Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most important fungal diseases that cause damage to both the green parts and tuber of the potato plant and limits potato cultivation. Systemic fungicides are mostly preferred by farmers in the control of potato late blight. The fact that systemic fungicides cause health problems in terms of human and environmental health has revealed the need for research on control methods that do not threaten environmental health. In recent years, successful results have been obtained in the control of many diseases with plant activators known as Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) promoters. This study was carried out in the spring season of 2016-2017 to observe the effect of copper fungicide and plant activator (Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product) combination on the control of potato late blight disease and some quality criteria of potato tubers in the experimental plots of Ege University Ödemiş Vocational School in Ödemiş district of İzmir province. The experiment was planned as two separate experiments with Marabel and Melody potato cultivars. The experiment was established according to a split-plot experimental design with four replications. In this study, the effect of the treatments on potato quality and yield criteria such as tuber number, tuber width, tuber length, single tuber weight, yield per decare, and the effects of the pesticides on potato late blight disease and disease severity parameters were evaluated. When the data obtained as a result of the study were evaluated, it was determined that the combination application had a positive effect on the control of potato late blight disease in both potato cultivars compared to the control plots. When the quality criteria of potato tubers were evaluated, the highest number of tubers was obtained from the plots where copper fungicide and plant activator (Isr-2000) combination was applied. Significant increase was obtained in potato quality and yield criteria such as tuber width, tuber length, average tuber weight and yield per decare when the combination plots were compared with the control plots. In conclusion, the use of contact fungicides and plant activator combinations in the control of late blight in the spring period within the scope of sustainable agriculture is promising as an application alternative in the control of plant diseases in organic agriculture.
{"title":"Effects of Combination of Copper Fungicide and Plant Activator on Late Blight and Quality Criteria of Potato","authors":"Nilay Özdemi̇r","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1105431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1105431","url":null,"abstract":"Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most important fungal diseases that cause damage to both the green parts and tuber of the potato plant and limits potato cultivation. Systemic fungicides are mostly preferred by farmers in the control of potato late blight. The fact that systemic fungicides cause health problems in terms of human and environmental health has revealed the need for research on control methods that do not threaten environmental health. In recent years, successful results have been obtained in the control of many diseases with plant activators known as Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) promoters. This study was carried out in the spring season of 2016-2017 to observe the effect of copper fungicide and plant activator (Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product) combination on the control of potato late blight disease and some quality criteria of potato tubers in the experimental plots of Ege University Ödemiş Vocational School in Ödemiş district of İzmir province. The experiment was planned as two separate experiments with Marabel and Melody potato cultivars. The experiment was established according to a split-plot experimental design with four replications. In this study, the effect of the treatments on potato quality and yield criteria such as tuber number, tuber width, tuber length, single tuber weight, yield per decare, and the effects of the pesticides on potato late blight disease and disease severity parameters were evaluated. When the data obtained as a result of the study were evaluated, it was determined that the combination application had a positive effect on the control of potato late blight disease in both potato cultivars compared to the control plots. When the quality criteria of potato tubers were evaluated, the highest number of tubers was obtained from the plots where copper fungicide and plant activator (Isr-2000) combination was applied. Significant increase was obtained in potato quality and yield criteria such as tuber width, tuber length, average tuber weight and yield per decare when the combination plots were compared with the control plots. In conclusion, the use of contact fungicides and plant activator combinations in the control of late blight in the spring period within the scope of sustainable agriculture is promising as an application alternative in the control of plant diseases in organic agriculture.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122012412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elma (Malus domestica), gülgiller (Rosaceae) familyasından kültürü yapılan bir tür olup taze olarak tüketiminin yanında kurutulup meyve ve cips olarakta tüketimi son yıllarda daha fazla popüler hale gelmiştir. Ancak yapılan kurutma işlemlerinde enerji ve kalite özellikleri dikkate alınarak uygun kurutma şartlarının belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, bazı kurutma ön işlemleri (sitrik asit, potasyum karbonat, vakum impregnasyon) Golden delicious L. çeşidi elma dilimlerine uygulayarak kurutma işleminin enerji tüketimini azaltmak ve örneklerin fiziko-kimyasal özelliklerinin korunması amaçlanmıştır. Elma dilimleri sabit 70 ºC sıcaklıkta 3.98±0.06’dan 0.06±0.019 g nem g kuru madde-1 değerine kadar kurutulmuştur. Çalışmada, en kısa kuruma süresi 5.5. saat olarak tespit edilirken en uzun kuruma süresi ise 9.5 saat olarak belirlenmiştir. En iyi tahmin eden matematiksel model Wang Sing olarak belirlenmiştir. Kurutma işlemlerinin efektif difüzyon değerlerinin 1.03x10-5-6.67x10-6 m2 s-1 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Sitrik asit çözeltisine bandırıldıktan sonra kurutulan örneklerin efektif difüzyon değerinin en yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Tazenin renk değerlerini en iyi (P
