扩张的能源消费政策都不会对经济增长产生任何影响。此外,该研究发现了从能源消耗到经济增长的单向格兰杰因果关系。这一发现的结果与“增长假说”一致,该假说假定能源消耗会导致经济增长
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引用次数: 0
Determinants and barriers of PV self-consumption in Spain from the perception of the installers for the promotion of distributed energy systems 从安装商对推广分布式能源系统的看法来看西班牙光伏自耗的决定因素和障碍
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-001007
José Ángel Gimeno, Eva Llera Sastresa, Sabina Scarpellini
Currently, self-consumption and distributed energy facilities are considered as viable and sustainable solutions in the energy transition scenario within the European Union. In a low carbon society, the exploitation of renewables for self-consumption is closely tied to the energy market at the territorial level, in search of a compromise between competitiveness and the sustainable exploitation of resources. Investments in these facilities are highly sensitive to the existence of favourable conditions at the territorial level, and the energy policies adopted in the European Union have contributed positively to the distributed renewables development and the reduction of their costs in the last decade. However, the number of the installed facilities is uneven in the European Countries and those factors that are more determinant for the investments in self-consumption are still under investigation. In this scenario, this paper presents the main results obtained through the analysis of the determinants in self-consumption investments from a case study in Spain, where the penetration of this type of facilities is being less relevant than in other countries. As a novelty of this study, the main influential drivers and barriers in self-consumption are classified and analysed from the installers’ perspective. On the basis of the information obtained from the installers involved in the installation of these facilities, incentives and barriers are analysed within the existing legal framework and the potential specific lines of the promotion for the effective deployment of self-consumption in an energy transition scenario.
目前,在欧洲联盟的能源转型设想中,自我消费和分布式能源设施被认为是可行和可持续的解决方案。在低碳社会中,可再生能源的自我消费开发与领土层面的能源市场密切相关,以寻求竞争力和资源可持续开发之间的妥协。对这些设施的投资对领土一级有利条件的存在高度敏感,欧洲联盟通过的能源政策在过去十年中为分布式可再生能源的发展和成本的降低做出了积极贡献。然而,欧洲国家的安装设施数量参差不齐,那些对自我消费投资更具决定性的因素仍在调查中。在这种情况下,本文介绍了通过分析西班牙案例研究中自我消费投资的决定因素而获得的主要结果,西班牙的这类设施的渗透率不如其他国家。作为本研究的一个新颖之处,从安装者的角度对自我消费的主要影响因素和障碍进行了分类和分析。根据从参与安装这些设施的安装人员那里获得的信息,在现有法律框架内分析了激励措施和障碍,并分析了在能源转型情景下促进有效部署自我消费的潜在具体途径。
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引用次数: 1
Effects of temperature on economic attractiveness and airborne emissions' external costs of large battery electric and diesel delivery vans 温度对大型电池电动和柴油送货车的经济吸引力和空气排放外部成本的影响
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-001006
A. Giordano, H. Matthews, P. Fischbeck, P. Baptista
Past studies have shown that public support for battery electric (BEV) vans is justified by their emission external cost savings compared to their diesel equivalent. This study builds on this previous work and focuses on temperature effects on costs and energy use of large BEV and diesel vans. The authors find that temperature effect has relatively small private costs, when compared to the overall operational costs. However, it could reduce large BEV vans’ average range by up to 20% in cold cities. Pre-heating the vans could mitigate these negative effects by 5-10%, 90-95% and 100% for 23.4, 46.8 and 70.2 kWh large BEV vans, respectively. Hence, policy makers should adopt different strategies according to city temperature profiles, prioritiz-ing subsidies to charging stations in cold cities.
