Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025028
C Cao, L Chen
Flood disasters frequently occur in schistosomiasis-endemic regions of China during the flood season, which causes a high risk of schistosomiasis transmission. Therefore, it is particularly crucial to control schistosomiasis transmission during the flood season. Based on field schistosomiasis control needs, this article proposes scientifical and operational countermeasures during three phases of pre-flood preparation, response to flood disasters, and post-flood management, and emphasizes multi-faceted interventions as responses to the risk of Oncomelania hupensis spread and schistosomiasis transmission caused by flood disasters, including information collection, risk assessment, material reserve, health education, Oncomelania hupensis control, cercariae elimination, personal protection, and preventive treatment, so as to provide insights into schistosomiasis prevention and control during the flood season.
{"title":"[Tips for schistosomiasis prevention and control during the flood season].","authors":"C Cao, L Chen","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025028","DOIUrl":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flood disasters frequently occur in schistosomiasis-endemic regions of China during the flood season, which causes a high risk of schistosomiasis transmission. Therefore, it is particularly crucial to control schistosomiasis transmission during the flood season. Based on field schistosomiasis control needs, this article proposes scientifical and operational countermeasures during three phases of pre-flood preparation, response to flood disasters, and post-flood management, and emphasizes multi-faceted interventions as responses to the risk of <i>Oncomelania hupensis</i> spread and schistosomiasis transmission caused by flood disasters, including information collection, risk assessment, material reserve, health education, <i>Oncomelania hupensis</i> control, cercariae elimination, personal protection, and preventive treatment, so as to provide insights into schistosomiasis prevention and control during the flood season.</p>","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 5","pages":"542-544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145661907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025057
C Lü, X Xu, J Li, T Feng, H Zhu, Y Li, L Xu, Z Feng, H Jiang, X Zou, W Wei, Z Qin, Y Hong, S Zhang, J Xu
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of China, so as to provide insights into formulation of technical guidelines for monitoring of and the precise control strategy for <i>S. japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents during the elimination phase.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two administrative villages where schistosomiasis was historically highly prevalent were selected each from Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, and Duchang County, Jiangxi Province as study villages. Wild rodents were captured from study villages with baited traps or cages at night in June and September, 2021. The number of rodents captured was recorded, and the rodent species was characterized based on morphologi-cal characteristics. Liver tissues were sampled from captured rodents for macroscopical observation of the presence of egg granulomas, and <i>S. japonicum</i> infection was detected simultaneously using liver tissue homogenate microscopy, examinations of mesenteric tissues for parasites, and modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique (Kato-Katz technique). A positive <i>S. japonicum</i> infection was defined as detection of <i>S. japonicum</i> eggs or adult worms by any of these methods. The rate of wild rodent capture and prevalence of <i>S. japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents were compared in different study villages and at different time periods, and the detection of <i>S. japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents was compared by different assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall rate of wild rodent capture was 8.28% (237/2 861) in Dongzhi County, and the wild rodent capture rates were 9.24% (133/1 439) and 7.31% (104/1 422) in two study villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 3.503, <i>P</i> = 0.061), and were 8.59% (121/1 409) and 7.99% (116/1 452) in June and September, 2021, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.337, <i>P</i> = 0.561). The overall rate of wild rodent capture