Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2206270
Majed M. Alhumaid, S. Khoo, T. Bastos
Adapted physical activity programs are considered to be one of the most effective and timely ways of increasing levels of self-efficacy among pre-service physical education teachers toward inclusive practices. However, the literature lacks adequate qualitative studies to measure the effectiveness of such programs. To address this paucity, the present study aims to explore pre-service physical education teachers’ experiences after completing a 6-week adapted physical activity intervention program designed to improve the inclusion of students with physical disabilities in general physical education settings. Six pre-service physical education teachers who completed a 6-week adapted physical activity intervention program participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Deductive and inductive techniques were used in the data analysis. All the participants reported that the intervention program was relatively effective at enhancing their self-efficacy and preparation towards including students with physical disabilities in physical education classes. Regular exposure to practicum involving teaching students with disabilities is key to encouraging strong self-efficacy among pre-service PE teachers. Some suggestions for future intervention programs are provided.
{"title":"Experiences of an Adapted Physical Activity Intervention Program in Saudi Pre-Service Physical Education Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Towards Inclusion","authors":"Majed M. Alhumaid, S. Khoo, T. Bastos","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2206270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2206270","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Adapted physical activity programs are considered to be one of the most effective and timely ways of increasing levels of self-efficacy among pre-service physical education teachers toward inclusive practices. However, the literature lacks adequate qualitative studies to measure the effectiveness of such programs. To address this paucity, the present study aims to explore pre-service physical education teachers’ experiences after completing a 6-week adapted physical activity intervention program designed to improve the inclusion of students with physical disabilities in general physical education settings.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Six pre-service physical education teachers who completed a 6-week adapted physical activity intervention program participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Deductive and inductive techniques were used in the data analysis.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 All the participants reported that the intervention program was relatively effective at enhancing their self-efficacy and preparation towards including students with physical disabilities in physical education classes.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Regular exposure to practicum involving teaching students with disabilities is key to encouraging strong self-efficacy among pre-service PE teachers. Some suggestions for future intervention programs are provided.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42859747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2102260
L. Sant’Ana, Fabiana Rodrigues Scartoni, Thiago Martins da Cruz, Aline Aparecida de Souza Ribeiro, Natália Rodrigues Dos Reis, João Guilherme Vieira da Silva, Y. Campos, Gleisson da Silva Araujo, E. R. Monteiro, Sérgio Machado, Antônio Paulo André de Castro, Jefferson da Silva Novaes, J. Vianna