苹果（Malus domestica）是蔷薇科苹果属的栽培品种，近年来，苹果作为干果和薯片以及新鲜水果的消费越来越受欢迎。然而，在干燥过程中，通过考虑能量和质量特性来确定适当的干燥条件非常重要。在本研究中，对 Golden delicious L. 品种的苹果片采用了一些干燥预处理方法（柠檬酸、碳酸钾、真空浸渍），以降低干燥过程的能耗并保持样品的物理化学特性。苹果片在 70 ºC 的恒温条件下从 3.98±0.06 克水分 g 干物质-1 干燥到 0.06±0.019 克水分 g 干物质-1。在这项研究中，最短的干燥时间被确定为 5.5 小时，最长的干燥时间被确定为 9.5 小时。最佳预测数学模型被确定为 Wang Sing。研究发现，干燥过程的有效扩散值介于 1.03x10-5-6.67x10-6 m2 s-1 之间。结果发现，在柠檬酸溶液中浸泡后干燥的样品的有效扩散值最高。最佳色值（P
{"title":"Effect of Pretreatment on Drying Properties of Golden delicious L. Apple","authors":"M. Taşova, S. Dursun","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1117872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1117872","url":null,"abstract":"Elma (Malus domestica), gülgiller (Rosaceae) familyasından kültürü yapılan bir tür olup taze olarak tüketiminin yanında kurutulup meyve ve cips olarakta tüketimi son yıllarda daha fazla popüler hale gelmiştir. Ancak yapılan kurutma işlemlerinde enerji ve kalite özellikleri dikkate alınarak uygun kurutma şartlarının belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, bazı kurutma ön işlemleri (sitrik asit, potasyum karbonat, vakum impregnasyon) Golden delicious L. çeşidi elma dilimlerine uygulayarak kurutma işleminin enerji tüketimini azaltmak ve örneklerin fiziko-kimyasal özelliklerinin korunması amaçlanmıştır. Elma dilimleri sabit 70 ºC sıcaklıkta 3.98±0.06’dan 0.06±0.019 g nem g kuru madde-1 değerine kadar kurutulmuştur. Çalışmada, en kısa kuruma süresi 5.5. saat olarak tespit edilirken en uzun kuruma süresi ise 9.5 saat olarak belirlenmiştir. En iyi tahmin eden matematiksel model Wang Sing olarak belirlenmiştir. Kurutma işlemlerinin efektif difüzyon değerlerinin 1.03x10-5-6.67x10-6 m2 s-1 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Sitrik asit çözeltisine bandırıldıktan sonra kurutulan örneklerin efektif difüzyon değerinin en yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Tazenin renk değerlerini en iyi (P","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133860529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the study, seasonal changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lutein hormone (LH), total testosterone (TTH), and Free Testosterone Hormone (FTH) of Saanen goats were investigated. In order to determine the hormone levels between February 2019 and December 2019, blood samples were taken from bucks (n=6) twice a week during the entire trial. FSH level started to decrease relatively after August and the lowest value was determined as 173.01 mlU/ml in January. The difference between the months in the mean FSH level was found to be significant (p
{"title":"Seasonal Changes of FSH, LH, Total and Free Testosterone Hormones in Saanen Bucks","authors":"Ç. Kandemir, T. Taşkin, N. Koşum","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1086419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1086419","url":null,"abstract":"In the study, seasonal changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lutein hormone (LH), total testosterone (TTH), and Free Testosterone Hormone (FTH) of Saanen goats were investigated. In order to determine the hormone levels between February 2019 and December 2019, blood samples were taken from bucks (n=6) twice a week during the entire trial. FSH level started to decrease relatively after August and the lowest value was determined as 173.01 mlU/ml in January. The difference between the months in the mean FSH level was found to be significant (p","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134141721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to examine the effects of varying levels of deficit irrigation applied through partial root drying (PRD) and conventional deficit irrigation on some parameters of cucumber plant such as fresh and dried biomass, plant stem diameter, number of leaf, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, water soluble dry matter (WSDM). Seven irrigation treatments (DI75, APRD75, FPRD75, DI50, APRD50, FPRD50) were examined together with the control treatment (FULL). The irrigation water of the treatments DI75, APRD75 and FPRD75 are 25% less than the FULL treatment. The irrigation water of the DI50, APRD50 and FPRD50 treatments is 50% less than the FULL treatment. DI75 and DI50 are traditional deficit irrigation applications in which both sides of the plant root zone are wetted. In APRD75 and APRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry and the wet/dry parts are switched in each irrigation application. In FPRD75 and FPRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry for a fixed period during the entire season. It has been revealed that 25% and 50% water deficit levels affect the amount of biomass as a result of the application of conventional deficit irrigation and partial root drying (PRD) techniques when compared to the FULL treatment. However, it has been found that the parameters such as plant stem diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and WSDM are not affected. When the results obtained in the research are evaluated; it has been observed that water application techniques (DI, APRD, FPRD) have a significant effect on both plant development and yield when the same amount of water is given. As irrigation water constraint increases, the yield has been found to decrease. However, the decrease in the amount of irrigation water and the decrease in yield have not been the same. Research aiming to save irrigation water is increasingly important, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce and expensive. In this regard, the fact that the decrease in yield remains smaller than the rate of decrease in irrigation water can be seen as an advantage of PRD treatments.