was 3.72% (77/2 072) in Duchang County, and the wild rodent capture rates were 6.91% (67/970) and 0.91% (10/1 102) in two study villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 51.901, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and were 4.13% (39/945) and 3.37% (38/1 127) in June and September, 2021, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.815, <i>P</i> = 0.365). <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> was the predominant rodent species captured in both counties, accounting for 70.04% (166/237) of all captured wild rodents in Dongzhi County and 88.31% (68/77) in Duchang County. No <i>S. japonicum</i> infection was detected in wild rodents captured in Duchang County. Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of <i>S. japonicum</i> infections was 51.05% (121/237) in wild rodents captured in Dongzhi County, with prevalence rates of 50.38% (67/133) and 51.92% (54/104) in two study villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.098, <i>P</i> = 0.755), and 54.31% (63/116) and 47.93% (58/121) in September and June, 2021, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.964, <i>P</i> = 0.326). Of 237
目的：了解中国血吸虫病流行地区野生鼠类日本血吸虫感染流行情况，为制定野生鼠类日本血吸虫感染监测技术指南和消灭阶段的精准控制策略提供依据。方法：选取安徽省东治县和江西省都昌县历史上血吸虫病高发的两个行政村作为研究村。于2021年6月和9月夜间用诱捕器或笼捕获研究村的野生啮齿动物。记录捕获鼠的数量，并根据形态特征对鼠种进行分类。采集捕获鼠肝组织，宏观观察卵肉芽肿的存在，同时采用肝组织匀浆显微镜、肠系膜组织寄生虫检查和改良加藤-卡茨厚涂片技术（加藤-卡茨技术）检测日本血吸虫感染。日本血吸虫感染阳性定义为通过上述任何一种方法检测到日本血吸虫卵或成虫。比较不同研究村、不同时间段野生鼠捕获率和日本血吸虫感染流行情况，采用不同检测方法比较日本血吸虫感染检测情况。结果：东直县总野鼠捕获率为8.28%(237/2 861)，2个研究村野鼠捕获率分别为9.24%（133/1 439）和7.31% (104/1 422)(χ2 = 3.503, P = 0.061)， 2021年6月和9月野鼠捕获率分别为8.59%（121/1 409）和7.99% (116/1 452)（χ2 = 0.337, P = 0.561）。杜昌县野生鼠总捕获率为3.72%(77/2 072)，2个研究村野生鼠捕获率分别为6.91%（67/970）和0.91% (10/1 102)(χ2 = 51.901, P < 0.001)， 2021年6月和9月野生鼠捕获率分别为4.13%（39/945）和3.37% (38/1 127)（χ2 = 0.815, P = 0.365）。两县均以褐家鼠为优势鼠种，东治县占捕获野生鼠总数的70.04%(166/237)，都昌县占88.31%（68/77）。都昌县捕获的野生鼠类未检出日本血吸虫感染。然而，东志县捕获的野生鼠中日本血吸虫总感染率为51.05%(121/237)，其中两个研究村的感染率分别为50.38%（67/133）和51.92% (54/104)(χ2 = 0.098, P = 0.755)， 2021年9月和6月日本血吸虫感染率分别为54.31%（63/116）和47.93% (58/121)（χ2 = 0.964, P = 0.326）。东直县捕获的237只野生鼠中，可见肝卵肉芽肿140只（59.07%），肝组织匀浆镜检日本血吸虫卵阳性117只（49.47%），加藤-卡茨技术检出日本血吸虫卵阳性34只（14.35%）；肠系膜组织未检出日本血吸虫成虫。此外，肝组织匀浆显微镜检测日本血吸虫虫卵阳性的所有野生啮齿动物肝脏卵肉芽肿。结论：中国血吸虫病流行地区的野生鼠捕获率和日本血吸虫感染流行率差异较大，秋季捕获的野生鼠日本血吸虫感染流行率略高于夏季。肝组织被推荐为监测野生啮齿动物日本血吸虫感染的首选样本，肝卵肉芽肿宏观观察与肝组织匀浆镜检相结合可作为监测野生啮齿动物日本血吸虫感染的标准方法。
{"title":"[Prevalence of <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents in key areas during the elimination phase].","authors":"C Lü, X Xu, J Li, T Feng, H Zhu, Y Li, L Xu, Z Feng, H Jiang, X Zou, W Wei, Z Qin, Y Hong, S Zhang, J Xu","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of China, so as to provide insights into formulation of technical guidelines for monitoring of and the precise control strategy for <i>S. japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents during the elimination phase.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two administrative villages where schistosomiasis was historically highly prevalent were selected each from Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, and Duchang County, Jiangxi Province as study villages. Wild rodents were captured from study villages with baited traps or cages at night in June and September, 2021. The number of rodents captured was recorded, and the rodent species was characterized based on morphologi-cal characteristics. Liver tissues were sampled from captured rodents for macroscopical observation of the presence of egg granulomas, and <i>S. japonicum</i> infection was detected simultaneously using liver tissue homogenate microscopy, examinations of mesenteric tissues for parasites, and modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique (Kato-Katz technique). A positive <i>S. japonicum</i> infection was defined as detection of <i>S. japonicum</i> eggs or adult worms by any of these methods. The rate of wild rodent capture and prevalence of <i>S. japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents were compared in different study villages and at different time periods, and the detection of <i>S. japonicum</i> infections in wild rodents was compared by different assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall rate of wild rodent capture was 8.28% (237/2 861) in Dongzhi County, and the wild rodent capture rates were 9.24% (133/1 439) and 7.31% (104/1 422) in two study villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 3.503, <i>P</i> = 0.061), and were 8.59% (121/1 409) and 