Sprint interventions can be an excellent alternative for promoting positive adaptations to health and performance. To verify the responses of different intervals between sprints in blood pressure, heart rate variability, lactate, and performance responses in physically active men. Ten male runners participated in the present study, trained in street running with at least one year of experience and a maximum of 3 years, with training frequency of at least two times and at the most four times weekly sessions, all participants without any kind of restrictions that could hinder the interventions—performing three sprint sessions (10 x 30m all out). Participants visited the laboratory on four occasions for ten consecutive days, with an interval of 48 hours between each visit. The first visit was intended to familiarize the participants with all experimental procedures. The remaining three visits were used to carry out the experimental protocols. At each visit, resting values of blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV), and lactate variables were collected. After rest collections, each participant completed the following experimental conditions: a) 10 sprint series (all-out) of 30 meters with 20 seconds of recovery (S 20), b) 10 sprint series (all-out) of 30 meters with 30 seconds of recovery (S 30) and c) 10 sprint series (all-out) of 30 meters with 40 seconds of recovery (S 40). After each protocol, the lactate values were collected 2 minutes and 30 seconds after the end of the sprints; BP was collected 60 minutes after the intervention (Post-10, Post-20, Post-30, Post-40, and Post- 50). After the blood pressure (BP) data was determined, the mean arterial pressure (MBP) was calculated using the formula MBP = SBP + (DBP X 2) / 3. The HRV was collected between 50 and 60 minutes after the end of the sprint session. The study observed significant differences in the lactate variable for the comparison in the post and pre moments for all experimental conditions (S 20, S 30, and S 40) (p<0.001). Besides, significant differences were observed in effort perception for S 20 and S 30 from the sixth sprint (p<0.05). At S 40, significant discrepancies in effort perception started from the fifth sprint (p <0.05). No other significant differences were observed for BP (systolic, diastolic and mean) for all post-pre periods. Still in BP, in a post (intra) analysis, the conditions S 20 and S 40 demonstrated greater capacity for recovery of BP, suggesting a possible greater parasympathetic capacity. For HRV and sprint performance, no difference was found (p <0.05). The present study demonstrated that different recovery intervals did not reflect significant differences in hemodynamic, autonomic, lactate responses, and active individuals' performance submitted to sprint sessions. This study applied a protocol (10 x 30 m all out) with different recovery times (20, 30, and 40 seconds), and which, given this experiment, can serve
短跑干预措施可以成为促进对健康和表现的积极适应的一个很好的替代方案。验证体力活动男性在短跑之间不同间隔的血压、心率变异性、乳酸和表现反应的反应。10名男性跑步者参加了本研究，他们接受了至少一年经验、最多3年的街头跑步训练，训练频率至少为每周两次，最多四次，所有参与者都没有任何可能阻碍干预的限制——进行了三次短跑训练（10 x 30米）。参与者连续十天四次访问实验室，每次访问间隔48小时。第一次访问旨在让参与者熟悉所有实验程序。剩下的三次访问用于执行实验方案。每次就诊时，静息值收集血压（BP）、心率变异性（HRV）和乳酸变量。休息后，每个参与者完成以下实验条件：a）30米的10个冲刺系列（全力），恢复20秒（S 20），b）30米、恢复30秒（S 30）和c）30米，恢复40秒（S 40）。在每个方案之后，乳酸盐值在短跑结束后2分30秒采集；干预后60分钟采集血压（10后、20后、30后、40后和50后）。在确定血压（BP）数据后，使用公式MBP=SBP+（DBP X2）/3计算平均动脉压（MBP）。HRV是在冲刺训练结束后50到60分钟之间收集的。该研究观察到，在所有实验条件下（S 20、S 30和S 40），在后和前时刻的乳酸变量比较中存在显著差异（p＜0.001）。此外，从第六次冲刺开始，S 20和S 30的努力感知也存在显著差异。在S 40，从第五次冲刺开始，努力感知存在显著差异（p<0.05）。在所有后期前期的血压（收缩压、舒张压和平均值）均未观察到其他显著差异。仍然在BP中，在后（内）分析中，条件S 20和S 40表现出更大的BP恢复能力，这表明可能有更大的副交感神经能力。对于HRV和短跑表现，没有发现差异（p<0.05）。本研究表明，不同的恢复时间间隔并没有反映出血液动力学、自主神经、乳酸反应和活跃个体在短跑训练中表现的显著差异。这项研究应用了一个具有不同恢复时间（20、30和40秒）的方案（10 x 30 m全力以赴），在本实验中，该方案可以作为不同身体条件下的训练策略（针对健康或表现）。
{"title":"Acute Effects of Different Sprint Intervals on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Variability, Lactate and Performance Responses in Physically Active Men","authors":"L. Sant’Ana, Fabiana Rodrigues Scartoni, Thiago Martins da Cruz, Aline Aparecida de Souza Ribeiro, Natália Rodrigues Dos Reis, João Guilherme Vieira da Silva, Y. Campos, Gleisson da Silva Araujo, E. R. Monteiro, Sérgio Machado, Antônio Paulo André de Castro, Jefferson da Silva Novaes, J. Vianna","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2102260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2102260","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Sprint interventions can be an excellent alternative for promoting positive adaptations to health and performance.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To verify the responses of different intervals between sprints in blood pressure, heart rate variability, lactate, and performance responses in physically active men.