It is known that the transportation sector accounts for a considerable share of the emissions and the primary energy consumption of the countries as a whole, thus determining an increas-ing attention towards the decarbonisation pathways of the transportation sectors. The energy consumption at the country-scale can be interpreted as the integral of the socio-demographic layer and the behavior spectrum. Thus, ad-hoc policy schemes need to rely on multi-scale ap-proaches, describing the household-scale and, subsequently, scaling-up towards the country-scale. In this long-term aim and perspective, the present communication contributes to the ex-isting discussion regarding relationships between the household/socio-demographic character-istics and the transportation patterns. In particular, focusing on the Italian case study, this communication explores the relationships between the household/socio-demographic variables and the carbon dioxide emissions related to the private transportation sector. To this end, this paper build on micro-data obtained by the Italian Institute of statistics and it applies a four-step statistical method to select suitable variables, explore the significant determinants and perform an household segmentation. It is found that the geographic area (in terms of the macro-scale as well as the micro-scale geographic locations) as well as income-related variables are likely to be factors influencing the carbon dioxide emissions related to the private transportation sector.
{"title":"The socio-demographic dimensions of the private transportation emissions","authors":"G. Besagni, M. Borgarello","doi":"10.3280/efe2020-001002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2020-001002","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that the transportation sector accounts for a considerable share of the emissions and the primary energy consumption of the countries as a whole, thus determining an increas-ing attention towards the decarbonisation pathways of the transportation sectors. The energy consumption at the country-scale can be interpreted as the integral of the socio-demographic layer and the behavior spectrum. Thus, ad-hoc policy schemes need to rely on multi-scale ap-proaches, describing the household-scale and, subsequently, scaling-up towards the country-scale. In this long-term aim and perspective, the present communication contributes to the ex-isting discussion regarding relationships between the household/socio-demographic character-istics and the transportation patterns. In particular, focusing on the Italian case study, this communication explores the relationships between the household/socio-demographic variables and the carbon dioxide emissions related to the private transportation sector. To this end, this paper build on micro-data obtained by the Italian Institute of statistics and it applies a four-step statistical method to select suitable variables, explore the significant determinants and perform an household segmentation. It is found that the geographic area (in terms of the macro-scale as well as the micro-scale geographic locations) as well as income-related variables are likely to be factors influencing the carbon dioxide emissions related to the private transportation sector.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49081973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Individuals’ mobility needs are constantly increasing both in urban and in less-densely popu-lated areas. Private transport activities are intensifying, creating unsustainable environmental pressure and absorbing a too large amount of resources, forcing to social exclusion the popu-lation segments which cannot bear the cost of private transport. Car sharing has proven to be a viable solution to alleviate at least partially these problems. Many different business models are used to provide the service. Organizational and technical innovations have changed the market, opening the supply to new providers and serving segments of the latent demand which were not reached by the traditional operators. The role played by the decision marker to sup-port the development of this market in its various forms has been essential and will still be crit-ical in order to guide a smooth transition from the private use of traditional vehicles to the shared use of autonomous ones. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on these changing characteristics of the carsharing market with a special focus on the Italian context.
{"title":"Carsharing: Business models, and role of the decision maker","authors":"Lucia Rotaris, Marko Bumbulovic","doi":"10.3280/efe2020-001005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2020-001005","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals’ mobility needs are constantly increasing both in urban and in less-densely popu-lated areas. Private transport activities are intensifying, creating unsustainable environmental pressure and absorbing a too large amount of resources, forcing to social exclusion the popu-lation segments which cannot bear the cost of private transport. Car sharing has proven to be a viable solution to alleviate at least partially these problems. Many different business models are used to provide the service. Organizational and technical innovations have changed the market, opening the supply to new providers and serving segments of the latent demand which were not reached by the traditional operators. The role played by the decision marker to sup-port the development of this market in its various forms has been essential and will still be crit-ical in order to guide a smooth transition from the private use of traditional vehicles to the shared use of autonomous ones. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on these changing characteristics of the carsharing market with a special focus on the Italian context.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"63-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45922649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sustainable mobility demands the inclusion of environment, social and economic sustainabil-ity. Public transport especially the bus system can be explored to fulfill these three sub goals. Globally the uses of personal vehicles have noticed an exponential growth owing to high per capita income and not up to the mark standards of public transport system. The emphasis on the requirement to probe significant questions while designing urban transport policies moti-vates this study to investigate what an ideal public bus system should be like, in the eyes of, those who either do not use or have shifted from public to private mode of travel. A survey on 1554 respondents is conducted to identify the various attributes that the public desire for, of a public bus system. These 12 items or attributes are clubbed into four categories using factor analysis. The logit regression run on the binary outcome "Shift" variable of opting or not opt-ing for public bus system with the four predicator variables (institutional, personnel, personal and qualitative) obtained using factor analysis shows positive association of improvement in these predicators to the outcome of opting for public transport.
