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Peculiarities of the branches of law in ancient China 中国古代法律分支的特点
Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.8-2.07
M. Nedelea
The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical roots of the Chinese legal system who is one of the oldest in the world. China's legal system is largely a civil law system, although found its root in Great Qing Code and various historical system. The analyses of the Chinese law documents led to results that largely confirm that the Chinese have written their own laws since ancient times, a peculiarity which compares them, for the historical and characteristic period, with the Romans. Chinese law is a legal system integrated into a certain philosophical conception, namely Confucianism. The research methods used were: analysis, synthesis, deduction, analogy and comparison. The analysis of the Chinese legal system have allowed to reveal that different branches of law as civil law, family law, administrative law, and criminal law have some peculiarities in ancient Chinese laws that were presented in this article.
本文的目的是考察中国法律制度的历史根源,中国是世界上最古老的法律制度之一。中国的法律体系虽然植根于大清法典和各种历史制度,但在很大程度上是一个大陆法系。对中国法律文件的分析得出的结果在很大程度上证实了中国人自古以来就制定了自己的法律,这一特点使他们在历史和特征时期与罗马人进行了比较。中国法是一种融合了某种哲学理念即儒家思想的法律体系。研究方法有:分析、综合、演绎、类比、比较。通过对中国法律体系的分析,可以发现大陆法、家庭法、行政法和刑法等不同法律分支在中国古代法律中存在着一些特殊性。
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引用次数: 0
From Internal to International Migration in Romania – Continuity and Spatial Differentiation 从罗马尼亚国内移民到国际移民——连续性和空间分异
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.01
I. Muntele, Raluca-Ioana Horea-Serban
The study proposes a set of analyses on the evolution of the migration balance of Romania’s population over a wide time interval, fully covering the period dominated by the communist regime (1948-1989) and the last three decades marked by the transition to a market economy. The aim is to differentiate the typology of the time and space distribution of the mentioned indicator and to test a set of explanatory factors, for each of the two distinct periods. The typological and factor analyses applied led to results that largely confirm the hypothesis of a continuity between the massive internal migration during the communist regime and the more complex migration in recent decades. At the same time, the profound changes in the incidence of certain explanatory factors certify a complete restructuring of the migration system in Romania after 1990. The massive migration from rural to urban areas, brought about by positional or socio-economic factors, was gradually replaced after the fall of the communist regime by a strong labour emigration, an effect of deindustrialization. The stimulation of the periurbanization process, by changing the way of life, introduced new variables in the functioning of the migration system, in keeping with the specific evolutions of the contemporary era.
该研究建议对罗马尼亚人口在很长一段时间内移民平衡的演变进行一套分析,完全涵盖共产主义政权主导的时期(1948-1989年)和以向市场经济过渡为标志的过去三十年。其目的是区分上述指标的时间和空间分布的类型,并为两个不同时期中的每一个测试一组解释因素。应用的类型学和因素分析得出的结果在很大程度上证实了共产主义政权期间大规模的内部移民与近几十年来更复杂的移民之间存在连续性的假设。与此同时,某些解释因素发生的深刻变化证明1990年以后罗马尼亚的移徙制度已经完全改组。由于位置或社会经济因素造成的从农村向城市地区的大规模移民,在共产主义政权垮台后逐渐被强大的劳动力移民所取代,这是去工业化的结果。通过改变生活方式刺激了半边化进程,在符合当代具体演变的移徙制度的运作中引入了新的变数。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-cultural Analysis of Main Economic Partners of the Republic of Moldova 摩尔多瓦共和国主要经济伙伴的跨文化分析
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.09
Angela Pîrlog
The paper represents a comparative study of national culture features of the main commercial partners of the Republic of Moldova and the countries preferred by Moldovan citizens to emigrate: Romania, Russia, Italy and Germany. The research focused on two cultural bipolar models: Hofstede, which comprises six cultural dimensions: individualism vs. collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, long-term vs. short-term orientation, indulgence vs. restraint, and Trompenaars-Hampden-Turner, which contains seven dimensions: universalism vs. particularism, individualism vs. communitarianism, neutral vs. emotional, specific vs. diffuse, achievement vs. ascription, sequential time vs. synchronous time, internal vs. external control. The established similarities and differences, knowledge of cultural specificity in international interactions, both social and economic, is an added value for individuals to successfully integrate and fit into a society, other than their native, and for businesses to be successfully managed on international level.