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Ten male runners participated in the present study, trained in street running with at least one year of experience and a maximum of 3 years, with training frequency of at least two times and at the most four times weekly sessions, all participants without any kind of restrictions that could hinder the interventions—performing three sprint sessions (10 x 30m all out). Participants visited the laboratory on four occasions for ten consecutive days, with an interval of 48 hours between each visit. The first visit was intended to familiarize the participants with all experimental procedures. The remaining three visits were used to carry out the experimental protocols. At each visit, resting values of blood pressure (BP), heart rate variability (HRV), and lactate variables were collected. After rest collections, each participant completed the following experimental conditions: a) 10 sprint series (all-out) of 30 meters with 20 seconds of recovery (S 20), b) 10 sprint series (all-out) of 30 meters with 30 seconds of recovery (S 30) and c) 10 sprint series (all-out) of 30 meters with 40 seconds of recovery (S 40). After each protocol, the lactate values were collected 2 minutes and 30 seconds after the end of the sprints; BP was collected 60 minutes after the intervention (Post-10, Post-20, Post-30, Post-40, and Post- 50). After the blood pressure (BP) data was determined, the mean arterial pressure (MBP) was calculated using the formula MBP = SBP + (DBP X 2) / 3. The HRV was collected between 50 and 60 minutes after the end of the sprint session.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study observed significant differences in the lactate variable for the comparison in the post and pre moments for all experimental conditions (S 20, S 30, and S 40) (p<0.001). Besides, significant differences were observed in effort perception for S 20 and S 30 from the sixth sprint (p<0.05). At S 40, significant discrepancies in effort perception started from the fifth sprint (p <0.05). No other significant differences were observed for BP (systolic, diastolic and mean) for all post-pre periods. Still in BP, in a post (intra) analysis, the conditions S 20 and S 40 demonstrated greater capacity for recovery of BP, suggesting a possible greater parasympathetic capacity. For HRV and sprint performance, no difference was found (p <0.05).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The present study demonstrated that different recovery intervals did not reflect significant differences in hemodynamic, autonomic, lactate responses, and active individuals' performance submitted to sprint sessions. This study applied a protocol (10 x 30 m all out) with different recovery times (20, 30, and 40 seconds), and which, given this experiment, can serve ","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41624720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2204280
V. H. Nguyen, Quang Vinh Nguyen, Xuan Dung Phung, Q. S. Nguyen, Ha Hai Hoang
Shuttlecock has become a popular sport in Vietnam, turning into a strength of the country. It is a sport with diverse techniques and is challenging to practice. To train shuttlecock athletes, coaches need to give the technical training appropriately from the early stage of the training process. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a short-term skill training program on the technical abilities of young shuttlecock athletes. Seventeen adolescent shuttlecock athletes (10 to 11 years) playing for two shuttlecock teams in Ho Chi Minh City were divided into the experimental group (n=9) and the control group (n=8). The training program included five sessions per week (60 minutes of practicing technical skills each), and it was conducted for three months. Sixteen exercises were chosen to develop the experimental group’s technical skills, such as serving, spiking, passing, and slamming for the experimental group. The study also developed a skill-testing battery that was reliable and valid to assess the technical abilities of the participants. The results showed that the experimental group’s technical performance (W=19.47%) was much better than those of the control group (W=12.85%). In conclusion, the short-term training program effectively enhanced the technical performance of the young shuttlecock athletes.