7.99% (116/1 452) in June and September, 2021, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.337, <i>P</i> = 0.561). The overall rate of wild rodent capture was 3.72% (77/2 072) in Duchang County, and the wild rodent capture rates were 6.91% (67/970) and 0.91% (10/1 102) in two study villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 51.901, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and were 4.13% (39/945) and 3.37% (38/1 127) in June and September, 2021, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.815, <i>P</i> = 0.365). <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> was the predominant rodent species captured in both counties, accounting for 70.04% (166/237) of all captured wild rodents in Dongzhi County and 88.31% (68/77) in Duchang County. No <i>S. japonicum</i> infection was detected in wild rodents captured in Duchang County. Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of <i>S. japonicum</i> infections was 51.05% (121/237) in wild rodents captured in Dongzhi County, with prevalence rates of 50.38% (67/133) and 51.92% (54/104) in two study villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.098, <i>P</i> = 0.755), and 54.31% (63/116) and 47.93% (58/121) in September and June, 2021, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.964, <i>P</i> = 0.326). Of 237","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 5","pages":"475-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145661667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025059
J Wan, C Niu, W Liu, L Lin, F Yang, Z Lü, Z Zhang, T Feng, J Lu, D Kong
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024, so as to provide insights into formulation of the preventive and control measures for dengue fever.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The epidemiological data of dengue cases reported in Shenzhen City in 2024 were extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and field epidemiological survey data of dengue fever in Shenzhen City, and the temporal, regional and population distributions of dengue fever cases, source of acquire dengue virus infections, disease diagnosis and treatment and outbreaks were analyzed. The dengue virus nucleic acid was tested and the serotypes of dengue virus were characterized using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, and the dengue virus gene was sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, the surveillance on the density of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> was performed using Breteau index (BI) and mosquito oviposition index (MOI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1 735 dengue fever cases were reported in Shenzhen City in 2024, including 952 local cases and 783 imported cases. Most imported dengue fever cases acquired infections from eight cities of Foshan, Guangzhou, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, Dongguan, Zhaoqing, Huizhou, and Zhuhai in the Pearl River Delta region (664 cases, 84.8% of total imported cases) into Baoan, Longgang, and Nanshan districts. The epidemic exhibited an early onset and rapid progression, peaking during the period between September and November (1 632 cases, 94.1% of total cases), and dengue fever cases were distributed across 73 subdistricts in 10 districts, with most cases reported in densely populated central and western regions. The dengue fever cases had a male-to-female ratio of 1.9∶1.0, and a median age of 37 (21) years, with a higher median age among local cases than among imported cases [40 (20) years vs. 33(15) years; <i>Z</i> = -10.30, <i>P</i> < 0.05]. Housework, unemployment, workers, and business service were predominant occupations (1 405 cases, 81.0% of total cases), and there was a significant difference in the constituent ratio of occupations between local and imported cases (χ<sup>2</sup> = 92.30, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Among the 1 735 dengue fever cases, the median duration from onset to definitive diagnosis was 3.3 (2.9) days, and 1 686 cases (97.2%) were identified in healthcare facilities, with a low rate of hospitalization and isolation seen in 1 701 inpatients with available epidemiological data (485 cases, 28.5% of total inpatients). A total of 29 outbreaks of dengue fever occurred in Shenzhen City across 2024, which primarily in construction sites (27 outbreaks, 93.1% of total). Dengue virus type I was the dominant serotype causing dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024. Sequencing showed that the genomes of dengue virus from multiple dengue fever cases in Shenzhen City shared a high se