{"title":"Hıyarın Bazı Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Farklı Sulama Rejimlerinin Etkisinin Belirlenmesi","authors":"Harun Kaman, Ömer Özbek, Ersin Polat","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1093951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1093951","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the effects of varying levels of deficit irrigation applied through partial root drying (PRD) and conventional deficit irrigation on some parameters of cucumber plant such as fresh and dried biomass, plant stem diameter, number of leaf, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, water soluble dry matter (WSDM). Seven irrigation treatments (DI75, APRD75, FPRD75, DI50, APRD50, FPRD50) were examined together with the control treatment (FULL). The irrigation water of the treatments DI75, APRD75 and FPRD75 are 25% less than the FULL treatment. The irrigation water of the DI50, APRD50 and FPRD50 treatments is 50% less than the FULL treatment. DI75 and DI50 are traditional deficit irrigation applications in which both sides of the plant root zone are wetted. In APRD75 and APRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry and the wet/dry parts are switched in each irrigation application. In FPRD75 and FPRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry for a fixed period during the entire season. It has been revealed that 25% and 50% water deficit levels affect the amount of biomass as a result of the application of conventional deficit irrigation and partial root drying (PRD) techniques when compared to the FULL treatment. However, it has been found that the parameters such as plant stem diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and WSDM are not affected. When the results obtained in the research are evaluated; it has been observed that water application techniques (DI, APRD, FPRD) have a significant effect on both plant development and yield when the same amount of water is given. As irrigation water constraint increases, the yield has been found to decrease. However, the decrease in the amount of irrigation water and the decrease in yield have not been the same. Research aiming to save irrigation water is increasingly important, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce and expensive. In this regard, the fact that the decrease in yield remains smaller than the rate of decrease in irrigation water can be seen as an advantage of PRD treatments.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134348922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants need all plant nutrition elements to be available and adequate level in soil for optimum growth and yield production. The uptake of macro and micro nutrients by plants is limited or they can not be beneficial for plants in calcareous soils with high pH such as being in Mediterranean Region. In such situations, management strategies such as foliar spray can be useful to benefit of plants from them particularly under soil-limed condition with restricted micronutrients uptake. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar-applied zinc and iron on chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI) and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L.) at different growth stages. Field experiments were conducted over during the second crop seasons of the years 2018 and 2019 under the conditions of Hatay Province. The experiment was designed as split-split plot design with three replications. Varieties (Arısoy, Bravo, Nazlıcan) were placed in main plots, growth stages (V3, R1, R3) in sub-plots and foliar fertilizers (control, zinc, iron, zinc + iron) in sub-sub-plots. Foliar application of iron and zinc increased chlorophyll content and LAI values at different stages of growth in contrast to control (untreated) groups. The highest SPAD value (36.03) was obtained from Nazlıcan x R3 x Zn + Fe treatment and the highest LAI (7.57) was obtained from Bravo x V3 x Fe treatment. Generally, the higher results of SPAD value were observed in reproductive stages while the higher results of LAI were observed in vegetative stages. Leaf zinc and iron accumulations were higher in reproductive stages. As a result of this study, it was observed that micro nutrients needed by soybean plant can be supplied with foliar applications in calcareous soils.