本文对摩尔多瓦共和国的主要商业伙伴和摩尔多瓦公民首选的移民国家罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、意大利和德国的民族文化特征进行了比较研究。Hofstede模型包括个人主义与集体主义、权力距离、不确定性规避、男性化与女性化、长期取向与短期取向、放纵与克制等六个文化维度;Trompenaars-Hampden-Turner模型包括七个文化维度:普遍主义vs.特殊主义,个人主义vs.社群主义,中性vs.情绪化,具体vs.分散,成就vs.归属,顺序时间vs.同步时间,内部控制vs.外部控制。在社会和经济的国际互动中建立的相似性和差异,文化特殊性的知识,是个人成功融入和适应社会的附加价值,而不是他们的家乡,以及企业在国际层面上成功管理。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the Propagation Effects of Remittances on the Vulnerability of External Trade of the Republic of Moldova 汇款对摩尔多瓦共和国外贸脆弱性的传播效应分析
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.06
Mircea Diavor
In the Republic of Moldova remittances have become a much-discussed subject, the country ranking among the economies with the highest share of remittances in terms of GDP. What is more, remittances, unlike FDI, external trade and other sources of income, seem to have a significant impact on economic growth. Republic of Moldova is a small open economy vulnerable to external shocks. We will examine the effect of remittances on the balance of trade by creating an econometric model. Am attempt has also been made to capture the positive and negative spillovers that migrants’ remittances have on a country’s socio-economic development. Within the research a variety of analytical tools are employed including Granger causality tests, unit root tests, coupled with a structural vector auto regression (SVAR), impulse response function (IRF) analyses and variance decomposition. We find that net trade and remittances are closely associated and follow an almost identical path. Remittances have strong effect on the growth of negative net trade of the Republic of Moldova.
在摩尔多瓦共和国,汇款已成为一个广为讨论的话题,该国在国内生产总值中汇款所占比例最高的经济体中名列前茅。此外,与外国直接投资、对外贸易和其他收入来源不同,汇款似乎对经济增长有重大影响。摩尔多瓦共和国是一个容易受到外部冲击的小型开放经济体。我们将通过创建一个计量经济学模型来检验汇款对贸易平衡的影响。还试图捕捉移民汇款对一国社会经济发展的积极和消极溢出效应。在研究中使用了多种分析工具,包括格兰杰因果检验,单位根检验,结合结构向量自回归(SVAR),脉冲响应函数(IRF)分析和方差分解。我们发现,净贸易和汇款密切相关,并遵循几乎相同的路径。汇款对摩尔多瓦共和国的负净贸易增长有很大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Democracy, Governance and Economy: How EaP States Have Evolved in the Last Decade? 民主、治理与经济:东亚国家在过去十年中如何演变?
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.11
Ramona Ţigănaşu, A. Carbune
In the last decade, several transformations have occurred at the level of governance systems within the six states included in the Eastern Partnership (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine), in order to respond to multiple challenges, either endogenous, or exogenous. Against this background, the question that arises is whether this reconfiguration of the systems meant positive effects or, on the contrary, on certain directions, an involution can be highlighted. Thus, our methodological approach takes into account a multidimensional perspective related to democracy, governance and socio-economic aspects, which emphasize whether progress has been made in 2020, compared to 2010, in terms of the mentioned components. The research results underline if the measures implemented by these countries were in accordance with the pro-market and pro-democracy principles, based on good governance. In addition, the identification of some vulnerabilities might allow the outlining of policy recommendations, for an increased adaptability of these economies to future crises.
