Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.PJOS
P. Joskow
Over at least the next 30 years, achieving decarbonization targets will require replacing most fossil-fueled generators with zero carbon wind and solar generation along with energy storage to manage intermittency. However, achieving decarbonization targets in a cost-efficient manner will require significant investments in new intra-regional and interregional transmission capacity. In this paper, I identify and discuss potential reforms to reduce the numerous barriers to planning, building, compensating, and financing this transmission capacity. By comparing and contrasting U.S. and European responses to similar challenges, I provide suggestions for institutional, regulatory, planning, compensation and cost allocation policies that can reduce the barriers to efficient expansion of transmission capacity.
{"title":"Facilitating Transmission Expansion to Support Efficient Decarbonization of the Electricity Sector","authors":"P. Joskow","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.PJOS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.PJOS","url":null,"abstract":"Over at least the next 30 years, achieving decarbonization targets will require replacing most fossil-fueled generators with zero carbon wind and solar generation along with energy storage to manage intermittency. However, achieving decarbonization targets in a cost-efficient manner will require significant investments in new intra-regional and interregional transmission capacity. In this paper, I identify and discuss potential reforms to reduce the numerous barriers to planning, building, compensating, and financing this transmission capacity. By comparing and contrasting U.S. and European responses to similar challenges, I provide suggestions for institutional, regulatory, planning, compensation and cost allocation policies that can reduce the barriers to efficient expansion of transmission capacity.","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116576257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.MPOL
M. Pollitt, C. Chyong
Net Zero (NZ) is the name given to the policy target of reducing to zero (net) GHG emissions across the economy. In March 2020 the European Commission proposed a European Climate Law aimed at legislating for Net Zero across the European Union, this has recently (as of June 2021) become law having passed through the European Parliament and Council. While the prospects for electricity decarbonisation to 2030 are promising, the necessity of deep decarbonisation of the entire energy system by 2050 remains challenging. Sector coupling is commonly understood as integrating the energy consuming sectors (such as buildings, transport, and industry), and optimising them with the energy supply sector. The joint decarbonisation of the electricity and gas sectors is seen as critical to the achievement of the NZ target in the European Union and the UK. What a NZ implies for energy and environmental policy can be clarified by appropriate energy system modelling.
{"title":"Modelling Net Zero and Sector Coupling: Lessons for European Policy Makers","authors":"M. Pollitt, C. Chyong","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.MPOL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.MPOL","url":null,"abstract":"Net Zero (NZ) is the name given to the policy target of reducing to zero (net) GHG emissions across the economy. In March 2020 the European Commission proposed a European Climate Law aimed at legislating for Net Zero across the European Union, this has recently (as of June 2021) become law having passed through the European Parliament and Council. While the prospects for electricity decarbonisation to 2030 are promising, the necessity of deep decarbonisation of the entire energy system by 2050 remains challenging. Sector coupling is commonly understood as integrating the energy consuming sectors (such as buildings, transport, and industry), and optimising them with the energy supply sector. The joint decarbonisation of the electricity and gas sectors is seen as critical to the achievement of the NZ target in the European Union and the UK. What a NZ implies for energy and environmental policy can be clarified by appropriate energy system modelling.","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128335307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.HNUN
H. Núñez
{"title":"Biomethane for Electricity in Mexico: A Prospective Economic Analysis","authors":"H. Núñez","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.HNUN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.HNUN","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117009710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.JBLZ
J. Blazquez, J. Martin-Moreno, R. Pérez, J. Ruiz
{"title":"Aiming for Carbon Neutrality: Which Environmental Taxes Does Spain Need by 2030?","authors":"J. Blazquez, J. Martin-Moreno, R. Pérez, J. Ruiz","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.JBLZ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.JBLZ","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"55 30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130183742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.DNEW
D. Newbery
{"title":"The Cost of Finance and the Cost of Carbon: A Case Study of Britain’s only PWR","authors":"D. Newbery","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.DNEW","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.10.2.DNEW","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116879515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.chir
C. Hirschhausen
{"title":"Long-term Energy and Climate Scenarios - An Introduction","authors":"C. Hirschhausen","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.chir","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.chir","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128974453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.poei
P. oei, Thorsten Burandt, K. Hainsch, Konstantin Löffler, C. Kemfert
The main aim of models has never been to provide numbers, but insights. Still, challenges prevail for modelers to use the best configuration of their models to provide helpful insights. In the case of energy system modelling, this becomes even more complicated due to increasing complexity of the energy system transition through the potential and need for sector coupling. This paper therefore showcases specific characteristics and challenges for energy system modelling of 100% renewable scenarios. The findings are based on various applications and modifications of the framework GENeSYS-MOD examining different regional characteristics for high renewable configurations in the world, China, India, South-Africa, Mexico, Europe, Germany, and Colombia. The paper elaborates on our experiences of the last years of choosing the best, yet still computable, configuration of GENeSYS-MOD with respect to spatial and time resolution as well as sufficient detailed description of the energy system transition effects. The aim of this paper is therefore twofold, to better understand and interpret existing models as well as to improve future modeling exercises.