{"title":"[Epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024].","authors":"J Wan, C Niu, W Liu, L Lin, F Yang, Z Lü, Z Zhang, T Feng, J Lu, D Kong","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024, so as to provide insights into formulation of the preventive and control measures for dengue fever.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The epidemiological data of dengue cases reported in Shenzhen City in 2024 were extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and field epidemiological survey data of dengue fever in Shenzhen City, and the temporal, regional and population distributions of dengue fever cases, source of acquire dengue virus infections, disease diagnosis and treatment and outbreaks were analyzed. The dengue virus nucleic acid was tested and the serotypes of dengue virus were characterized using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, and the dengue virus gene was sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, the surveillance on the density of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> was performed using Breteau index (BI) and mosquito oviposition index (MOI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1 735 dengue fever cases were reported in Shenzhen City in 2024, including 952 local cases and 783 imported cases. Most imported dengue fever cases acquired infections from eight cities of Foshan, Guangzhou, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, Dongguan, Zhaoqing, Huizhou, and Zhuhai in the Pearl River Delta region (664 cases, 84.8% of total imported cases) into Baoan, Longgang, and Nanshan districts. The epidemic exhibited an early onset and rapid progression, peaking during the period between September and November (1 632 cases, 94.1% of total cases), and dengue fever cases were distributed across 73 subdistricts in 10 districts, with most cases reported in densely populated central and western regions. The dengue fever cases had a male-to-female ratio of 1.9∶1.0, and a median age of 37 (21) years, with a higher median age among local cases than among imported cases [40 (20) years vs. 33(15) years; <i>Z</i> = -10.30, <i>P</i> < 0.05]. Housework, unemployment, workers, and business service were predominant occupations (1 405 cases, 81.0% of total cases), and there was a significant difference in the constituent ratio of occupations between local and imported cases (χ<sup>2</sup> = 92.30, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Among the 1 735 dengue fever cases, the median duration from onset to definitive diagnosis was 3.3 (2.9) days, and 1 686 cases (97.2%) were identified in healthcare facilities, with a low rate of hospitalization and isolation seen in 1 701 inpatients with available epidemiological data (485 cases, 28.5% of total inpatients). A total of 29 outbreaks of dengue fever occurred in Shenzhen City across 2024, which primarily in construction sites (27 outbreaks, 93.1% of total). Dengue virus type I was the dominant serotype causing dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024. Sequencing showed that the genomes of dengue virus from multiple dengue fever cases in Shenzhen City shared a high se","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 5","pages":"517-523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145662346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025006
J Liu, Q Danzeng, X Mo, Y Miao, X Su, W Hu, T Zhang
Currently, echinococcosis is highly prevalent in both China and Mongolia, and the risk of cross-border echinococcosis transmission raises growing concerns. This article describes the epidemiology of echinococcosis in China and Mongolia, compares echinococcosis control measures between the countries, and discusses the potential risk of cross-border echinococcosis transmission due to human and animal mobility, transboundary movement of animal hosts, and disparities in control capacity between the two countries. In addition, the article proposes the promising cooperation areas for joint prevention and control of echinococcosis between the two countries, including the joint development of guidelines and standards, technical and financial assistance, and cross-border pathogen monitoring and tracing, so as to provide insights into cross-boundary health cooperation between China and Mongolia, effective management of echinococcosis transmission, and improvements in the regional public health security.
