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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF JOINT TENANCY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF REAL PROPERTY IN MALAYSIA, SINGAPORE, AND AUSTRALIA 联权共有在马来西亚、新加坡和澳大利亚房地产管理中的应用比较分析
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i27.1295
Azhani Arshad, Rahmawati Mohd Yusoff, Syuhaeda Ani Mat Ali, Akmal Hidayah Halim, Nur Akmal Adnan
Joint tenancy has been applied when one of the joint tenants dies; the deceased's left portion must be given to the surviving joint tenant. The National Land Code (Act 828) acknowledges the concept of joint ownership in form of tenancy in common while the right of survivorship was only acknowledged in the National Land Code (Penang and Malacca Titles) Act 1963. Therefore, the research aims to explore the concept of joint tenancy and the existing laws governing the joint ownership in Malaysia. This research is based on the qualitative research and analysis of the primary and secondary materials through the governing statutes and reported cases. The research also explores the practice of joint tenancy in Singapore and Australia for comparative analysis. It is predicated that the application of joint tenancy would give the advantage to the surviving joint tenant towards the full enjoyment of the property.
联权共有人之一死亡时已适用联权共有;死者的遗产必须分给在世的联权共有人。《国家土地法》(第828号法令)承认共同所有权的概念,而《1963年国家土地法(槟城和马六甲地权)法令》只承认生存权。因此,本研究旨在探讨联权共有的概念和马来西亚现有的共同所有权法律。本研究是基于定性研究和分析的一手和第二手的材料,通过管理法规和报告的案例。本研究还探讨了新加坡和澳大利亚联权共有的实践,并进行了比较分析。据推测,联权共有的适用将使幸存的联权共有人对财产的充分享有有利。
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引用次数: 0
LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY INDEX AND NETWORK MAPPING FOR SPOTTING THE AFFECTED AND ALTERNATIVE PLANNING ROUTES 滑坡易感性指数和网络制图,以确定受影响的和备选的规划路线
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1266
A. R. Abdul Rasam, Dorisin Mardie, Mohd Shahmy Mohd Said, N. Hashim, R. Ghazali
Millions of people were harmed by landslides, and many have lost their lives. Instead of widening the access road during a landslide, an alternative or new road should be introduced accurately. This study was conducted to determine an appropriate GIS-based alternative planning route during landslides in Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia. For determining the criteria weights of the landslide, a GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Making (GIS-MCDM) technique was utilised with the extension of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The Landslide Susceptibility Index (LSI) map was created using lithology, slope, aspect, rainfall, land use or land cover (LULC), and proximity to a stream. The map was compared with the NASA-landslide historical data for the verification. The study found that lithology, slope, and aspect were the most contributing factors to the local landslide occurrences. The route from Pinausuk to the destination position of Kundasang is the most appropriate choice. An alternative planning route map is a helpful tool for the authorities and it might be also made available to the public, so they will know which path can be taken for more secure alternative access during landslides.