{"title":"Effects of a Short-term Training Program on the Technical Performance of Shuttlecock Athletes Aged 10-11","authors":"V. H. Nguyen, Quang Vinh Nguyen, Xuan Dung Phung, Q. S. Nguyen, Ha Hai Hoang","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2204280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2204280","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Shuttlecock has become a popular sport in Vietnam, turning into a strength of the country. It is a sport with diverse techniques and is challenging to practice. To train shuttlecock athletes, coaches need to give the technical training appropriately from the early stage of the training process.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a short-term skill training program on the technical abilities of young shuttlecock athletes. Seventeen adolescent shuttlecock athletes (10 to 11 years) playing for two shuttlecock teams in Ho Chi Minh City were divided into the experimental group (n=9) and the control group (n=8). The training program included five sessions per week (60 minutes of practicing technical skills each), and it was conducted for three months. Sixteen exercises were chosen to develop the experimental group’s technical skills, such as serving, spiking, passing, and slamming for the experimental group. The study also developed a skill-testing battery that was reliable and valid to assess the technical abilities of the participants.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results showed that the experimental group’s technical performance (W=19.47%) was much better than those of the control group (W=12.85%).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In conclusion, the short-term training program effectively enhanced the technical performance of the young shuttlecock athletes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45179978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2202220
R. Al-Horani
This is a narrative review principally aimed to highlight the factors related to exercise that induce oxidative DNA damage. Contracting skeletal muscles during exercise involve increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from different cellular sources. Exercise-induced oxidative stress causes damage to cellular macromolecules proteins, lipids, and DNA. To date, oxidative DNA damage has been minimally investigated. The exercise-induced oxidative DNA damage topic was introduced first by discussing ROS chemistry, sources, and cellular damaging effects. It appears that exercise modality, intensity, duration, and the conditions under which the exercise was performed play major roles in determining the level of oxidative DNA damage during exercise. This review also discusses the possible mechanisms by which regular exercise protects against oxidative DNA damage.
{"title":"A Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Oxidative DNA Damage Underlined","authors":"R. Al-Horani","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2202220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2202220","url":null,"abstract":"This is a narrative review principally aimed to highlight the factors related to exercise that induce oxidative DNA damage. Contracting skeletal muscles during exercise involve increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from different cellular sources. Exercise-induced oxidative stress causes damage to cellular macromolecules proteins, lipids, and DNA. To date, oxidative DNA damage has been minimally investigated. The exercise-induced oxidative DNA damage topic was introduced first by discussing ROS chemistry, sources, and cellular damaging effects. It appears that exercise modality, intensity, duration, and the conditions under which the exercise was performed play major roles in determining the level of oxidative DNA damage during exercise. This review also discusses the possible mechanisms by which regular exercise protects against oxidative DNA damage.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41460880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e220325-2021-30
C. L. Matos, A. Conceição, H. Louro, H. Neiva, Pedro N. Sobreiro, Bárbara L. Viana, D. Marinho
The identification and evaluation of the variables that influence performance have been essential to obtain excellence in sport. The aim of this study was to identify which parameters have the most influence on the 50 meters freestyle time, in young competitive swimmers. One hundred and eighty-four high-level swimmers (males, n=92: 14.60±0.56 years; females, n=92: 13.53 ± 0.54 years) with 468±66 FINA points in the 50 meters freestyle in short course participated in this study. Age, height, body mass, wingspan, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, turning time (5 m + 10 m), horizontal jumping, and medicine ball throwing were assessed. The swimming performance was assessed in a 50 meters freestyle time-trial at maximum speed in a 25 meters swimming pool. A multiple regression was performed to assess the relationship between one dependent variable (50 meters freestyle time) and independent variables. The results showed differences between both genders. In male swimmers, only the turning time and the horizontal jump were significant (r2=0.8819; p<0.001), whilst the females, besides the same variables, presented the height, body mass, stroke length and stroke index (r2=0.9013; p<0.01). In conclusion, in young male swimmers, the turning time and the horizontal jump contributed significantly to the 50 meters freestyle swimming performance, and in young female swimmers, the main contributors were the turning time, horizontal jump, height, body mass, stroke length and stroke index.