{"title":"[Epidemiology and management of echinococcosis in China and Mongolia and the risk of cross-border transmission].","authors":"J Liu, Q Danzeng, X Mo, Y Miao, X Su, W Hu, T Zhang","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025006","DOIUrl":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, echinococcosis is highly prevalent in both China and Mongolia, and the risk of cross-border echinococcosis transmission raises growing concerns. This article describes the epidemiology of echinococcosis in China and Mongolia, compares echinococcosis control measures between the countries, and discusses the potential risk of cross-border echinococcosis transmission due to human and animal mobility, transboundary movement of animal hosts, and disparities in control capacity between the two countries. In addition, the article proposes the promising cooperation areas for joint prevention and control of echinococcosis between the two countries, including the joint development of guidelines and standards, technical and financial assistance, and cross-border pathogen monitoring and tracing, so as to provide insights into cross-boundary health cooperation between China and Mongolia, effective management of echinococcosis transmission, and improvements in the regional public health security.</p>","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"337-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025015
J Sun, Q Bai, X Chen, J Lü, S He, L Tang, D Liao, D Liu, X Fu
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the regulatory role of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling on the subtypes and functions of natural killer (NK) cells at the maternal-fetal interface during the second trimester in mice following <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection during the first trimester.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve 6- to 8-week-old female mice of the C57BL/6J strain were divided into a control group and an infection group, of 6 mice in each group. On the 6.5th day of pregnancy (Gd6.5), each pregnant mouse in the infection group was intraperitoneally injected with 150 tachyzoites of the <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> PRU strain, while mice in the control group were injected with an equal volume of physiological saline. On the 12.5th day of pregnancy (Gd12.5), uterus and placenta tissues were sampled from pregnant mice for pathological observations, and the mRNA expression levels of <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and tumor necrosis factor-α (<i>TNF</i>-α) were quantified in uterus and placenta tissues. The PD-1 and DX5 expression was measured on NK cells at the maternal-fetal interface using flow cytometry. In addition, the <i>in vitro</i> JEG-3 trophoblast cells and NK-92MI cells co-culture system was established as the control group, and the addition of <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites in the co-culture system served as the infection group. The <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>DX5 mRNA</i> expression was quantified in cells using real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, and the TNF-α concentration was measured in the cell culture supernatant using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On Gd12.5, clear and intact cellular structures of placental decidual tissues were seen in