{"title":"How upright a public bus transport system is desirable for sustainable mobility?","authors":"Pragati Jain, P. Jain, R. Kaushik","doi":"10.3280/efe2020-001004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2020-001004","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable mobility demands the inclusion of environment, social and economic sustainabil-ity. Public transport especially the bus system can be explored to fulfill these three sub goals. Globally the uses of personal vehicles have noticed an exponential growth owing to high per capita income and not up to the mark standards of public transport system. The emphasis on the requirement to probe significant questions while designing urban transport policies moti-vates this study to investigate what an ideal public bus system should be like, in the eyes of, those who either do not use or have shifted from public to private mode of travel. A survey on 1554 respondents is conducted to identify the various attributes that the public desire for, of a public bus system. These 12 items or attributes are clubbed into four categories using factor analysis. The logit regression run on the binary outcome \"Shift\" variable of opting or not opt-ing for public bus system with the four predicator variables (institutional, personnel, personal and qualitative) obtained using factor analysis shows positive association of improvement in these predicators to the outcome of opting for public transport.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"47-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44426765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The new paradigm of the Circular Economy-CE appeared in the last decades as a response to the growing demand for sustainability, understood as a way to balance both economic, and environmental and societal aspects. Circular Economy, indeed, could change the traditional economic model, typically called Linear Economy. Within this transition, Green Public Procurement could help the developed economy worldwide to reach this goal. The paper is an international comparison on the main features of GPP policies within the CE framework of a sample of EU countries, China, Japan, and USA. The research was carried on combining interviews with experts and desk research. The main evidence is that EU and Eastern countries are leading countries in CE policies. Regarding GPP implementation, differences emerge within Europe, especially in federal states. Besides this, China, and USA suffer a not-organic regulation approach. Concluding, authors suggest to deep the barriers and drivers on GPP by international comparison with different regional contexts with a higher number of informants. This could help both policymakers and academia for further development of public policies.
{"title":"The role of Green Public Procurement in Circular Economy policies: An international comparison","authors":"F. Iannone","doi":"10.3280/efe2019-002007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2019-002007","url":null,"abstract":"The new paradigm of the Circular Economy-CE appeared in the last decades as a response to the growing demand for sustainability, understood as a way to balance both economic, and environmental and societal aspects. Circular Economy, indeed, could change the traditional economic model, typically called Linear Economy. Within this transition, Green Public Procurement could help the developed economy worldwide to reach this goal. The paper is an international comparison on the main features of GPP policies within the CE framework of a sample of EU countries, China, Japan, and USA. The research was carried on combining interviews with experts and desk research. The main evidence is that EU and Eastern countries are leading countries in CE policies. Regarding GPP implementation, differences emerge within Europe, especially in federal states. Besides this, China, and USA suffer a not-organic regulation approach. Concluding, authors suggest to deep the barriers and drivers on GPP by international comparison with different regional contexts with a higher number of informants. This could help both policymakers and academia for further development of public policies.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"150-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41859146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariangela Scorrano, T. Mathisen, Marco Giansoldati
The paper makes use of a recently developed total cost of ownership (TCO) methodology to assess the cost competitiveness of the best-selling battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), diesel and petrol cars in Norway and Italy, two countries at the antipodes for BEV uptake in Europe. The results of the TCO study show that in Norway BEVs are the most competitive amongst the four propulsion systems since they have the lowest average value for the annualized TCO/km, whereas in Italy BEVs are the least cost-competitive. In Norway the government encourages the purchase of BEVs by imposing much lower registration taxes than the very high applied to internal combustion engine vehicles, whilst in Italy BEV uptake is mostly supported by a decrease in the purchase price. The paper also unveils a negative relationship between the volume of each model sales and the corresponding annualized TCO/km, both for the joint database and, separately, for each country. Yet, looking at Norway, we show that the volume of car sales is positively associated with the purely electric propulsion system, but not with the annualized TCO/km, pointing to possible non-monetary motives leading consumers’ choices. The authors provide policy recommendations on fiscal and non-fiscal measures to support BEVs diffusion in countries such as Italy, where BEV uptake is low but with relevant potential.