数百万人受到山体滑坡的伤害,许多人失去了生命。在滑坡期间,不应拓宽通道,而应准确地开辟一条替代道路或新路。本研究的目的是在马来西亚沙巴州拉瑙的滑坡期间确定一个适当的基于gis的替代规划路线。为了确定滑坡的标准权重,采用了基于gis的多标准决策(GIS-MCDM)技术,并扩展了层次分析法(AHP)。滑坡易感性指数(LSI)地图是根据岩性、坡度、坡向、降雨、土地利用或土地覆盖(LULC)以及靠近河流等因素绘制的。该地图与美国宇航局滑坡历史数据进行了比较,以进行验证。研究发现,岩性、坡度、坡向是局部滑坡发生的主要影响因素。从皮诺苏克到昆达桑的路线是最合适的选择。另一份规划路线图对当局来说是一个有用的工具,也可以提供给公众,这样他们就会知道在山体滑坡时,哪条路径可以更安全。
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引用次数: 0
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE LIVING RESIDENTIAL SITE SUITABILITY USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS 基于层次分析法的可持续生活住宅用地适宜性地理空间分析
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1260
E. S. Mokhtar, Nur Aqilah Balqis Md Sharin, M. Idrees, Nurhafiza Md Saad, Puji Astuti, NoorZahirah Mohd Sidek, Zaharah Mohd Yusoff, Siti Maryam Abdul Wahab
The demand for sustainable housing is rising because of the rapid increase in Malaysia's population. Housing areas with sufficient amenities, services, and accessibility contribute to people's having a higher quality of life since those amenities might satisfy their desire for a particular location. This study intends to identify significant parameters, weightage, and sustainable residential areas based on selected parameters. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographical Information System (GIS) platform were used to assess the appropriate parameters and locations with adequate facility supply. To determine the suitability of residential areas in Ipoh, Perak, the weighted overlay approach was performed using the computed value and scale of the parameters. A site suitability map is created using three separate levels with low, medium, and high suitability areas. The most important parameters were found to be health and social care, while industrial areas, social amenities, and recreational places were found to be less important. With this outcome, purchasers could discover the most important regions that fulfil their demands by making the decision to invest in the right residential property.
由于马来西亚人口的快速增长,对可持续住房的需求正在上升。拥有足够的便利设施、服务和可达性的住房区域有助于人们拥有更高的生活质量,因为这些便利设施可能满足他们对特定位置的渴望。本研究拟在选取参数的基础上,确定重要参数、权重和可持续住区。利用层次分析法(AHP)和地理信息系统(GIS)平台评估适当的参数和设施供应充足的地点。为了确定怡保、霹雳州居民区的适宜性,使用计算值和参数的尺度进行加权叠加法。站点适宜性地图使用低、中、高适宜性区域的三个独立级别创建。研究发现,最重要的参数是健康和社会护理,而工业区、社会设施和娱乐场所则不那么重要。有了这个结果,购买者可以通过决定投资合适的住宅物业来发现最重要的地区,满足他们的需求。
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引用次数: 1
INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY ON DEVELOPMENT OF SETTLEMENTS: A CASE OF VISAKHAPATNAM REGION 区域交通可达性对聚落发展的影响:以维萨卡帕特南地区为例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1262
Jagrati Jain, Sai Sesidhar V, Naina Gupta
The evolution of road development started with the idea of connecting metropolitan cities with the surrounding region. “All roads lead to Rome” which also shows us that, urban development attracts transport infrastructure. But eventually, settlements started to evolve in close proximity to the roads, which shows that development is followed by a transportation network. This has led to a common debate on what should come first, Opportunities/Settlement or Transport Infrastructure. In view of the existing literature, the interdependency of Regional Development and Transport Infrastructure can be classified under three categories which are 1. Transport system (Infrastructure) follows regional development, 2. Infrastructure development as an inductor of regional development and 3. Equality in development emphasizes balanced economic growth and infrastructure in a region. (Botrić, Šišinački and Škuflić, 2006). This study is an attempt to understand the development of the Visakhapatnam district in a regional context and its relation to the regional transportation network. The relationship between the accessibility of regional transport at the nodal level and the development of major settlements has been studied for the same. After analyzing various indicators of development and transportation infrastructure, an impact assessment of two indicators has been done. One of the indicators to study development is the growth rate in terms of the population of the Visakhapatnam region and the indicator to study transport accessibility is Shimbel’s index of major nodes in the regional network. The Geographic Information System has been used as a tool to develop the Road network and to generate the initial connectivity matrix for calculating the Shimbel Index. After obtaining the data related to the indicators of regional development and transportation accessibility, regression analysis has been performed which shows the relationship between the development of major settlements and accessibility.