识别和评估影响成绩的变量对于获得优秀的体育成绩至关重要。本研究的目的是确定哪些参数对50米自由泳时间的影响最大，在年轻的竞技游泳运动员。高水平游泳运动员184人(男92人，年龄14.60±0.56岁;女性，n=92: 13.53±0.54岁)，在短池50米自由泳中获得468±66分。评估年龄、身高、体重、翼展、划水速度、划水长度、划水指数、转身时间(5 m + 10 m)、水平跳跃、投实心球。在25米游泳池中以最高速度进行的50米自由泳计时赛中，对游泳成绩进行了评估。采用多元回归评估一个因变量(50米自由泳时间)与自变量之间的关系。结果显示两性之间存在差异。在男子游泳运动员中，只有转身时间和水平跳具有显著性(r2=0.8819;P <0.001)，而女性在身高、体重、卒中长度、卒中指数等变量上均存在差异(r2=0.9013;p < 0.01)。综上所述，青年男子游泳运动员对50米自由泳成绩的主要影响因素是转身时间和水平跳，而青年女子游泳运动员对50米自由泳成绩的主要影响因素是转身时间、水平跳、身高、体重、泳姿长度和泳姿指数。
{"title":"Sprint Performance Determinants in High Level Young Swimmers","authors":"C. L. Matos, A. Conceição, H. Louro, H. Neiva, Pedro N. Sobreiro, Bárbara L. Viana, D. Marinho","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e220325-2021-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e220325-2021-30","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The identification and evaluation of the variables that influence performance have been essential to obtain excellence in sport.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The aim of this study was to identify which parameters have the most influence on the 50 meters freestyle time, in young competitive swimmers.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 One hundred and eighty-four high-level swimmers (males, n=92: 14.60±0.56 years; females, n=92: 13.53 ± 0.54 years) with 468±66 FINA points in the 50 meters freestyle in short course participated in this study. Age, height, body mass, wingspan, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, turning time (5 m + 10 m), horizontal jumping, and medicine ball throwing were assessed. The swimming performance was assessed in a 50 meters freestyle time-trial at maximum speed in a 25 meters swimming pool. A multiple regression was performed to assess the relationship between one dependent variable (50 meters freestyle time) and independent variables.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results showed differences between both genders. In male swimmers, only the turning time and the horizontal jump were significant (r2=0.8819; p<0.001), whilst the females, besides the same variables, presented the height, body mass, stroke length and stroke index (r2=0.9013; p<0.01).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In conclusion, in young male swimmers, the turning time and the horizontal jump contributed significantly to the 50 meters freestyle swimming performance, and in young female swimmers, the main contributors were the turning time, horizontal jump, height, body mass, stroke length and stroke index.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42035871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2201030
Thet Hnin Moe, Pongpanot Wongveerakul, V. Saengsirisuwan, Nongnapas Charoenpanich, I. Papadimitriou
The ACTN3 gene is known as the “sprinter gene” due to the increased frequency of the R allele of the gene in various cohorts of elite sprinters compared to the general population. In situ muscle fibers that express α-actinin-3 protein can produce more force than the muscle fibers that are α-actinin-3 deficient. In vivo analysis showed that individuals lacking the R variant of the gene (ACTN3 XX genotype) encoding α-actinin-3 demonstrated slower running times and lower peak knee torque at higher angular speeds (30–180 deg/s). The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the ACTN3 gene on performance and angular kinematic characteristics by comparing ACTN3 RR+RX and ACTN3 XX individuals during explosive jumps and sprints using motion capture technology. The kinematic and force data were obtained using a Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) system, and DNA was isolated from white blood cells using standard procedures. The 291-bp PCR fragment was electrophoresed, visualized under UV light, and finally, digested with Hpy8 restriction endonuclease. ACTN3 RR+RX individuals demonstrated statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in SJ, CMJ, and DJ jump height, greater mean values of peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF), increased angular velocity at the knee joint during the DJ jump, and greater torque production at higher angular speeds during 5-m sprints. In conclusion, our study allowed us to deepen our knowledge regarding the role of α-actinin-3 protein in human locomotion. The results indicate that the ACTN3 gene influences force production and certain angular kinematic characteristics during explosive jumps and sprints.
