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An Integrated Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Management through Accurate Voltage Measurement and Cell Balancing 基于精确电压测量和电池平衡的锂离子电池管理集成方法
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114861
Regis Nibaruta, P. Venugopal, G. Rietveld, V. Havryliuk, T. Soeiro
Battery packs have become a critical component in various applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles. Accurate voltage measurement is essential for effective battery management, ensuring safety and reliability, which is especially important in high-power battery packs that consist of multiple cells connected in series or parallel configurations, such as Electric Vehicles (EVs). This paper explores the voltage measurement topologies, pack configuration principles, and implementation of cell balancing in a lithiumion battery pack. We review the various types of faults that can occur in lithiumion batteries, different voltage sensor placement strategies, and their impact on the accuracy and robustness of voltage measurement. Our results show that proper cell balancing can improve battery performance, reduce the risk of safety incidents, and extend the battery lifespan.
从便携式电子产品到电动汽车,电池组已成为各种应用的关键部件。准确的电压测量对于有效的电池管理、确保安全性和可靠性至关重要,这对于由多个电池组成的串联或并联配置的高功率电池组(如电动汽车)尤其重要。本文探讨了锂离子电池组的电压测量拓扑结构、电池组配置原则和电池平衡的实现。我们回顾了锂离子电池中可能发生的各种类型的故障,不同的电压传感器放置策略,以及它们对电压测量的准确性和鲁棒性的影响。我们的研究结果表明,适当的电池平衡可以提高电池性能,降低安全事故的风险,并延长电池寿命。
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引用次数: 0
A Hybrid-Electric Passenger Vessel for Inland Waterway 一种内河混合动力客船
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114841
Donato Padolecchia, Samuele Utzeri, L. Braidotti, A. Marinò
The problem of air pollution is one of the biggest issues discussed worldwide: due to this reason, various measures to reduce global pollution, especially CO2 emissions, are being taken by Governments. One of the main causes of pollution is represented by the transport sector, which includes also maritime transport. Therefore, it is necessary to study and find new types of propulsion that ensure a reduction of pollutant emissions. A way to achieve this aim is represented by hybrid-electric propulsion systems, capable of ensuring a good range in ZEM - Zero Emission Mode - navigation. In this paper, the application of hybrid-electric propulsion on a small boat for passenger transport in inland waters has been analysed. Based on the results of preliminary studies, a prototype of the vessel was built; the boat has been a useful and remarkable test bench to validate such a technology, in terms of eco-friendliness, energy efficiency, and reliability. Here, the theoretical estimates carried out in the early stage of design have been compared with the experimental data obtained on the prototype during a sea trials campaign carried out in a real operative environment.
空气污染问题是全世界讨论的最大问题之一:由于这个原因,各国政府正在采取各种措施来减少全球污染,特别是二氧化碳的排放。造成污染的主要原因之一是运输部门,其中也包括海运。因此,有必要研究和寻找确保减少污染物排放的新型推进装置。实现这一目标的一种方法是采用混合动力推进系统,该系统能够确保零排放模式下的良好航程。本文分析了混合动力推进系统在内河客船上的应用。根据初步研究的结果,建造了该船的原型;从生态友好、能源效率和可靠性的角度来看,这艘船已经成为验证这种技术的一个有用和显著的试验台。在这里,在设计早期阶段进行的理论估计已经与在实际操作环境中进行的海上试验期间在原型机上获得的实验数据进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
DC Series Arc Fault Detection Using Fractal Theory 基于分形理论的直流串联电弧故障检测
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114909
Danny Seeley, M. Sumner, David W. P. Thomas, S. Greedy
Arc faults, often caused by insulation or component failure, result in a discharge of electricity through the air between conductors. These failures are often the cause of electrical fires and pose an enhanced risk to system reliability, and this is becoming a growing problem with the uptake of more electric automotive and aircraft technologies. DC series arcs are of a particular concern as they do not trip existing circuit overcurrent protection. Arc detection is becoming increasingly difficult as DC voltages increase to meet the higher power demands of renewables, transport and series applications. This paper proposes a novel method to detect DC series arcs by monitoring the fractal dimension of the supply and load current and voltage waveforms. DC series arc faults were reproduced across a range of different setups using a 42V supply and a resistive-inductive load. The Windowed Fractal Dimension (WFD) method; implemented in MATLAB, shows a clear change in fractal dimension when an arc is sustained, providing both a means of arc fault detection and evidence that arcs have fractal properties.