道路发展的演变始于连接大都市与周边地区的想法。“条条大路通罗马”也向我们表明,城市发展吸引交通基础设施。但最终,定居点开始向靠近道路的地方发展,这表明交通网络的发展紧随其后。这引发了一场关于哪个应该优先的普遍辩论,是机遇/定居还是交通基础设施。根据现有文献,区域发展与交通基础设施的相互依存关系可分为三类:1。交通系统(基础设施)遵循区域发展,2。2 .基础设施建设对区域发展的引导作用;发展平等强调一个地区的均衡经济增长和基础设施建设。(botriki, Šišinački和Škuflić, 2006)。本研究试图了解维沙卡帕特南地区在区域背景下的发展及其与区域交通网络的关系。研究了区域交通节点可达性与主要聚落发展的关系。在分析了发展和交通基础设施的各项指标后,对两个指标进行了影响评价。研究发展的指标之一是维萨卡帕特南地区人口的增长率,研究交通可达性的指标是区域网络主要节点的Shimbel指数。地理信息系统已被用作开发道路网络和生成用于计算辛贝尔指数的初始连接矩阵的工具。在获取区域发展和交通可达性指标相关数据后,进行回归分析,得出主要聚落发展与可达性之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS (CBA) IN BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) APPLICATION IN GOVERNMENT HEALTHCARE FACILITIES PROJECTS IN MALAYSIA 马来西亚政府医疗设施项目中建筑信息模型(bim)应用的成本效益分析
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1257
Fazleemardyana Omar, Mohd Ashraf MOHD FATEH
The healthcare industry in Malaysia is expected to grow to 127 billion ringgit by 2027. This vast investment definitely involved massive construction activities, which subsequently, require an advanced support system, to ensure the deliverable. Integration of CBA and BIM will further enhance the government construction project delivery. The level of BIM adoption in Malaysia's Construction industry is still low due to several obstacles; lack of knowledge of BIM, lack of data on the return on investment of BIM, and implementation cost and benefits. The objective of this paper was to identify the current approach of CBA toward BIM application in Government Healthcare Facilities in Malaysia. A mixed method with a nonprobability sampling technique was adopted. Where, 53 out of 90 respondents of the BIM expert population registered with the Public Works Department (PWD) BIM Centre have replied to the questionnaire. Meanwhile, five (5) semi-structured interview sessions were conducted. The findings have discovered that, awareness of the BIM application in the construction industry is important in this digital era. Nevertheless, the integration of CBA in BIM in Malaysia can be considered still low, compared to other countries such as Singapore and Australia. The integration of CBA in BIM adoption falls under level 3 of BIM Maturity.
到2027年,马来西亚的医疗保健行业预计将增长到1270亿林吉特。这项巨大的投资肯定涉及大规模的建设活动,随后需要先进的支持系统,以确保交付。CBA与BIM的融合将进一步提升政府建设项目的交付能力。由于一些障碍,马来西亚建筑业采用BIM的水平仍然很低;缺乏对BIM的了解,缺乏BIM的投资回报数据,以及BIM的实施成本和效益。本文的目的是确定CBA在马来西亚政府医疗机构中BIM应用的当前方法。采用非概率抽样技术的混合方法。其中,在工务署BIM中心注册的90名BIM专家中,有53人回答了问卷。同时,进行了五次半结构化访谈。研究发现,在这个数字时代,BIM在建筑行业的应用意识是很重要的。然而,与新加坡和澳大利亚等其他国家相比,马来西亚的BIM中CBA的整合程度仍然很低。CBA在BIM采用中的整合属于BIM成熟度的第3级。
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引用次数: 0
INTEGRATING SPATIAL COST PATH AND MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR FINDING ALTERNATIVE ROUTES DURING FLOODING 将空间成本路径与多准则分析相结合,寻找洪水期间的替代路径
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1264
A. R. Abdul Rasam, Vera Taileh, Saharuddin Lin, N. Adnan, R. Ghazali
Route accessibility is essential infrastructure, facilitating more convenient transit for individuals. Nonetheless, the seasonal monsoon can lead to flooding and impair the accessibility of local transportation, especially in hilly-lowland areas. This study aims to investigate an alternative route access for safe travel from Kota Marudu to Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, during the floods with GIS path analysis and MCDA method. The slope, rainfall, land cover /land use (LULC), distance from the river and river density were utilized to construct the flood susceptibility map using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), while path analysis was applied to find the accessible and safe routes. There are two other routes in the study region, one of which may be utilized as a suitable route. A new route should be considered to create roads in the higher area. The alternate route map suggested in the study is a beneficial tool as caution during the rainy season. As the flood's extent is simply an estimate, it is only possible to forecast the event, and sometimes can result in unexpected tragedy.