{"title":"Investigating the Influence of ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism on Performance and Angular Kinematics Using Motion Capture Technology","authors":"Thet Hnin Moe, Pongpanot Wongveerakul, V. Saengsirisuwan, Nongnapas Charoenpanich, I. Papadimitriou","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2201030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2201030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The ACTN3 gene is known as the “sprinter gene” due to the increased frequency of the R allele of the gene in various cohorts of elite sprinters compared to the general population. In situ muscle fibers that express α-actinin-3 protein can produce more force than the muscle fibers that are α-actinin-3 deficient. In vivo analysis showed that individuals lacking the R variant of the gene (ACTN3 XX genotype) encoding α-actinin-3 demonstrated slower running times and lower peak knee torque at higher angular speeds (30–180 deg/s).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the ACTN3 gene on performance and angular kinematic characteristics by comparing ACTN3 RR+RX and ACTN3 XX individuals during explosive jumps and sprints using motion capture technology.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The kinematic and force data were obtained using a Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) system, and DNA was isolated from white blood cells using standard procedures. The 291-bp PCR fragment was electrophoresed, visualized under UV light, and finally, digested with Hpy8 restriction endonuclease.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ACTN3 RR+RX individuals demonstrated statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in SJ, CMJ, and DJ jump height, greater mean values of peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF), increased angular velocity at the knee joint during the DJ jump, and greater torque production at higher angular speeds during 5-m sprints.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In conclusion, our study allowed us to deepen our knowledge regarding the role of α-actinin-3 protein in human locomotion. The results indicate that the ACTN3 gene influences force production and certain angular kinematic characteristics during explosive jumps and sprints.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46995413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2201060
E. P. Salvador, Denilson de Menezes Santos, S. Bezerra
Football is a team sport, but the idol or best football player of the moment or any time is a common pursuit within the sports community. Different strategies are applied in order to find out the top player. The aim of this study is to introduce an objective proposal for the career measurement of football players. A total of 50 players ranked the best of the 21st century, and 14, ranked the best of the 19/20 season of European and world football, had their careers and seasons measured through a formula named ModK. Descriptive statistics characterized the careers and seasons. The Pearson's Correlation Coefficient test was used for the variables used in the formula with the reference ranking, and ModK was performed to measure the strength of association of the rankings. The values of the scores obtained by the ModK formula showed moderate correlation (r=0,416) with the reference ranking. All variables used in the formula showed higher correlations with the ranking Modk formula when compared to the reference ranking. The ModK formula is proven to be effective in evaluating the career or full season of football athletes in an exclusively objective manner, presenting an acceptable correlation with a ranking created by experts.
{"title":"ModK: Formula for Determining the Best Season and Career of a Football Player by Objective Indicators","authors":"E. P. Salvador, Denilson de Menezes Santos, S. Bezerra","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2201060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2201060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Football is a team sport, but the idol or best football player of the moment or any time is a common pursuit within the sports community. Different strategies are applied in order to find out the top player. The aim of this study is to introduce an objective proposal for the career measurement of football players.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A total of 50 players ranked the best of the 21st century, and 14, ranked the best of the 19/20 season of European and world football, had their careers and seasons measured through a formula named ModK. Descriptive statistics characterized the careers and seasons. The Pearson's Correlation Coefficient test was used for the variables used in the formula with the reference ranking, and ModK was performed to measure the strength of association of the rankings.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The values of the scores obtained by the ModK formula showed moderate correlation (r=0,416) with the reference ranking. All variables used in the formula showed higher correlations with the ranking Modk formula when compared to the reference ranking.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The ModK formula is proven to be effective in evaluating the career or full season of football athletes in an exclusively objective manner, presenting an acceptable correlation with a ranking created by experts.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41319218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2112141
André P. Marques, B. Travassos, Luís Branquinho, Ricardo Ferraz
Competitive breaks in soccer have been revealed to be detrimental to the individual and collective performance of soccer players and teams. Several studies have been carried out, and the evidence suggests the need to apply specific training programs to avoid a decline in soccer players’ performance. However, the elaboration of these specific programs, in many cases, is essentially focused on physical performance, neglecting the technical and behavioral domain. In this small review, the competitive breaks and their main effects for detraining were critically analyzed. Concurrently, we analyzed the effects of the use of specific training programs to avoid changes in the performance of soccer players and teams. It is essential to create guidelines for coaches to apply for specific training programs properly during competitive breaks so that soccer players can maintain their individual and collective performance, considering the physiological, technical, and behavioral domains. Applying of these programs will also contribute to enhancing soccer players’ physical condition, increasing their tolerance to the imposed training loads, and, consequently, reducing the appearance of injuries.