{"title":"Is electric car uptake driven by monetary factors? A total cost of ownership comparison between Norway and Italy","authors":"Mariangela Scorrano, T. Mathisen, Marco Giansoldati","doi":"10.3280/efe2019-002005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2019-002005","url":null,"abstract":"The paper makes use of a recently developed total cost of ownership (TCO) methodology to assess the cost competitiveness of the best-selling battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), diesel and petrol cars in Norway and Italy, two countries at the antipodes for BEV uptake in Europe. The results of the TCO study show that in Norway BEVs are the most competitive amongst the four propulsion systems since they have the lowest average value for the annualized TCO/km, whereas in Italy BEVs are the least cost-competitive. In Norway the government encourages the purchase of BEVs by imposing much lower registration taxes than the very high applied to internal combustion engine vehicles, whilst in Italy BEV uptake is mostly supported by a decrease in the purchase price. The paper also unveils a negative relationship between the volume of each model sales and the corresponding annualized TCO/km, both for the joint database and, separately, for each country. Yet, looking at Norway, we show that the volume of car sales is positively associated with the purely electric propulsion system, but not with the annualized TCO/km, pointing to possible non-monetary motives leading consumers’ choices. The authors provide policy recommendations on fiscal and non-fiscal measures to support BEVs diffusion in countries such as Italy, where BEV uptake is low but with relevant potential.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"99-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45313186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic growth and environmental degradation: How to balance the interests of developed and developing countries","authors":"Anver C. Sadath, Rajesh H. Acharya","doi":"10.3280/efe2019-002002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2019-002002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47657778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the issues of equity oil development strategy for augmenting energy security and attempts to analyse the factors influencing cross border equity oil development. India’s multi-pronged energy policy strategies comprise enhancing domestic exploration, supply diversification, demand side management, and securing long term fossil fuel supplies through overseas equity oil development. Any one of the strategies shall not work in isolation and therefore the component of equity oil development assumes significance to India’s energy security ecosystem. This paper employs a quantitative approach taking into account the output of literature review and questionnaire survey to analyse the determinants influencing equity oil development from theoretical and practical perspectives. The study concludes that equity oil development in the Indian energy security context are influenced by long term stable policy, concessional state funding, resource pooling, decentralisation, and knowledge and technology transfer. The findings in this paper and analysis would assist policy makers to understand the key determinants for geo-strategic planning for securing energy resources in the long term towards augmenting energy security of India.
{"title":"Overseas equity oil development for augmenting energy security: Study of the critical factors in Indian context","authors":"Dulal Halder, Anshuman Gupta","doi":"10.3280/efe2019-002004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2019-002004","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the issues of equity oil development strategy for augmenting energy security and attempts to analyse the factors influencing cross border equity oil development. India’s multi-pronged energy policy strategies comprise enhancing domestic exploration, supply diversification, demand side management, and securing long term fossil fuel supplies through overseas equity oil development. Any one of the strategies shall not work in isolation and therefore the component of equity oil development assumes significance to India’s energy security ecosystem. This paper employs a quantitative approach taking into account the output of literature review and questionnaire survey to analyse the determinants influencing equity oil development from theoretical and practical perspectives. The study concludes that equity oil development in the Indian energy security context are influenced by long term stable policy, concessional state funding, resource pooling, decentralisation, and knowledge and technology transfer. The findings in this paper and analysis would assist policy makers to understand the key determinants for geo-strategic planning for securing energy resources in the long term towards augmenting energy security of India.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"75-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42986957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regional governments represent an increasingly relevant component in climate change policies, which showcase a high interest in the climate change sphere and provide several benefits connected with their governance. This study aims to shed light on this scale of governance by describing the climate change policies of 61 regions from all over the world and by analysing the possible connections between the regional environmental policy instruments and the level of mitigation and adaptation commitment. The results show that the regional governments of this work appear to be an active component in climate policy, since they all have their own GHG emission reduction targets, devise their own climate policies and instruments and participate in international climate networks. All regions have reported mitigation and adaptation commitments, with different levels of ambition. In addition, it is observable that while some regions (mainly the North) focus mostly on mitigation targets, other (the South) focus on adaptation. Finally, there does not seem to be a connection between the level of climate commitment and the preference for some policy instruments.