过去的研究表明,公众对纯电动货车的支持是合理的,因为与柴油车相比,纯电动货车可以节省排放外部成本。这项研究建立在之前的工作基础上,重点关注温度对大型纯电动汽车和柴油货车成本和能源使用的影响。作者发现,与整体运营成本相比,温度效应的私人成本相对较小。然而,在寒冷的城市,它可以将大型纯电动汽车的平均续航里程减少20%。对于23.4、46.8和70.2千瓦时的大型纯电动汽车,对面包车进行预热可以分别减轻5-10%、90-95%和100%的负面影响。因此,政策制定者应该根据城市温度状况采取不同的策略,优先考虑对寒冷城市充电站的补贴。
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引用次数: 1
Mobility, energy, environment and disruptive innovation: Challenges, opportunities and perspective for new sustainable integrated approaches to planning 流动性、能源、环境和颠覆性创新:新的可持续综合规划方法的挑战、机遇和前景
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-001001
Gabriele Grea, G. Besagni, M. Borgarello
The transport sector represents approximately 30% of the final energy consumption in the Eu-ropean Union. Cars, trucks and light vehicles are responsible for 70% of the final energy con-sumed in the transport sector (source: Eurostat). The process of decarbonisation of mobility is represented by a combination of technological, behavioural and policy dynamics to be effec-tively fostered and combined in order to maximise their impact. The introduction provides a review of the main mobility and energy integrated planning ap-proaches represented by Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) and Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans (SECAPs), as well as a brief overview of the expected impacts of disruptive innovation and their inclusion in the revised approach towards mobility planning in Europe. This picture provides the framework for the presentation of the papers selected for the 2020 EPEE special issue on sustainable mobility, and their contribution to the progress of economic research to increase the knowledge of innovation trends that strongly influence the evolution of urban mobility networks.
运输部门约占欧盟最终能源消耗的30%。汽车、卡车和轻型汽车占运输部门最终能源消耗的70%(来源:欧盟统计局)。流动性脱碳的过程以技术、行为和政策动态的结合为代表,要有效地促进和结合,以最大限度地发挥其影响。引言回顾了以可持续城市交通计划(SUMP)和可持续能源和气候行动计划(SECAP)为代表的主要交通和能源综合规划方法,并简要概述了颠覆性创新的预期影响及其在欧洲交通规划修订方法中的包含。这张图片为2020年EPEE关于可持续流动性的特刊所选论文的介绍提供了框架,以及它们对经济研究进展的贡献,以增加对强烈影响城市流动网络演变的创新趋势的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Asymmetric impact of oil price shocks on selected macroeconomic variables: NARDL exposition 石油价格冲击对选定宏观经济变量的不对称影响:NARDL阐述
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-001008
Omoke Philip Chimobi, Uche Emmanuel
The preoccupation of this study is to give empirical explanations to the existing relationship between oil price dynamics and some selected macroeconomic variables in Nigeria. Specifical-ly, it seeks to identify if the impacts of the changing oil prices on output, investment and un-employment is symmetric or asymmetric. Monthly time series data used in the research was subjected to a nonlinear analysis through the newly developed NARDL. To that effect, our findings reveal that changes in oil prices has asymmetric effects on the chosen macroeconomic variables. Our findings call for different policy formulations for up and down swings in oil prices
本研究的重点是为尼日利亚石油价格动态与一些选定的宏观经济变量之间的现有关系提供实证解释。具体来说,它试图确定油价变化对产出、投资和失业的影响是对称的还是不对称的。研究中使用的月度时间序列数据通过新开发的NARDL进行非线性分析。为此,我们的研究结果表明,油价的变化对所选择的宏观经济变量具有不对称影响。我们的研究结果要求针对油价的上下波动制定不同的政策
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引用次数: 5
Policy measures for electric vehicle adoption. A review of evidence from Norway and China 采用电动汽车的政策措施。挪威和中国证据综述
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-001003
Saiful Hasan, T. Mathisen
Purpose To mitigate energy and environmental challenges, several countries worldwide are considering different policies to promote the use of electric vehicles (EVs). Consequently, the necessity of studies focusing on the important and effective EV policy measures are develop-ing as policymakers are seeking to prioritize the policy measures based on their usefulness to achieve mass EV adoption. This study reviews evidence from China and Norway to identify factors that could substantially accelerate demand for EVs. Method We emphasize the cases of Norway and China, as these countries have already initiat-ed incentive-strong policies to accelerate EV's acceptance in their market and have succeeded considerably in improving their EV market share during the early adoption phases. The find-ings and discussion of this study is principally based on the reviewed literature of related poli-cy measures and two cases of successful EV uptake policies, Findings The evidence points at the significance of EV policy measures such as purchase-based and use-based incentives, availability of publicly accessible charging infrastructures, availability of EVs in the local market and collective communication measures. As findings, we have developed a general framework of essential EV policy measures. The reviewed litera-ture and cases suggest that publicly accessible charging infrastructures and financial incentives play crucial role in uptake. Conclusion Our study suggests that to accelerate EV penetration in the market, it is required the policymakers to pay more attention to the policy measures included in our general frame-work. However, the magnitude of the influences and interplay between these policy measures may differ between regions and on the context. Hence, policymakers should reconsider and restructure the EV polices after a certain level of EV-uptake is realized in the market.