{"title":"Periods of Competitive Break in Soccer: Implications on Individual and Collective Performance","authors":"André P. Marques, B. Travassos, Luís Branquinho, Ricardo Ferraz","doi":"10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2112141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x-v15-e2112141","url":null,"abstract":"Competitive breaks in soccer have been revealed to be detrimental to the individual and collective performance of soccer players and teams. Several studies have been carried out, and the evidence suggests the need to apply specific training programs to avoid a decline in soccer players’ performance. However, the elaboration of these specific programs, in many cases, is essentially focused on physical performance, neglecting the technical and behavioral domain.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this small review, the competitive breaks and their main effects for detraining were critically analyzed. Concurrently, we analyzed the effects of the use of specific training programs to avoid changes in the performance of soccer players and teams.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It is essential to create guidelines for coaches to apply for specific training programs properly during competitive breaks so that soccer players can maintain their individual and collective performance, considering the physiological, technical, and behavioral domains. Applying of these programs will also contribute to enhancing soccer players’ physical condition, increasing their tolerance to the imposed training loads, and, consequently, reducing the appearance of injuries.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46122492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.2174/1875399x02114010144
S. Glass
A novel form of functional training utilizes flexible fiberglass poles for resistance. Similar to elastic bands, as the poles flex, resistance increases. To date, no studies have examined activation patterns associated with such implements. This study examined muscle activation and torso rotation using different pole resistance intensities during a “push-pull” rotational core exercise. Twenty-one subjects (16 women, 5 men; age=20.4±1.3y) completed 6 trials of 10 repetitions each of a standing push and pull movement with 3 different pole tensions (very light, light, moderate). Muscle activation (electromyography) for the anterior and posterior deltoid, abdominal oblique, and paraspinal muscles were recorded. Concentric contractions during the push phase (PUSH) and the pull load (PULL) phases were recoded, and percent maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) was computed. Markers on the acromion process and a vertically mounted camera were used to record torso rotation during each push and pull. ANOVA for each muscle and PUSH and PULL was used for comparisons across pole intensity. Significant main effects for torso rotation were seen, with rotation with the very light pole (Push= 61.9 ± 9.20, Pull= 64.8 ± 14.00) significantly greater than moderate (Push= 52.0 ± 12.80, Pull= 54.9 ± 10.10). EMG data were highly variable, with no differences in muscle activation detected across pole resistance loads. Variability of the EMG data prevent clear resolution of activation patterns. However, torso rotation is limited with heavier pole resistance since increased pole flex also increases resistance.