植物需要土壤中所有植物营养元素的可用性和充足的水平，以实现最佳生长和产量生产。在地中海地区等高pH的钙质土壤中，植物对宏量和微量养分的吸收是有限的或不利于植物生长。在这种情况下，叶面喷淋等管理策略可以使植物受益，特别是在土壤石灰化、微量营养素吸收受限的情况下。本试验旨在评价叶施锌和铁对大豆不同生育期叶绿素含量、叶面积指数(LAI)和化学成分(Glycine max L.)的影响。在哈塔伊省的条件下，于2018年和2019年第二季进行了田间试验。试验设计为3个重复的分裂-分裂小区设计。主区种植品种(Arısoy、Bravo、Nazlıcan)，分区种植生长阶段(V3、R1、R3)，次分区施用叶面肥料(对照、锌、铁、锌+铁)。与对照(未处理)组相比，叶面施用铁和锌增加了不同生长阶段叶绿素含量和LAI值。Nazlıcan x R3 x Zn + Fe处理的SPAD值最高(36.03)，Bravo x V3 x Fe处理的LAI值最高(7.57)。一般而言，SPAD值在繁殖期较高，LAI值在营养期较高。生殖期叶片锌和铁的积累量较高。结果表明，在钙质土壤中，叶面施用可以提供大豆所需的微量养分。
{"title":"Effects of Foliar Fertilizer Applications on Leaf Area, Chlorophyll and Nutritional Content at Different Growth Stages of Soybean","authors":"Cenkhan Sahin, N. İşler","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.963971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.963971","url":null,"abstract":"Plants need all plant nutrition elements to be available and adequate level in soil for optimum growth and yield production. The uptake of macro and micro nutrients by plants is limited or they can not be beneficial for plants in calcareous soils with high pH such as being in Mediterranean Region. In such situations, management strategies such as foliar spray can be useful to benefit of plants from them particularly under soil-limed condition with restricted micronutrients uptake. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar-applied zinc and iron on chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI) and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L.) at different growth stages. Field experiments were conducted over during the second crop seasons of the years 2018 and 2019 under the conditions of Hatay Province. The experiment was designed as split-split plot design with three replications. Varieties (Arısoy, Bravo, Nazlıcan) were placed in main plots, growth stages (V3, R1, R3) in sub-plots and foliar fertilizers (control, zinc, iron, zinc + iron) in sub-sub-plots. Foliar application of iron and zinc increased chlorophyll content and LAI values at different stages of growth in contrast to control (untreated) groups. The highest SPAD value (36.03) was obtained from Nazlıcan x R3 x Zn + Fe treatment and the highest LAI (7.57) was obtained from Bravo x V3 x Fe treatment. Generally, the higher results of SPAD value were observed in reproductive stages while the higher results of LAI were observed in vegetative stages. Leaf zinc and iron accumulations were higher in reproductive stages. As a result of this study, it was observed that micro nutrients needed by soybean plant can be supplied with foliar applications in calcareous soils.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126028992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toprak işleme alet ve makinalarının tasarımında ve optimizasyonunda bilinmesi gereken en önemli dinamik parametre çeki kuvvetidir. Günümüzde toprak işleme alet ve makinalarında çeki kuvveti değişik yöntemlerle belirlenebilmektedir. Bunlar deneysel, analitik ve nümerik yöntemlerdir. Nümerik yöntemler içinde özellikle sonlu elemanlar yöntemi toprak işleme alet ve makinalarının tasarımında ve çeki kuvveti tahminlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Toprak makine ilişkisinde sonlu elemanlar yönteminin kullanılması yeni ekipmanların ve makinaların tasarım, optimizasyon ve değerlendirilmesinde büyük kolaylıklar ve ekonomiklik sağlamıştır. Toprak makine ilişkisini tanımlamada kullanılan önemli yazılımlardan biri ANSYS dir. ANSYS Sonlu elemanlar yöntemini kullanarak toprak-makine ilişkisini analiz edebilen güçlü bir nümerik yazılım programı olması ve gerçek toprak parametrelerinin ve sınır şartlarının simülasyona girilmesiyle gerçeğe çok yakın sonuçlar vermesi nedeniyle bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, kültivatörler için kullanılabilecek farklı ağız yapılarına sahip (düz, sivri ve çatal şekilli) uç demirleri kullanılmıştır. Bu uç demirlerinin farklı çalışma hızlardaki (1.5 m s-1, 2.5 m s-1 ve 3.5 m s-1) çeki kuvveti değerleri belirlenmiştir. ANSYS içerisinde gömülü toprak modelleri mevcut olup bu modeller içerisinden Drucker and Prager modeli kullanılarak uç demirleri ile elde edilen çeki kuvveti değerleri belirlenmiştir. Bu model toprak makine ilişkisini temsil eden en iyi model olarak belirtilmektedir. İlerleme hızının artması ile çeki kuvvetinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak çatal uç demirinin diğer uç demirlerine göre hız artışından daha az etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Bu durum bu uç demirini diğerlerinden daha önemli bir konuma getirmiştir. En yüksek çeki kuvveti 3.5 m s-1 ilerleme hızında düz uç demiri ile 1.64 kN olarak bulunmuştur. En düşük çeki kuvveti ise 1.5 m s-1ilerleme hızında çatal uç demiri ile 0.39 kN olarak bulunmuştur.