路线可达性是必不可少的基础设施,为个人提供更便捷的交通。然而,季节性季风可能导致洪水,并损害当地交通的可达性,特别是在丘陵低地地区。本研究旨在利用GIS路径分析和MCDA方法,探讨洪水期间从哥打马鲁都到沙巴哥打京那巴鲁的安全交通路线。利用坡度、降雨量、土地覆盖/土地利用(LULC)、与河流的距离和河流密度等信息,采用层次分析法(AHP)构建洪水易感度图,并利用路径分析法寻找可达的安全路径。在研究区域还有另外两条路线,其中一条可能是合适的路线。应该考虑一条新的路线,在地势较高的地区开辟道路。研究中建议的替代路线图是一个有益的工具,可以在雨季起到警示作用。由于洪水的范围只是一个估计,所以只能预测事件,有时会导致意想不到的悲剧。
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引用次数: 0
EXAMINING CORRUPTION ISSUES IN MALAYSIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: PARTAKER PERSPECTIVES 审视马来西亚建筑行业的腐败问题:参与方视角
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1259
Rumaizah Mohd Nordin, Ezlina Mohd Ahnuar, Md Asrul Nasid Masrom, Naseem Ameer Ali
Unethical issues in relation to corruption is believed to slowly penetrate into the construction sector around the world due to its involvement with a multitude of players, different phases of work, and a great deal of input from both the public and private sectors. Due to the construction’s central role in development, corruption in construction can be harmful to the entire project mainly in terms of poor quality of the finished product, reduced economic return to investments, and increased number of injury and death. Despite concerns on this regard have been discussed, a commitment to rooting out corruption is crucial and is still unexplored. This paper aims to examine the homogeneity levels of perception between project stakeholders on the issues of corruption. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a total response of 37.6% was attained from the total of 189 questionnaires sent to the Government, public authorities, consultants, and contractors. The result indicates that there is a difference in perception between the different groups of respondents in the vulnerable areas of corruption in the construction project development. The outcome could be useful and pave a way for the policy maker in reforming anti-corruption strategies in order to mitigate corruption issues among construction industry players.