电弧故障通常是由绝缘或元件故障引起的,它通过导体之间的空气导致电放电。这些故障通常是电气火灾的原因,并对系统可靠性构成更大的风险,随着越来越多的电动汽车和飞机技术的采用,这已成为一个日益严重的问题。直流系列电弧特别值得关注,因为它们不会跳闸现有的电路过流保护。随着直流电压的增加,以满足可再生能源、运输和串联应用的更高功率需求,电弧检测变得越来越困难。本文提出了一种通过监测电源和负载电流、电压波形的分形维数来检测直流串联电弧的新方法。使用42V电源和阻感性负载,在一系列不同的设置中再现直流系列电弧故障。窗形维数(WFD)方法;在MATLAB中实现的,显示了电弧持续时分形维数的明显变化,提供了电弧故障检测的手段和电弧具有分形特性的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Smart Hybrid Electric Railway Grids: A Comparative Study of Architectures 智能混合电力铁路电网:架构的比较研究
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114844
H. J. Kaleybar, M. Brenna, F. Castelli-Dezza, M. Carmeli
During the last years, implementing the smart grid concept in railway networks has received more attention so experts are working on innovative solutions to increase energy efficiency and decrease air pollution in such a high-consumption system. One of these promising solutions is the integration of renewable energy sources and EV charging stations with existing railway networks. In this paper, the concept of smart hybrid electric railway grid (SHERG) is presented to improve power flow capabilities, and energy efficiency and mitigate power quality issues in existing traditional AC railway networks. Different architectures of SHERG based on joint DC bus are presented and studied for AC railway systems update taking advantage of interfacing static converters. The study can provide a road map and give a general view regarding the modernization and reconstruction of existing railway networks towards smart grid technologies.
在过去的几年里,在铁路网络中实施智能电网的概念受到了更多的关注,因此专家们正在研究创新的解决方案,以提高能源效率,减少这样一个高消耗系统的空气污染。其中一个有前景的解决方案是将可再生能源和电动汽车充电站与现有铁路网络相结合。本文提出了智能混合电力铁路电网(SHERG)的概念,以改善现有传统交流铁路网络的潮流能力,提高能源效率并缓解电能质量问题。提出并研究了基于联合直流母线的不同shg架构,用于利用静态变换器接口进行交流铁路系统更新。该研究可以提供路线图,并对现有铁路网向智能电网技术的现代化和重建提供总体看法。
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引用次数: 1
High-Frequency Interactions Among Power Converters in Built-in dc Networks 内置直流网络中功率变换器之间的高频相互作用
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114908
J. Pomilio, André Faria Hernandes, D. P. Damasceno, M. P. Dias, J. I. Yutaka Ota, Gustavo Ortenzi, Rafael K. Carneiro
This article discusses the occurrence of high-frequency interactions among power electronics converters in dc distribution grids. Dc grids are becoming common also in aircrafts and ships. The main reason is the ease of interconnection of energy sources and storage devices and the fact that the vast majority of electronic loads operate on dc. The analyzed phenomena can occur in dc distribution networks, either in low voltage (usually in airplanes and buildings) or medium voltage (in ships). The interactions depend on the front-end filters that connect the converters to the dc bus, resulting in resonances that, under certain conditions, may coincide with the converters switching frequencies. In such a situation there is an amplification of voltage or current, affecting the voltage along the feeder, resulting in a large circulation of current at high frequency. This is an issue that can affect loads and converters connected to the grid and that is difficult to identify since it occurs in frequencies beyond the frequency range usually identifies by the power quality analyzers. Simulation and experimental results are shown, based on typical converter values used in low voltage dc microgrids.