{"title":"Farklı ağız yapısına sahip kültivatör uç demirlerinin çeki kuvveti üzerine etkisinin sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmesi","authors":"M. Boydaş","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1087131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1087131","url":null,"abstract":"Toprak işleme alet ve makinalarının tasarımında ve optimizasyonunda bilinmesi gereken en önemli dinamik parametre çeki kuvvetidir. Günümüzde toprak işleme alet ve makinalarında çeki kuvveti değişik yöntemlerle belirlenebilmektedir. Bunlar deneysel, analitik ve nümerik yöntemlerdir. Nümerik yöntemler içinde özellikle sonlu elemanlar yöntemi toprak işleme alet ve makinalarının tasarımında ve çeki kuvveti tahminlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Toprak makine ilişkisinde sonlu elemanlar yönteminin kullanılması yeni ekipmanların ve makinaların tasarım, optimizasyon ve değerlendirilmesinde büyük kolaylıklar ve ekonomiklik sağlamıştır. Toprak makine ilişkisini tanımlamada kullanılan önemli yazılımlardan biri ANSYS dir. ANSYS Sonlu elemanlar yöntemini kullanarak toprak-makine ilişkisini analiz edebilen güçlü bir nümerik yazılım programı olması ve gerçek toprak parametrelerinin ve sınır şartlarının simülasyona girilmesiyle gerçeğe çok yakın sonuçlar vermesi nedeniyle bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, kültivatörler için kullanılabilecek farklı ağız yapılarına sahip (düz, sivri ve çatal şekilli) uç demirleri kullanılmıştır. Bu uç demirlerinin farklı çalışma hızlardaki (1.5 m s-1, 2.5 m s-1 ve 3.5 m s-1) çeki kuvveti değerleri belirlenmiştir. ANSYS içerisinde gömülü toprak modelleri mevcut olup bu modeller içerisinden Drucker and Prager modeli kullanılarak uç demirleri ile elde edilen çeki kuvveti değerleri belirlenmiştir. Bu model toprak makine ilişkisini temsil eden en iyi model olarak belirtilmektedir. İlerleme hızının artması ile çeki kuvvetinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak çatal uç demirinin diğer uç demirlerine göre hız artışından daha az etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Bu durum bu uç demirini diğerlerinden daha önemli bir konuma getirmiştir. En yüksek çeki kuvveti 3.5 m s-1 ilerleme hızında düz uç demiri ile 1.64 kN olarak bulunmuştur. En düşük çeki kuvveti ise 1.5 m s-1ilerleme hızında çatal uç demiri ile 0.39 kN olarak bulunmuştur.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114942864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abraham Falola, Ridwan Mukaila, Taiwo Funmilola Lawal, Michael Ayodele Akinsuyi
Commercialization of neglected and underutilized species is a reasonable pathway to food security, employment growth, and reducing poverty. Pigeon pea is one of the underutilized crops with great economic value and health benefits. Despite its potential, pigeon pea is still a minor crop. This study, therefore, examined the level of pigeon pea commercialization, influencing factors of the commercialization of pigeon pea production and the constraints faced in its commercialization in Nigeria. The descriptive statistics, the household commercialization index, and the Tobit regression model were used to analyse primary data collected from 160 randomly selected pigeon pea farmers. The results showed that the mean household commercialization index was 29.2%, implying that the farmers still had a gap of a minimum of 45.8% to attain a high level of commercialization in pigeon pea production. The positive influencing factors for the commercialization of pigeon pea production were access to credit, farming experience, farm size, farm output, extension services, the use of farm machinery, and pesticides. The distance to the market had a negative influence on the commercialization of pigeon pea production. Farmers' major challenges in commercializing pigeon pea production included a lack of credit, insufficient extension contacts, a poor transportation system, pests and diseases, high production input costs, inadequate storage facilities, and insufficient access to timely market information. Therefore, this study recommends encouraging pigeon pea commercialization by the government and non-governmental organizations through the provision of farm credits, production inputs, a good transportation system, and an improved agricultural extension system.