与腐败有关的不道德问题被认为正在慢慢渗透到世界各地的建筑行业,因为它涉及众多的参与者,不同的工作阶段,以及来自公共和私营部门的大量投入。由于建筑在发展中的核心作用,建筑中的腐败可能对整个项目有害,主要表现在成品质量差,投资经济回报降低以及伤亡人数增加。尽管已经讨论了这方面的问题,但根除腐败的承诺至关重要,而且尚未得到探讨。本文旨在考察项目利益相关者对腐败问题的看法的同质性水平。进行了问卷调查,共向政府、公共当局、顾问公司和承包商发出189份问卷,总回复率为37.6%。结果表明,不同被调查者群体对建设项目开发中腐败易发领域的认知存在差异。结果可能是有用的,并为政策制定者改革反腐败战略铺平道路,以减轻建筑行业参与者的腐败问题。
{"title":"EXAMINING CORRUPTION ISSUES IN MALAYSIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: PARTAKER PERSPECTIVES","authors":"Rumaizah Mohd Nordin, Ezlina Mohd Ahnuar, Md Asrul Nasid Masrom, Naseem Ameer Ali","doi":"10.21837/pm.v21i26.1259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i26.1259","url":null,"abstract":"Unethical issues in relation to corruption is believed to slowly penetrate into the construction sector around the world due to its involvement with a multitude of players, different phases of work, and a great deal of input from both the public and private sectors. Due to the construction’s central role in development, corruption in construction can be harmful to the entire project mainly in terms of poor quality of the finished product, reduced economic return to investments, and increased number of injury and death. Despite concerns on this regard have been discussed, a commitment to rooting out corruption is crucial and is still unexplored. This paper aims to examine the homogeneity levels of perception between project stakeholders on the issues of corruption. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a total response of 37.6% was attained from the total of 189 questionnaires sent to the Government, public authorities, consultants, and contractors. The result indicates that there is a difference in perception between the different groups of respondents in the vulnerable areas of corruption in the construction project development. The outcome could be useful and pave a way for the policy maker in reforming anti-corruption strategies in order to mitigate corruption issues among construction industry players.","PeriodicalId":38852,"journal":{"name":"Planning Malaysia","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74067804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
THE HERITAGE AND NARRATIVE OF CONFUCIAN COURTYARD AND ARCHITECTURE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SHANDONG, CHINA 山东儒家院落与建筑在可持续发展中的传承与叙事
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1273
Weihan Rong, A. Bahauddin
In recent decades, China has witnessed a miracle of rapid urbanisation, and the development of traditional Chinese architecture has faced challenges as well as opportunities. Improper planning has undermined the well-being of residents, and many historic buildings have been demolished. Under the slogan of “high-quality urban development”, the value of traditional architecture is rarely mentioned. Therefore, research into architectural heritage and urban sustainability is necessary. This study focuses on Shandong Province in China, the birthplace of Confucianism and, to a large extent, the long history of Chinese culture. By studying courtyard architecture under the influence of Confucianism, the aim is to reveal the cultural profile of the new urban era while critiquing the problems in the urban planning process. The study adopts a qualitative method based on the researcher's field investigation and data collection, as well as one-on-one interviews with experts, to collate typical cases for analysis. In addition, this study also intervenes from a narrative perspective to facilitate the exploration of the value of architecture. The findings suggest that courtyard architecture embodies Chinese aesthetic and philosophical thinking, has theoretical and practical implications for living environments, communities, and urban development, and brings new insights that can better achieve sustainable goals while expanding the existing knowledge of architecture and courtyards.
近几十年来,中国见证了快速城市化的奇迹,中国传统建筑的发展既面临挑战,也面临机遇。不当的规划破坏了居民的福祉,许多历史建筑被拆除。在“高质量城市发展”的口号下,传统建筑的价值很少被提及。因此,对建筑遗产和城市可持续性的研究是必要的。本研究的重点是中国的山东省,儒学的发源地,在很大程度上,中国文化的悠久历史。通过研究儒家思想影响下的四合院建筑,旨在揭示新城市时代的文化面貌,同时批判城市规划过程中存在的问题。本研究采用定性的方法,通过研究者实地调查和数据收集,以及与专家的一对一访谈,整理典型案例进行分析。此外,本研究还从叙事的角度进行干预,以促进对建筑价值的探索。研究结果表明,四合院建筑体现了中国人的审美和哲学思维,对生活环境、社区和城市发展具有理论和实践意义,并在扩展现有建筑和庭院知识的同时,带来了更好地实现可持续目标的新见解。
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引用次数: 1
THE ELDERLY QUALITY OF LIFE (E-QoL) AND RETIREMENT VILLAGE PREFERRED FEATURES BY MALAYSIAN GENERATIONS 老年生活质量(E-QoL)和退休村是马来西亚几代人最喜欢的特征
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1271
Hafiszah Ismail, M. S. A. Nordin, F. M. Halil, N. Abdul Khalid
Along with the continuous growth of the elderly population, Malaysia projected to become an ageing nation by 2030. The Retirement Villages are a Restricted Ageing Community that offers a complete range of services supplying the diverse housing demand of the elderly (seniors) generation. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified four broad domains universally relevant to the Quality of Life: physical and psychological health, social relationships, and environment. This study aims to provide an in-depth overview of the Retirement Villages in Malaysia. The objectives of this study are sets as follows: (i) To define the Elderly Quality of Life (QoL), and (ii) To determine the generational preferences features of Retirement Village in Malaysia. The Malaysian housing generations involved in this study are the Baby Boomers, Generation X (Gen-X), Generation Y (Gen-Y), and Generation Z (Gen-Z). With a mixed-methods approach, the derived findings revealed that preferred generational features of Retirement Villages are diverse for each main feature; (i) Location; (ii) Services; (iii) Design Criteria; (iv) Physical Environment; and (v) Social Activities. This study contributes more understanding of the main actors of property development and the real estate industry players on the preferred features for Retirement Villages in the Malaysian context.