{"title":"Lessons from Modeling 100% Renewable Scenarios Using GENeSYS-MOD","authors":"P. oei, Thorsten Burandt, K. Hainsch, Konstantin Löffler, C. Kemfert","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.poei","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.poei","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of models has never been to provide numbers, but insights. Still, challenges prevail for modelers to use the best configuration of their models to provide helpful insights. In the case of energy system modelling, this becomes even more complicated due to increasing complexity of the energy system transition through the potential and need for sector coupling. This paper therefore showcases specific characteristics and challenges for energy system modelling of 100% renewable scenarios. The findings are based on various applications and modifications of the framework GENeSYS-MOD examining different regional characteristics for high renewable configurations in the world, China, India, South-Africa, Mexico, Europe, Germany, and Colombia. The paper elaborates on our experiences of the last years of choosing the best, yet still computable, configuration of GENeSYS-MOD with respect to spatial and time resolution as well as sufficient detailed description of the energy system transition effects. The aim of this paper is therefore twofold, to better understand and interpret existing models as well as to improve future modeling exercises.","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125459448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.lsor
Lars Sorge, A. Neumann
This paper empirically tests the validity of the postulated Environmental Kuznets Curve for a panel of 69 countries from 1971 to 2014 which are clustered into all-, high-, middle-, and lower-income groupings. Since the quadratic EKC specification between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP produces highly biased results in favour of an inverted U-shaped pattern, we adopt a cubic formulation and estimate the long-term coefficients signs and significance accounting for country specific slope heterogeneity. Our empirical results rather support a N-shaped than an inverted U-shaped pattern for the pollution income relationship particularly in the all-income panel. We find no evidence of an inverted U-shaped pattern associated with the EKC hypothesis in any panel. Our analysis indicates that promoting economic growth is not a panacea to simply grow out of pollution related problems in the long-term.
{"title":"Beyond the inverted U-shape: Challenging the long-term relationship of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis","authors":"Lars Sorge, A. Neumann","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.lsor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.lsor","url":null,"abstract":"This paper empirically tests the validity of the postulated Environmental Kuznets Curve for a panel of 69 countries from 1971 to 2014 which are clustered into all-, high-, middle-, and lower-income groupings. Since the quadratic EKC specification between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP produces highly biased results in favour of an inverted U-shaped pattern, we adopt a cubic formulation and estimate the long-term coefficients signs and significance accounting for country specific slope heterogeneity. Our empirical results rather support a N-shaped than an inverted U-shaped pattern for the pollution income relationship particularly in the all-income panel. We find no evidence of an inverted U-shaped pattern associated with the EKC hypothesis in any panel. Our analysis indicates that promoting economic growth is not a panacea to simply grow out of pollution related problems in the long-term.","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131474690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.cbre
C. Breyer, D. Bogdanov, A. Aghahosseini, Ashish Gulagi, M. Fasihi
1. Motivations underlying the research The global energy supply in the coming decades is framed by several challenges. Climate change mitigation requires defossilisation of energy supply by mid-21st century to a net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission society. Renewable electricity has been utilised and expanded for more than 100 years for the case of hydropower to achieve an installed capacity base of more than 1100 GW for an excellent energy return on energy invested characteristics, based on highest technical lifetimes of all power generating technologies. Since the 2000s, two variable renewable electricity (VRE) technologies, solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind energy, have received very high growth rates of about 46% and 22% per year, respectively, leading to a total installed capacity of about 500 GW and 593 GW, respectively, by the end of 2018. The advantage of these two major VRE technologies is their enormous scalability and huge resource potential, exceeding total global energy demand by orders of magnitude, particularly for the case of solar energy. The achieved cost level of about 20-25 €/MWh and 25-30 €/MWh for solar PV and wind energy, respectively, at very good sites, brings both technologies to the forefront as a major source of energy in the 21st century. A future energy system will be mainly built on solar and wind energy and thus will have high shares of renewables in the energy system. The outline of the future energy system is based on solid fundamental insights and respecting sustainability guardrails. However, it is not yet discussed in broad what may be the optimised power system structure. Two poles are scientifically discussed and can be summarised as the Super Grid approach and a decentralised Smart Grid approach. The paper features the Super Grid approach from major regions and continents to a global perspective, so that the potential of a global energy interconnection can be discussed. 