{"title":"Commercialization of Pigeon Pea Production: Its Determinants and Constraints","authors":"Abraham Falola, Ridwan Mukaila, Taiwo Funmilola Lawal, Michael Ayodele Akinsuyi","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1113523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1113523","url":null,"abstract":"Commercialization of neglected and underutilized species is a reasonable pathway to food security, employment growth, and reducing poverty. Pigeon pea is one of the underutilized crops with great economic value and health benefits. Despite its potential, pigeon pea is still a minor crop. This study, therefore, examined the level of pigeon pea commercialization, influencing factors of the commercialization of pigeon pea production and the constraints faced in its commercialization in Nigeria. The descriptive statistics, the household commercialization index, and the Tobit regression model were used to analyse primary data collected from 160 randomly selected pigeon pea farmers. The results showed that the mean household commercialization index was 29.2%, implying that the farmers still had a gap of a minimum of 45.8% to attain a high level of commercialization in pigeon pea production. The positive influencing factors for the commercialization of pigeon pea production were access to credit, farming experience, farm size, farm output, extension services, the use of farm machinery, and pesticides. The distance to the market had a negative influence on the commercialization of pigeon pea production. Farmers' major challenges in commercializing pigeon pea production included a lack of credit, insufficient extension contacts, a poor transportation system, pests and diseases, high production input costs, inadequate storage facilities, and insufficient access to timely market information. Therefore, this study recommends encouraging pigeon pea commercialization by the government and non-governmental organizations through the provision of farm credits, production inputs, a good transportation system, and an improved agricultural extension system.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132838474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hazelnut, which has the most common cultivation area after almonds and walnuts among the shell fruits in the world, contains high levels of fat, protein, carbohydrates, various minerals and vitamins. Hazelnut has a broad growing area around the world, and Turkey accounts for 58% of world production with 776,000 tons annually. With this production capacity, Turkey ranks first in hazelnut production over the world. Harmful insects in hazelnut trees are the main factors that reduce hazelnut yield and quality. Pesticides are sprayed with backpack sprayers in the fight against these pests in hazelnut trees. Farmers are directly exposed to pesticides in these practices, which use high amounts of pesticides and water. In recent years, the use of unmanned agricultural vehicles in agriculture has increased. Drones are also used in pesticide applications in agriculture. In this study, the suitability of pesticide applications with the drone in hazelnut fields in Giresun province in terms of field conditions and spraying efficiency was investigated. In September 2021, applications were made with DJI Agras MG-1P model spraying drone in a selected hazelnut orchard in Uzgur village of Giresun province. The drone has 4 Teejet XR11001VS fan jet nozzles. Water-sensitive papers were placed on different regions on the hazelnut trees to be sprayed for drop measurements. In the experiments, hazelnut trees were sprayed using water at different heights and spraying rates. 6 flights were carried out at 1.5 and 2 meters altitudes and 1, 2 and 3 L.da-1 spray rates, and three hazel trees were sprayed as three repetitions in each flight. After the flight trials, the water-sensitive papers were scanned on the scanner, and the volume median diameters and the number of droplets per square centimetre were calculated in the DepositScan software. As a result of the analyses done, it was observed that the applications performed at 1 L.da-1 and 2 L.da-1 spray rates would not be sufficient in terms of spraying efficiency. As the drone flight altitude increased, the accumulation of the drops on the inner leaves decreased. In terms of drop distribution, the most homogeneous application parameter was found to be 1.5 meters high above the upper leaves of the hazel trees and 3 L.da-1 spray rate.
{"title":"Determination of the Application Parameters of Spraying Drones for Crop Production in Hazelnut Orchards","authors":"Hasan Özyurt, H. Duran, İ. Çelen","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1105420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1105420","url":null,"abstract":"Hazelnut, which has the most common cultivation area after almonds and walnuts among the shell fruits in the world, contains high levels of fat, protein, carbohydrates, various minerals and vitamins. Hazelnut has a broad growing area around the world, and Turkey accounts for 58% of world production with 776,000 tons annually. With this production capacity, Turkey ranks first in hazelnut production over the world. Harmful insects in hazelnut trees are the main factors that reduce hazelnut yield and quality. Pesticides are sprayed with backpack sprayers in the fight against these pests in hazelnut trees. Farmers are directly exposed to pesticides in these practices, which use high amounts of pesticides and water. In recent years, the use of unmanned agricultural vehicles in agriculture has increased. Drones are also used in pesticide applications in agriculture. In this study, the suitability of pesticide applications with the drone in hazelnut fields in Giresun province in terms of field conditions and spraying efficiency was investigated. In September 2021, applications were made with DJI Agras MG-1P model spraying drone in a selected hazelnut orchard in Uzgur village of Giresun province. The drone has 4 Teejet XR11001VS fan jet nozzles. Water-sensitive papers were placed on different regions on the hazelnut trees to be sprayed for drop measurements. In the experiments, hazelnut trees were sprayed using water at different heights and spraying rates. 