在过去十年中,东部伙伴关系中的六个国家(亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、格鲁吉亚、摩尔多瓦、乌克兰)在治理体系层面发生了几次变革,以应对内生或外生的多重挑战。在这种背景下,产生的问题是,这种制度的重新配置是否意味着积极的影响,或者相反,在某些方向上,可以突出一种退化。因此,我们的方法考虑了与民主、治理和社会经济方面相关的多维视角,强调与2010年相比,2020年在上述组成部分方面是否取得了进展。研究结果强调了这些国家实施的措施是否符合基于良好治理的亲市场和亲民主原则。此外,确定一些脆弱性可能有助于概述政策建议,以提高这些经济体对未来危机的适应能力。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges of Return Migration to the Republic of Moldova in the Context of International Migration Flow 在国际移徙流动背景下返回摩尔多瓦共和国的移徙所面临的挑战
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.03
M. Hachi, Stela Morozan, M. Popa
Return migration is one of the types of contemporary migration, gaining momentum in many countries of the world as a result of frequent economic, political and social conjunctural changes that have influenced migration as a phenomenon. As part of the migration process, return migration has been less studied, given the low intensity of this form of migration and the difficulty of quantifying returned migrants. The return and reintegration of returned migrants, regardless of the reason or the mode of return, is a challenge both for returnees and for the authorities of the receiving countries and requires action plans, well thought-out strategies in order to manage this process effectively and to encourage new flows of returnees. Through this study, the authors wish to analyse the phenomenon of return migration through the prism of its determining factors, to follow the effectiveness of instruments that stimulate the return migration, to analyse the experience of European countries in managing this type of migration as best practices.The use of classical and contemporary human geography research methods will allow the quantitative and qualitative assessment of return migration, the study being based on a sociological survey conducted with returnees following a migration experience.
回返移徙是当代移徙的一种形式,由于经济、政治和社会形势的频繁变化对移徙现象产生了影响,在世界许多国家中势头日益强劲。作为移徙过程的一部分,由于这种形式的移徙强度低和难以对回返移徙进行量化,对回返移徙的研究较少。返回的移徙者的返回和重新融入社会,无论返回的原因或方式如何,对返回者和接收国当局都是一项挑战,需要行动计划和深思熟虑的战略,以便有效地管理这一进程,并鼓励新的回返者流动。通过这项研究,作者希望通过其决定因素的棱镜来分析返回移民现象,跟踪刺激返回移民的工具的有效性,分析欧洲国家在作为最佳做法管理这类移民方面的经验。使用古典和现代人文地理学研究方法将能够对回返移民进行定量和定性的评估,这项研究是根据对回返者进行的一项社会学调查进行的。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Human Resource Management Policies on Business and Marketing Strategy Implementation within the Marketing Organization 人力资源管理政策对营销组织内业务和营销战略实施的影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.10
V. Aravamudhan, M. Prasanna Mohan Raj, S. Ananth
During the last three decades, significant research has been undertaken on the characteristics and relationships of the marketing organization with the implementation of strategies. These are the structure, culture, processes, and influence and leadership characteristics of the marketing institution. However, there has been little attention given to the human resources management policies of the marketing staff. These policies are one of the strongest sensations of people and organizations, when properly implemented, to conduct themselves correctly. In this study, we show that mid-level marketer implementation of HR policies differ substantially in the type of marketing strategy adopted by the companies. Companies with aligned enterprise and marketing strategies have achieved considerably stronger performance than companies with unequalled business and marketing strategies.
在过去的三十年中,对营销组织的特征和与战略实施的关系进行了重要的研究。这些是营销机构的结构、文化、流程、影响力和领导特征。然而,市场营销人员的人力资源管理政策却很少受到重视。这些政策是人们和组织最强烈的感觉之一,如果执行得当,就会正确行事。在本研究中,我们发现中层营销人员对人力资源政策的执行在公司采用的营销策略类型上存在很大差异。拥有一致的企业和营销策略的公司比拥有不一致的商业和营销策略的公司取得了相当强的业绩。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Migration Processes on Development 移民过程对发展的影响
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.02
D. Vaculovschi
In recent years, international migration has been growing rapidly and has reached over 272 million people or 3.5% of the world's population, and 740 million people are considered internal migrants (IOM, 2020). Migration has become a defining feature of the modern global economy and the main factors behind its expansion are the processes of globalization itself, technical progress, the new economic order, etc. Since the early 1970s, governments in some countries have seen international migration as a major tool for economic development. Migration, especially labor migration, has become a defining element of economic development for the Republic of Moldova as well. Labor migration has become an important factor in combating poverty and increasing the welfare of the population of the Republic of Moldova. Moldova's economic growth over the last 20 years is due to remittances from migrant workers. There is a very close relationship between migration and Moldova's development prospects. The analysis of the impact of migration processes on the development perspectives of the Republic of Moldova, as well as the role of public authorities in the process of integrating migration into development strategies is the subject of this article.