本文讨论了直流配电网中电力电子变流器之间高频相互作用的发生。直流电网在飞机和船舶上也变得越来越普遍。主要原因是能源和存储设备易于互连,而且绝大多数电子负载都在直流上运行。所分析的现象可能发生在低压(通常在飞机和建筑物中)或中压(在船舶中)的直流配电网中。这种相互作用依赖于将转换器连接到直流母线的前端滤波器,从而产生谐振,在某些条件下,谐振可能与转换器的开关频率一致。在这种情况下存在电压或电流的放大,影响馈线沿线的电压,导致高频电流的大循环。这是一个可能影响到连接到电网的负载和转换器的问题,而且很难识别,因为它发生的频率超出了电能质量分析仪通常识别的频率范围。给出了低压直流微电网中典型变换器的仿真和实验结果。
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引用次数: 0
Cycle Aging Effect on the Open Circuit Voltage of Lithium-Ion Battery 循环老化对锂离子电池开路电压的影响
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114896
S. Barcellona, L. Codecasa, Silvia Colnago, L. Piegari
Nowadays, the issues concerning green mobility and energy production are leading researchers to study novel energy storage systems. Among them, lithiumion batteries are currently one of the most popular technologies under study. Battery modeling and parameter estimation are important challenges to build reliable battery management systems able to allow the battery to work in proper conditions. State of charge (SOC) estimation is one of the most important for predicting the current battery available energy. Many methods to estimate the SOC need knowledge of the open circuit voltage (OCV) curve. In the literature, it is possible to find a lot of OCV models as a function of SOC. Another important aspect is how these curves change as a function of battery degradation. Some studies deal with the correction of the OCV-SOC curve considering the aging, but the dependency of the OCV curve as a function of the exchanged absolute charge on aging seems to be lacking. In the present work, a simple model of the OCV-charge curve that considers the cycle aging is proposed and analyzed. An experimental campaign was carried out to validate the proposed model.
目前,关于绿色交通和能源生产的问题是研究新型储能系统的主要方向。其中,锂离子电池是目前最热门的研究技术之一。电池建模和参数估计是建立可靠的电池管理系统的重要挑战,能够使电池在适当的条件下工作。荷电状态(SOC)估计是预测当前电池可用能量的重要方法之一。许多评估SOC的方法都需要了解开路电压(OCV)曲线。在文献中,可以找到许多OCV模型作为SOC的函数。另一个重要的方面是这些曲线如何随着电池退化而变化。一些研究讨论了考虑老化的OCV- soc曲线的修正,但似乎缺乏OCV曲线作为交换绝对电荷的函数对老化的依赖性。本文提出并分析了考虑循环老化的ocv充电曲线的简单模型。进行了一项实验来验证所提出的模型。
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引用次数: 3
Low-temperature PEM fuel cell voltage prediction linked to operating conditions for a mission profile 低温PEM燃料电池电压预测与任务剖面的操作条件有关
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114884
Grignon Mélanie, Jaafar Amine, Turpin Christophe, Rakotondrainibe André, Guenot Benoit, Soyez Emilie
Fuel cell performances are directly linked to the operating conditions, which can fluctuate over time. The aim of this work is to introduce a fuel cell voltage prediction method based on the measured operating conditions while cycling a mission profile. The method is built and tested on analyzing the experimental results obtained during a test campaign while cycling a mission profile for 2030h. Four different configurations are illustrated and compared in this article, considering three different sets of parameters and two formulas.
燃料电池的性能与操作条件直接相关,而操作条件会随着时间的推移而波动。本工作的目的是介绍一种基于循环任务剖面测量工作条件的燃料电池电压预测方法。该方法是在一次任务剖面循环2030h的测试活动中对实验结果进行分析和验证的。在本文中,考虑到三组不同的参数和两个公式,说明并比较了四种不同的配置。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of V-shaped IPM Machines Winding Topologies for Heavy-duty EV Applications 重型电动汽车用v形IPM机械绕组拓扑结构的比较
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114821
Leia George, A. Walker, Fengyu Zhang, G. Vakil, C. Gerada
High performance electric machines are critical for heavy-duty electric vehicles (HDEV) to enable transportation electrification, where there is a significant performance gap between the traditional internal combustion engines and electrical machine technology. Winding topologies are critical in the design of electrical machines, the developments of which are widely reported in other applications such as automotives, but rarely studied for HDEV applications. This paper will provide a detailed review to assess both widely used and novel winding characteristics in HDEV. Using an 8000RPM, 370kW, interior, V-shaped permanent magnet (PM) machine case study, various winding designs are compared. An evaluation method has been proposed to provide a comprehensive review of each winding topologies' effects on machine performance.