6 flights were carried out at 1.5 and 2 meters altitudes and 1, 2 and 3 L.da-1 spray rates, and three hazel trees were sprayed as three repetitions in each flight. After the flight trials, the water-sensitive papers were scanned on the scanner, and the volume median diameters and the number of droplets per square centimetre were calculated in the DepositScan software. As a result of the analyses done, it was observed that the applications performed at 1 L.da-1 and 2 L.da-1 spray rates would not be sufficient in terms of spraying efficiency. As the drone flight altitude increased, the accumulation of the drops on the inner leaves decreased. In terms of drop distribution, the most homogeneous application parameter was found to be 1.5 meters high above the upper leaves of the hazel trees and 3 L.da-1 spray rate.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126232879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dill, Anethum graveolens L., is grown in various regions of the world. It has been used as vegetable and medicinal plant since ancient times. Seed quality is important in dill cultivation and there is limited information on the effects of cutting treatment in this species. This research was carried out to find out the effect of cutting treatment on phenological traits, seed yield and quality of dill at Ege University, Izmir, during 2016-2018. The experiments were carried out in the randomized complete block design with three replications, comprising of cutting treatment for both spring and autumn seeding period. Significant differences were noted in the flowering period, seed yield and quality attributes with cutting treatment for both seeding period. The obtained results showed that the days from sowing to bolting initiation were increased with cutting treatment from 51 days to 65 days in spring seeding period and from 153 days to 184 days in autumn seeding period. The plant height, number of umbels per plant, seed weight per plant were lower in the cut plants in comparison to that of uncut plants for both seeding period. The uncut plants has produced significantly higher plant height (113 cm-spring seeding period; 133 cm-autumn seeding period), number of umbels/plant (8.4-spring seeding period; 10.1-autumn seeding period) and seed weight/plant (6.4 g-spring seeding period; 10.9 g-autumn seeding period). The cutting treatment decreased germination percentage by 9.27% in the spring seeding period and by 12.13% in the autumn seeding period compared to the control plant seeds. Lower mean germination time at 20/30°C (3.77 days-spring seeding period; 4.54 days-autumn seeding period) were also observed in uncut plants. Thus, it was concluded that cutting is not recommended in the vegetative stage in dill seed production as it provided lower seed yield and seed quality for both autumn and spring seed planting periods.
{"title":"Effect of Cutting Treatment on Seed Yield and Seed Quality of Dill","authors":"Özlem Alan, Hülya İlbi̇","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1073356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1073356","url":null,"abstract":"Dill, Anethum graveolens L., is grown in various regions of the world. It has been used as vegetable and medicinal plant since ancient times. Seed quality is important in dill cultivation and there is limited information on the effects of cutting treatment in this species. This research was carried out to find out the effect of cutting treatment on phenological traits, seed yield and quality of dill at Ege University, Izmir, during 2016-2018. The experiments were carried out in the randomized complete block design with three replications, comprising of cutting treatment for both spring and autumn seeding period. Significant differences were noted in the flowering period, seed yield and quality attributes with cutting treatment for both seeding period. The obtained results showed that the days from sowing to bolting initiation were increased with cutting treatment from 51 days to 65 days in spring seeding period and from 153 days to 184 days in autumn seeding period. The plant height, number of umbels per plant, seed weight per plant were lower in the cut plants in comparison to that of uncut plants for both seeding period. The uncut plants has produced significantly higher plant height (113 cm-spring seeding period; 133 cm-autumn seeding period), number of umbels/plant (8.4-spring seeding period; 10.1-autumn seeding period) and seed weight/plant (6.4 g-spring seeding period; 10.9 g-autumn seeding period). The cutting treatment decreased germination percentage by 9.27% in the spring seeding period and by 12.13% in the autumn seeding period compared to the control plant seeds. Lower mean germination time at 20/30°C (3.77 days-spring seeding period; 4.54 days-autumn seeding period) were also observed in uncut plants. Thus, it was concluded that cutting is not recommended in the vegetative stage in dill seed production as it provided lower seed yield and seed quality for both autumn and spring seed planting periods.