2. A short account of the research performed A global energy interconnection has been suggested first by Buckminster Fuller 1971. In 1992, the Global Energy Network Institute shifted the view for utilising renewable energy sources. Kurokawa linked the concept of a global grid to the abundant global solar energy resource available in the 2000s. Liu further lifted the discussion on global energy interconnection in recent years. Most of the studies outline the energetic benefits of the Super Grid approach, but often lack in comparative economic analyses showing that a Super Grid approach would lead to lower energy system cost than a decentralised energy system. The team of Breyer showed in recent years that major regions in the world would benefit from a Super Grid approach. The Super Grid results clearly reveal the enormous benefits of the Super Grid approach. The most remarkable research result is the cross-border electricity trade from the highly decentralised approach to the Super Grid approach of 17%. Consequently, it can be concluded th
{"title":"On the Techno-economic Benefits of a Global Energy Interconnection","authors":"C. Breyer, D. Bogdanov, A. Aghahosseini, Ashish Gulagi, M. Fasihi","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.cbre","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.9.1.cbre","url":null,"abstract":"1. Motivations underlying the research The global energy supply in the coming decades is framed by several challenges. Climate change mitigation requires defossilisation of energy supply by mid-21st century to a net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission society. Renewable electricity has been utilised and expanded for more than 100 years for the case of hydropower to achieve an installed capacity base of more than 1100 GW for an excellent energy return on energy invested characteristics, based on highest technical lifetimes of all power generating technologies. Since the 2000s, two variable renewable electricity (VRE) technologies, solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind energy, have received very high growth rates of about 46% and 22% per year, respectively, leading to a total installed capacity of about 500 GW and 593 GW, respectively, by the end of 2018. The advantage of these two major VRE technologies is their enormous scalability and huge resource potential, exceeding total global energy demand by orders of magnitude, particularly for the case of solar energy. The achieved cost level of about 20-25 €/MWh and 25-30 €/MWh for solar PV and wind energy, respectively, at very good sites, brings both technologies to the forefront as a major source of energy in the 21st century. A future energy system will be mainly built on solar and wind energy and thus will have high shares of renewables in the energy system. The outline of the future energy system is based on solid fundamental insights and respecting sustainability guardrails. However, it is not yet discussed in broad what may be the optimised power system structure. Two poles are scientifically discussed and can be summarised as the Super Grid approach and a decentralised Smart Grid approach. The paper features the Super Grid approach from major regions and continents to a global perspective, so that the potential of a global energy interconnection can be discussed. 2. A short account of the research performed A global energy interconnection has been suggested first by Buckminster Fuller 1971. In 1992, the Global Energy Network Institute shifted the view for utilising renewable energy sources. Kurokawa linked the concept of a global grid to the abundant global solar energy resource available in the 2000s. Liu further lifted the discussion on global energy interconnection in recent years. Most of the studies outline the energetic benefits of the Super Grid approach, but often lack in comparative economic analyses showing that a Super Grid approach would lead to lower energy system cost than a decentralised energy system. The team of Breyer showed in recent years that major regions in the world would benefit from a Super Grid approach. The Super Grid results clearly reveal the enormous benefits of the Super Grid approach. The most remarkable research result is the cross-border electricity trade from the highly decentralised approach to the Super Grid approach of 17%. Consequently, it can be concluded th","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129371035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.2.rmar
R. Marschinski, J. Barreiro‐Hurlé, R. Lukach
{"title":"Competitiveness of Energy-Intensive Industries in Europe: The Crisis of the Oil Refining Sector between 2008 and 2013","authors":"R. Marschinski, J. Barreiro‐Hurlé, R. Lukach","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.2.rmar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.2.rmar","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":385400,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129921092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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