随着老年人口的持续增长,马来西亚预计到2030年将成为一个老龄化国家。退休村是一个有限制的长者社区,提供全面的服务,以满足年长一代的不同住房需求。世界卫生组织(世卫组织)确定了与生活质量普遍相关的四个广泛领域:身心健康、社会关系和环境。本研究的目的是提供一个深入的概述退休村在马来西亚。本研究的目的是:(i)定义老年人的生活质量(QoL),以及(ii)确定马来西亚退休村的代际偏好特征。参与本研究的马来西亚住房世代是婴儿潮一代,X一代(Gen-X), Y一代(Gen-Y)和Z一代(Gen-Z)。采用混合方法,得出的结果显示,退休村的代际特征在每个主要特征上都是不同的;(我)的位置;(2)服务;设计标准;自然环境;(五)社会活动。这项研究有助于更好地了解房地产开发的主要参与者,以及马来西亚背景下退休村的首选特征。
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引用次数: 0
RISKS DURING THE DEVELOPER’S MANAGEMENT PERIOD FOR STRATA RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN MALAYSIA 马来西亚分层住宅物业开发商管理期间的风险
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.21837/pm.v21i26.1279
Ahmad Shazrin Mohamed Azmi, Mursyidah Ramli
The property developer would be in a vital role to orchestrate the development and ensure the issuance of the strata title. Developer’s Management Period will take place right after the property completion if the strata title has not been issued during the delivery of vacant possession to the parcel owners. Concentrating on the property developer during the Developer’s Management Period, this study aimed to investigate the risks associated with the management of strata-titled properties as a strategy to further understand the needs of managing the property from the earliest stage. This study was adopting the analytical review of the literature, content analysis of the documents and thematic analysis from the semi-structured interviews with the industry players. This study has identified the employees’ competencies, financial liquidity, non-compliance to the laws, litigation, customer service and security management as six risk factors that the developers must be concerned about in managing strata-titled properties. Afterwards, developers may continue to do risk assessments and risk mitigation as parts of the risk management process.
房地产开发商将在协调开发和确保发放分层产权方面发挥至关重要的作用。如果在向地块所有者交付空置物业期间未颁发分层地契,则开发商的管理期将在物业完成后立即发生。本研究以发展商管理期间的发展商为研究对象,旨在探讨与管理分层物业有关的风险,作为一种策略,以进一步了解从早期阶段开始管理物业的需求。本研究采用文献分析法、文献内容分析法和半结构化访谈法进行专题分析。本研究确定了雇员的能力、财务流动性、不遵守法律、诉讼、客户服务和安全管理是开发商在管理分层产权物业时必须关注的六个风险因素。之后,开发人员可以继续进行风险评估和风险缓解,作为风险管理过程的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
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Planning Malaysia
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