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116819350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato’ nun neden olduğu Bakteriyel Benek Hastalığı domateste verim kayıplarına neden olan önemli bir bakteriyel hastalıktır. Bu hastalık son yıllarda domates yetiştirilen tarla ve seralarda hatta ticari fideliklerde sorun oluşturmaktadır. Hastalığın mücadelesinde tohum uygulamaları önemli bir hastalık mücadele stratejisidir ve antagonist mikroorganizmaları kullanarak biyolojik tohum uygulamaları etkili ve çevre dostu bir mücadele şeklidir. Bu çalışmada, domates alanlarından izole edilen antagonist bakteriyel mikroorganizmalarla hastalığın biyolojik mücadele olanakları araştırılmıştır. Antagonistleri izole etmek için Mersin ili Erdemli ve Toroslar ilçesinde domates bitkisinin yetiştiği alanlardan toplam 36 adet toprak ve kök örnekleri toplanmıştır. Bu örneklerden bakteriyolojik tekniklere göre yapılan izolasyonlarda toplam 323 adet aday antagonist bakteri izolatı elde edilmiştir. Bu izolatların antimikrobiyal etkileri in vitro petri denemeleriyle incelenmiş ve 12 izolat 2.3-11.0 mm arasında inhibisyon zonu oluşturarak patojenin gelişimini baskı altına almıştır. In vitro çalışmalarda başarılı bulunan 12 adet antagonistik bakteri izolatı patojenle suni olarak bulaştırılmış tohuma uygulandığında hastalığın %33-95 oranında azaldığı ve hastalık şiddetinin %28-95 arasında baskılandığı saptanmıştır. Uygulamalar tohum çimlenmesinde olumsuz bir etki yaratmamıştır. En başarılı bulunan dört antagonist bakteri izolatlarıyla yapılan ikinci biyolojik tohum uygulaması denemesinde, hastalık %81-100 oranında baskılanmıştır. Böylece başarılı antagonistlerin etkisi ikinci kere kanıtlanmıştır. Bu başarılı izolatların tanı çalışmalarında MALDI-TOF MS tekniğinden faydalanılmıştır ve yapılan tanı testlerine göre antagonistlerin Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus ve Paenobacillus polymyxa olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmayla, antagonist özellikteki Bacillus türlerinin domateste Bakteriyel Benek Hastalığının mücadelesinde biyolojik tohum uygulaması olarak başarıyla kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Gelecekte antagonistik Bacillus izolatların yeşil aksamdaki bu hastalığı engelleme oranı, etki mekanizmaları ve diğer antagonistlere, bitki patojenlerine olan etkileri araştırılmalıdır. Pratikte kullanımı için kitle üretimleri, ruhsat ve patent alma gibi detaylı çalışmalara da ihtiyaç vardır. Antagonistlerle ek denemeler yapıldıktan sonra bu hastalığın entegre yönetiminin bir parçası olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
{"title":"Domates Bakteriyel Benek Hastalığının Biyolojik Mücadelesinde Farklı Bacillus Türlerinin Kullanımı","authors":"Özgür Güldoğan, Benian PINAR AKTEPE, Y. Aysan","doi":"10.33462/jotaf.1101685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1101685","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato’ nun neden olduğu Bakteriyel Benek Hastalığı domateste verim kayıplarına neden olan önemli bir bakteriyel hastalıktır. Bu hastalık son yıllarda domates yetiştirilen tarla ve seralarda hatta ticari fideliklerde sorun oluşturmaktadır. Hastalığın mücadelesinde tohum uygulamaları önemli bir hastalık mücadele stratejisidir ve antagonist mikroorganizmaları kullanarak biyolojik tohum uygulamaları etkili ve çevre dostu bir mücadele şeklidir. Bu çalışmada, domates alanlarından izole edilen antagonist bakteriyel mikroorganizmalarla hastalığın biyolojik mücadele olanakları araştırılmıştır. Antagonistleri izole etmek için Mersin ili Erdemli ve Toroslar ilçesinde domates bitkisinin yetiştiği alanlardan toplam 36 adet toprak ve kök örnekleri toplanmıştır. Bu örneklerden bakteriyolojik tekniklere göre yapılan izolasyonlarda toplam 323 adet aday antagonist bakteri izolatı elde edilmiştir. Bu izolatların antimikrobiyal etkileri in vitro petri denemeleriyle incelenmiş ve 12 izolat 2.3-11.0 mm arasında inhibisyon zonu oluşturarak patojenin gelişimini baskı altına almıştır. In vitro çalışmalarda başarılı bulunan 12 adet antagonistik bakteri izolatı patojenle suni olarak bulaştırılmış tohuma uygulandığında hastalığın %33-95 oranında azaldığı ve hastalık şiddetinin %28-95 arasında baskılandığı saptanmıştır. Uygulamalar tohum çimlenmesinde olumsuz bir etki yaratmamıştır. En başarılı bulunan dört antagonist bakteri izolatlarıyla yapılan ikinci biyolojik tohum uygulaması denemesinde, hastalık %81-100 oranında baskılanmıştır. Böylece başarılı antagonistlerin etkisi ikinci kere kanıtlanmıştır. Bu başarılı izolatların tanı çalışmalarında MALDI-TOF MS tekniğinden faydalanılmıştır ve yapılan tanı testlerine göre antagonistlerin Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus ve Paenobacillus polymyxa olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmayla, antagonist özellikteki Bacillus türlerinin domateste Bakteriyel Benek Hastalığının mücadelesinde biyolojik tohum uygulaması olarak başarıyla kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Gelecekte antagonistik Bacillus izolatların yeşil aksamdaki bu hastalığı engelleme oranı, etki mekanizmaları ve diğer antagonistlere, bitki patojenlerine olan etkileri araştırılmalıdır. Pratikte kullanımı için kitle üretimleri, ruhsat ve patent alma gibi detaylı çalışmalara da ihtiyaç vardır. Antagonistlerle ek denemeler yapıldıktan sonra bu hastalığın entegre yönetiminin bir parçası olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.","PeriodicalId":387927,"journal":{"name":"Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130399090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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