目的为了缓解能源和环境挑战,世界上几个国家正在考虑不同的政策来促进电动汽车的使用。因此,随着政策制定者寻求根据政策措施对实现大规模电动汽车采用的有用性来确定政策措施的优先顺序,关注重要和有效电动汽车政策措施的研究的必要性正在发展。这项研究回顾了来自中国和挪威的证据,以确定可能大幅加速电动汽车需求的因素。方法我们强调挪威和中国的情况,因为这些国家已经启动了强有力的激励政策,以加快电动汽车在其市场上的接受,并在早期采用阶段成功地提高了其电动汽车的市场份额。本研究的发现和讨论主要基于相关政策措施的文献综述和两个成功的电动汽车使用政策案例。研究结果。证据表明电动汽车政策措施的重要性,如基于购买和使用的激励措施、公共充电基础设施的可用性,电动汽车在当地市场的可用性和集体沟通措施。作为调查结果,我们制定了一个基本电动汽车政策措施的总体框架。审查的文献和案例表明,公共充电基础设施和财政激励措施在普及方面发挥着至关重要的作用。结论我们的研究表明,为了加快电动汽车在市场中的渗透,政策制定者需要更多地关注我们总体框架工作中包含的政策措施。然而,这些政策措施之间的影响和相互作用的程度可能因地区和背景而异。因此,在市场上实现一定水平的电动汽车普及后,政策制定者应该重新考虑和重组电动汽车政策。
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引用次数: 1
Is the effect of Indian energy price shocks asymmetric on the stock market at the firm level? A panel SVAR approach 印度能源价格冲击对公司层面股市的影响是否不对称?面板SVAR方法
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3280/efe2020-001009
Bhagavatula Aruna, Rajesh H. Acharya
This paper examines, using monthly data from 1995 to 2016, whether the oil, coal and electric-ity price shocks have an asymmetric influence on stock returns and inflation. The paper has employed Panel Structural Vector Autoregressive (PSVAR) model with various measures of the oil, coal and electricity price shocks on a dataset containing 1168 firms. Results from Pan-el-SVAR reveal that all oil, coal and electricity price specifications have an asymmetric impact on stock returns. Further, impulse response function reveals that the various dimensions of oil, coal and electricity price shocks lead to volatility in the response variables. It can also be ob-served that negative coal and electricity price shock has a radical impact on stock returns. Overall, the study on asymmetric impact of net oil and coal price increase, deserves attention from the investors and policy makers.
本文利用1995年至2016年的月度数据,检验了石油、煤炭和电力价格冲击是否对股票回报和通货膨胀产生不对称影响。本文采用面板结构向量自回归(PSVAR)模型,在包含1168家公司的数据集上对石油、煤炭和电力价格冲击进行了各种测量。Pan-el-SVAR的结果表明,所有石油、煤炭和电力价格规范对股票回报都有不对称影响。此外,脉冲响应函数揭示了石油、煤炭和电力价格冲击的各个维度导致响应变量的波动。也可以看出,煤炭和电力价格的负冲击对股票回报有着根本性的影响。总体而言,对石油和煤炭净价格上涨的非对称影响的研究值得投资者和决策者关注。
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引用次数: 1
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