高性能电机对于重型电动汽车(HDEV)实现运输电气化至关重要,在传统内燃机和电机技术之间存在显着的性能差距。绕组拓扑在电机设计中至关重要,其发展在汽车等其他应用中被广泛报道,但很少研究用于HDEV应用。本文将详细介绍HDEV中广泛使用的和新颖的绕组特性。以一台8000RPM, 370kW,内饰,v形永磁(PM)电机为例,对各种绕组设计进行了比较。提出了一种评估方法,以全面审查每种绕组拓扑对机器性能的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Review on EMC Standards (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids to Support Arc Fault Detection & Power Line Communication and its Potential Application in Hybrid Ships 支持电弧故障检测和电力线通信的直流微电网EMC标准(9 - 500khz)及其在混合动力船舶上的潜在应用
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114809
Da Wang, D. Weyen, P. Van Tichelen
Hybrid ships that combine combustion engines with battery packs can benefit from DC shipboard electric systems. However, this increases the complexity and therefore they can benefit from improved Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements and protection systems, such as arc hazard detection. For a DC system there is an increased arc hazard risk and therefore this paper investigates these faults in typical microgrid circumstances. For this purpose, it also considered a Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) with different line inductance in comparison to standards CISPR 16 and 25. Therefore conducted emissions of two exemplary DC loads are measured to show possible Electromagnetic Inference (EMI). Then, this paper further analyzes EMI on arc detection as an example of EMI. Existing EMC standards are reviewed to provide references for future EMC standards tailored to DC microgrids because they can support avoiding EMI on arc fault detection but also on narrow band Power Line Communication (PLC). A valuable reference for EMC requirements on ships is the respective IEC 60533 standard. This standard can support reliability of arc detection, however it adopts very restrictive limits of conducted emissions which would make PLC for ships challenging. Insights on relevant EMC standards for DC shipboard electric systems were discussed. This paper ends with conclusions, recommendations for updated standards and future work.
将内燃机与电池组相结合的混合动力船舶可以从直流船载电力系统中受益。然而,这增加了复杂性,因此他们可以从改进的电磁兼容性(EMC)要求和保护系统(如电弧危害检测)中受益。对于直流系统来说,电弧危害风险增加,因此本文研究了典型微电网环境下的这些故障。为此,它还考虑了与标准CISPR 16和25相比具有不同线路电感的线路阻抗稳定网络(LISN)。因此,测量两个示例性直流负载的传导发射以显示可能的电磁干扰(EMI)。然后,以电磁干扰为例,进一步分析了电弧检测中的电磁干扰。对现有的EMC标准进行了审查,为未来针对直流微电网量身定制的EMC标准提供参考,因为它们可以在电弧故障检测和窄带电力线通信(PLC)上支持避免电磁干扰。有关船舶EMC要求的有价值参考是相应的IEC 60533标准。该标准可以支持电弧检测的可靠性,但是它采用了非常严格的传导辐射限制,这将使船舶PLC具有挑战性。讨论了直流船载电气系统相关EMC标准的见解。本文最后给出了结论,对更新标准和未来工作的建议。
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引用次数: 1
Modelling and Determination of Short Circuit Traction Line Parameters for the Italian 3 kV DC Railway System 意大利3kv直流铁路系统短路牵引线路参数的建模与确定
Q3 Engineering
AUS
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114847
Antonio Di Pasquale, M. Pagano, F. Villone, A. Martinelli, Luigi Rufolo, Maurizio Santamaria, F. Vaccaro
In recent years, traction infrastructures for metro and railway systems are objects of relevant interest to improve public mobility according to the paradigm of smart grid and environmental sustainability. However, critical conditions due to short circuit faults may compromise the functionality of the entire power system. Therefore, protection systems have to promptly operate in presence of faults. This paper focuses on the Italian 3 $mathbf{kV}$ DC railway traction power system. It aims to investigate the impact of traction line network parameters on the short-circuit current. With this regard, the system is, firstly, described according to the Multiconductor Transmission Line (MTL) model, and then represented by an equivalent lumped polyphase circuit. This circuit is used to determine the power line's equivalent resistance and inductance values, which can be used to set the protection devices installed at the Traction Power Substations (TPSs).
近年来,根据智能电网和环境可持续性的范例,地铁和铁路系统的牵引基础设施是改善公共机动性的相关兴趣对象。然而,由于短路故障引起的临界状态可能危及整个电力系统的功能。因此,保护系统必须在出现故障时及时动作。本文以意大利3 $mathbf{kV}$直流铁路牵引电力系统为研究对象。目的是研究牵引线路网络参数对短路电流的影响。为此,首先根据多导体传输线(MTL)模型对系统进行描述,然后用等效集总多相电路表示。该电路用于确定电力线的等效电阻和等效电感值,可用于设置牵引变电站的保护装置。
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引用次数: 0
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