{"title":"Regional climate change policies: An analysis of commitments, policy instruments and targets","authors":"Giulia Gadani, I. Galarraga, E. S. D. Murieta","doi":"10.3280/EFE2019-002003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/EFE2019-002003","url":null,"abstract":"Regional governments represent an increasingly relevant component in climate change policies, which showcase a high interest in the climate change sphere and provide several benefits connected with their governance. This study aims to shed light on this scale of governance by describing the climate change policies of 61 regions from all over the world and by analysing the possible connections between the regional environmental policy instruments and the level of mitigation and adaptation commitment. The results show that the regional governments of this work appear to be an active component in climate policy, since they all have their own GHG emission reduction targets, devise their own climate policies and instruments and participate in international climate networks. All regions have reported mitigation and adaptation commitments, with different levels of ambition. In addition, it is observable that while some regions (mainly the North) focus mostly on mitigation targets, other (the South) focus on adaptation. Finally, there does not seem to be a connection between the level of climate commitment and the preference for some policy instruments.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45473640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to climate change and energy price volatility, companies are tackling an energy transition entailing the reconfiguration of energy and material flows within their production processes. In this context, interfirm energy cooperation among two or more companies presents an effective and innovative option for exploiting the benefits associated with the exchange of energy- related products and services. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate and categorize replicable mechanisms and solutions in terms of sustainable business models for reaching an effective and long-lasting interfirm energy cooperation in industrial parks. By assuming a park manager’ s perspective and developing a framework based on sustainable business model archetypes, three types of business models for implementing interfirm energy cooperation from mainly service-based to mainly product-based value propositions are identified and described. This paper provides indications for developing value proposition, value creation and delivery, and value capture in each type of business model, by discussing specific technical and organizational capabilities to be possessed and improved by park managers and park companies. Moreover, this study contributes to the literature on sustainable business models by exploring their systemic dimensions and provides managerial implications concerning the role of park managers.
{"title":"Business models for interfirm energy cooperation in industrial parks: A possible taxonomy","authors":"E. Annunziata, F. Rizzi, T. Daddi, M. Frey","doi":"10.3280/efe2019-002006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2019-002006","url":null,"abstract":"Due to climate change and energy price volatility, companies are tackling an energy transition entailing the reconfiguration of energy and material flows within their production processes. In this context, interfirm energy cooperation among two or more companies presents an effective and innovative option for exploiting the benefits associated with the exchange of energy- related products and services. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate and categorize replicable mechanisms and solutions in terms of sustainable business models for reaching an effective and long-lasting interfirm energy cooperation in industrial parks. By assuming a park manager’ s perspective and developing a framework based on sustainable business model archetypes, three types of business models for implementing interfirm energy cooperation from mainly service-based to mainly product-based value propositions are identified and described. This paper provides indications for developing value proposition, value creation and delivery, and value capture in each type of business model, by discussing specific technical and organizational capabilities to be possessed and improved by park managers and park companies. Moreover, this study contributes to the literature on sustainable business models by exploring their systemic dimensions and provides managerial implications concerning the role of park managers.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45089395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to review the main content of the draft version of the National Energy and Climate Plan for the years 2021-2030 of Poland. The main objectives, targets, policies and measures are described. Tools planned to be used to achieve the goals are presented. Ambitiousness of the plan, probability of achieving the objectives and difficulties that may be encountered in implementing the envisaged policies are discussed. The transformation of the Polish power sector, which has the biggest share in GHG emissions from all ETS sectors, has already begun. It is expected that the share of coal in the electricity generation mix will drop from the current ca. 77% to 60% in 2030. The biggest challenge in the non-ETS sector will be to achieve emission reduction targets in the transport sector. Emissions from transport are rising and are expected to continue to rise as a result of economic development and increasing passenger and freight transport.
{"title":"Review of the Polish integrated National Energy and Climate draft Plan 2021-2030","authors":"M. Pluta, W. Suwała, A. Wyrwa","doi":"10.3280/efe2019-001009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/efe2019-001009","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to review the main content of the draft version of the National Energy and Climate Plan for the years 2021-2030 of Poland. The main objectives, targets, policies and measures are described. Tools planned to be used to achieve the goals are presented. Ambitiousness of the plan, probability of achieving the objectives and difficulties that may be encountered in implementing the envisaged policies are discussed. The transformation of the Polish power sector, which has the biggest share in GHG emissions from all ETS sectors, has already begun. It is expected that the share of coal in the electricity generation mix will drop from the current ca. 77% to 60% in 2030. The biggest challenge in the non-ETS sector will be to achieve emission reduction targets in the transport sector. Emissions from transport are rising and are expected to continue to rise as a result of economic development and increasing passenger and freight transport.","PeriodicalId":38445,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"149-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49245226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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