{"title":"Muscle Activation and Torso Movement during Exercise using Novel Fiberglass Resistance Poles","authors":"S. Glass","doi":"10.2174/1875399x02114010144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x02114010144","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 A novel form of functional training utilizes flexible fiberglass poles for resistance. Similar to elastic bands, as the poles flex, resistance increases. To date, no studies have examined activation patterns associated with such implements.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study examined muscle activation and torso rotation using different pole resistance intensities during a “push-pull” rotational core exercise.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Twenty-one subjects (16 women, 5 men; age=20.4±1.3y) completed 6 trials of 10 repetitions each of a standing push and pull movement with 3 different pole tensions (very light, light, moderate). Muscle activation (electromyography) for the anterior and posterior deltoid, abdominal oblique, and paraspinal muscles were recorded. Concentric contractions during the push phase (PUSH) and the pull load (PULL) phases were recoded, and percent maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) was computed. Markers on the acromion process and a vertically mounted camera were used to record torso rotation during each push and pull. ANOVA for each muscle and PUSH and PULL was used for comparisons across pole intensity.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Significant main effects for torso rotation were seen, with rotation with the very light pole (Push= 61.9 ± 9.20, Pull= 64.8 ± 14.00) significantly greater than moderate (Push= 52.0 ± 12.80, Pull= 54.9 ± 10.10). EMG data were highly variable, with no differences in muscle activation detected across pole resistance loads.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Variability of the EMG data prevent clear resolution of activation patterns. However, torso rotation is limited with heavier pole resistance since increased pole flex also increases resistance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42517587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.2174/1875399x02114010137
T. Suzuki, J. Sheahan, T. Miyazawa, I. Okuda, D. Ichikawa
Golfers face different environmental conditions in each game played under various constraints. Enhancing affordances through training in a constrained outdoor environment is crucial. To analyze club head behavior at ball impact of a tee shot by 42 professional (PGs) and 25 amateur (AGs) golfers in swinging to uphill and downhill fairway environments using the TrackMan portable launch monitor. We used TrackMan to compare golf club movement adaptations in 42 PGs and 25 AGs. A 330-m driving range facing both the uphill (+5°) and downhill (-5°) fairways were used. The tee shot area was the only flat ground surface, with the uneven ground between the shot area and the 200-yard fairway. The clubhead speed and attack angle were significantly higher among PGs than among AGs. PGs could adapt their swings to the uphill fairway by increasing the attack angle (3.6°±2.4) by 3.3° compared with the downhill fairway. The attack angle did not correlate with the launch angle among the AGs in the downhill condition, suggesting that they were unable to control the height of the ball based on the far side of the fairway. PGs increased the attack angle in uphill conditions, and their awareness of the affordance, which was different from that of AGs, allowed them to change the optimal ball trajectory to avoid perceived fairway risks. Thus, the more skill a player had, the better he was at recognizing the affordance of the visual field. PGs demonstrated a better ability to adapt to environmental constraints.
{"title":"Comparison of TrackMan Data between Professional and Amateur Golfers at Swinging to Uphill and Downhill Fairways","authors":"T. Suzuki, J. Sheahan, T. Miyazawa, I. Okuda, D. Ichikawa","doi":"10.2174/1875399x02114010137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x02114010137","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Golfers face different environmental conditions in each game played under various constraints. Enhancing affordances through training in a constrained outdoor environment is crucial.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To analyze club head behavior at ball impact of a tee shot by 42 professional (PGs) and 25 amateur (AGs) golfers in swinging to uphill and downhill fairway environments using the TrackMan portable launch monitor.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We used TrackMan to compare golf club movement adaptations in 42 PGs and 25 AGs. A 330-m driving range facing both the uphill (+5°) and downhill (-5°) fairways were used. The tee shot area was the only flat ground surface, with the uneven ground between the shot area and the 200-yard fairway.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The clubhead speed and attack angle were significantly higher among PGs than among AGs. PGs could adapt their swings to the uphill fairway by increasing the attack angle (3.6°±2.4) by 3.3° compared with the downhill fairway. The attack angle did not correlate with the launch angle among the AGs in the downhill condition, suggesting that they were unable to control the height of the ball based on the far side of the fairway.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 PGs increased the attack angle in uphill conditions, and their awareness of the affordance, which was different from that of AGs, allowed them to change the optimal ball trajectory to avoid perceived fairway risks. Thus, the more skill a player had, the better he was at recognizing the affordance of the visual field. PGs demonstrated a better ability to adapt to environmental constraints.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47533422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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