近年来,国际移民增长迅速,已超过2.72亿人,占世界人口的3.5%,其中7.4亿人被视为国内移民(国际移民组织,2020年)。移民已成为现代全球经济的一个显著特征,其扩张背后的主要因素是全球化本身的进程、技术进步、新经济秩序等。自20世纪70年代初以来,一些国家的政府将国际移民视为经济发展的主要工具。移徙,特别是劳工移徙,也已成为摩尔多瓦共和国经济发展的一个决定性因素。劳工移徙已成为摩尔多瓦共和国消除贫困和增加人口福利的一个重要因素。摩尔多瓦过去20年的经济增长是由于移民工人的汇款。移民与摩尔多瓦的发展前景之间有着非常密切的关系。本文的主题是分析移民进程对摩尔多瓦共和国发展前景的影响,以及公共当局在将移民纳入发展战略的过程中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Geographical Indications: Eastern Partnership Countries case 地理标志:东部伙伴关系国家案例
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.07
Natalia Mogol
In the Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, the subject of geographical indications is particularly important. Although the approach to the subject of GIs in the EaP countries is uneven and differs from country to country, the attention that each of these states pays at the national level to the field of geographical indications cannot be neglect. In countries such as Georgia and Moldova, the development of the GI system is one of the national strategic objectives. This interest is largely due to those economic benefits offered by the implementation of the geographical indications system, especially in countries where the share of the agri-food sector in GDP is significant. Despite the fact that challenges regarding the implementation of the association agreement in the part concerning geographical indications in the EaP countries are quite similar, there are no complex studies regarding the implementation of the geographical indications systems in the Eastern Partnership Countries. The main purpose of this paper is to fulfill the existing gap and to analyze the current situation in the field of GI highlighting best practices but also the vulnerabilities of the GI system in the EaP countries.
在东部伙伴关系(EaP)国家,地理标志问题特别重要。尽管东亚经济区国家对待地理标志主题的方法参差不齐,而且各国不同,但这些国家在国家层面上对地理标志领域的关注不容忽视。在格鲁吉亚和摩尔多瓦等国,地理标志系统的发展是国家战略目标之一。这种兴趣主要是由于实施地理标志系统所提供的经济利益,特别是在农业食品部门在国内生产总值中所占份额很大的国家。尽管东亚伙伴关系国家在地理标志部分实施联盟协议方面面临的挑战非常相似,但在东部伙伴关系国家实施地理标志系统方面并没有复杂的研究。本文的主要目的是弥补现有的差距,并分析地理标志领域的现状,突出了最佳实践,但也指出了地理标志制度在东亚经济区国家的脆弱性。
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引用次数: 0
Issues on the Impact of Migration on the Labour Market and the Role of National Employment Agency in the Integration of Returned Migrants in the Republic of Moldova 关于移徙对劳动力市场的影响的问题和国家就业机构在摩尔多瓦共和国遣返移徙者融入社会方面的作用
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.53486/2537-6179.7-2.05
Raisa Dogaru
For the Republic of Moldova, international labour migration is an important factor in overcoming imbalances both in the labour market and in the national economy. International labour migration, through its transfers, contributes to economic growth and the combating poverty. At the same time, labour migration generates certain economic and social risks related, first of all, to the aging population and the increase of the labour force deficit on the labour market. One solution to overcoming these risks would be to stimulate return migration and the integration of returned migrants into employment, an activity that is the responsibility of the National Employment Agency. The analysis of the impact of labour migration on the national economy and the labour market, as well as the role of the Employment Agency in the process of integration of returned migrants is the object of study of this article.
对摩尔多瓦共和国来说,国际劳工移徙是克服劳工市场和国民经济失衡的一个重要因素。国际劳工移徙通过其转移,有助于经济增长和消除贫穷。与此同时,劳动力迁移产生了一定的经济和社会风险,首先与人口老龄化和劳动力市场的劳动力赤字增加有关。克服这些风险的一个解决办法是刺激回返移民和使回返移民融入就业,这是国家就业局的责任。分析劳动力迁移对国民经济和劳动力市场的影响,以及职业介绍所在归国移民融入过程中的作用是本文的研究对象。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies
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