pregnant mice in the control group, with no remarkable abnormal changes found in the uterine columnar epithelial cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration and blood stasis at varying degrees were found in uterine and placental tissues from pregnant mice in the infection group. The relative <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>TNF</i>-α <i>mRNA</i> expression was (1.004 ± 0.004), (1.001 ± 0.001), and (1.001 ± 0.001) in uterine tissues from pregnant mice in the control group and (2.480 ± 0.720), (3.355 ± 0.920), and (2.391 ± 0.073) in the infection group, respectively. The relative <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>TNF</i>-α <i>mRNA</i> expression was (1.007 ± 0.010), (1.006 ± 0.006), and (1.001 ± 0.001) in the uterine tissues in the control group and (6.948 ± 1.918), (3.225 ± 1.034), and (1.536 ± 0.150) in the infection group, respectively. The relative <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>TNF</i>-α <i>mRNA</i> expression was higher in both the uterine (<i>t</i> = 3.55, 4.43 and 33.02, all <i>P</i> values < 0.05) and placental tissues (<i>t</i> = 5.36, 3.72 and 6.18, all <i>P</i> values < 0.05) in the infection group t
目的：探讨程序细胞死亡蛋白1 （PD-1）及其配体程序细胞死亡蛋白配体1 （PD-L1）信号通路在刚地弓形虫感染小鼠妊娠中期母胎界面自然杀伤细胞（NK）亚型和功能的调控作用。方法：选取6 ~ 8周龄C57BL/6J株雌性小鼠12只，分为对照组和感染组，每组6只。妊娠第6.5天（Gd6.5），感染组每只妊娠小鼠腹腔注射150只刚地弓形虫PRU株速殖子，对照组小鼠腹腔注射等量生理盐水。于妊娠第12.5天（Gd12.5）取孕鼠子宫和胎盘组织进行病理观察，定量测定子宫和胎盘组织中PD-1、PD-L1、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α) mRNA表达水平。流式细胞术检测母胎交界面NK细胞上PD-1和DX5的表达。另外，建立体外JEG-3滋养细胞与NK-92MI细胞共培养体系作为对照组，共培养体系中加入弓形虫速殖体作为感染组。采用实时荧光定量反转录PCR （RT-qPCR）法测定细胞中PD-1、PD-L1和DX5 mRNA的表达，采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定细胞培养上清中TNF-α的浓度。结果：在Gd12.5上，对照组孕鼠胎盘蜕膜组织细胞结构清晰完整，子宫柱状上皮细胞未见明显异常变化，感染组孕鼠子宫和胎盘组织均有不同程度的炎症细胞浸润和血瘀。对照组妊娠小鼠子宫组织中PD-1、PD-L1、TNF-α mRNA的相对表达量分别为（1.004±0.004）、（1.001±0.001）、（1.001±0.001），感染组为（2.480±0.720）、（3.355±0.920）、（2.391±0.073）。对照组子宫组织PD-1、PD-L1、TNF-α mRNA相对表达量分别为（1.007±0.010）、（1.006±0.006）、（1.001±0.001），感染组分别为（6.948±1.918）、（3.225±1.034）、（1.536±0.150）。感染组子宫组织（t = 3.55、4.43、33.02，P值均< 0.05）和胎盘组织（t = 5.36、3.72、6.18，P值均< 0.05）PD-1、PD-L1、TNF-α mRNA相对表达量均高于对照组。流式细胞术显示，对照组妊娠小鼠子宫组织中PD-1+ NK细胞、PD-1+ DX5+ NK细胞和DX5+ NK细胞的比例分别为（12.200±1.082）%、（9.373±7.728）%和（44.000±4.095）%，感染组分别为（21.733±1.630）%、（18.767±1.242）%和（73.367±0.611）%。对照组小鼠胎盘组织中PD-1+ NK细胞、PD-1+ DX5+ NK细胞和DX5+ NK细胞的比例分别为（1.100±0.510）%、（2.277±1.337）%和（96.167±2.831）%，感染组分别为（26.867±9.722）%、（23.433±6.983）%和（82.467±2.248）%。感染组妊娠小鼠子宫组织中PD-1+ NK细胞比例（t = 8.45, P < 0.05）和DX5+ NK细胞比例（t = 12.29, P < 0.05）高于对照组，PD-1+ DX5+ NK细胞比例（Z = -1.09, P < 0.05）差异无统计学意义。感染组妊娠小鼠胎盘组织中PD-1+ NK细胞比例（t = 4.58, P < 0.05）和PD-1+ DX5+ NK细胞比例（t = 5.15, P < 0.05）高于对照组，而DX5+ NK细胞比例低于对照组（t = -6.56, P < 0.05）。RT-qPCR分析显示,相对PD-1、PD-L1和DX5 mRNA表达(1.010±0.005),(1.002±0.003)和(1.001±0.001)JEG-3细胞和NK92MI细胞培养系统和(3.638±1.258),(0.397±0.158)和(4.267±1.750)对照组,和ELISA测定肿瘤坏死因子-α细胞培养上清液中浓度较高感染组((22.056±3.205)pg / mL)比对照组[(12.441±0.001)pg / mL] (t = 5.20, P < 0.05)。感染组PD-1（t = 3.62, P < 0.05）和DX5 mRNA表达量（t = 3.23, P < 0.05）高于对照组，PD-L1 mRNA表达量低于对照组（t = -6.63, P < 0.05）。结论：弓形虫感染后，孕中期小鼠母胎界面DX5+ NK细胞上PD-L1和PD-1表达上调；而DX5+ NK细胞比例降低。
{"title":"[Regulation of natural killer cell subtypes and functions by programmed cell death protein 1 and its receptor at the maternal-fetal interface in mice infected with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> during the second trimester].","authors":"J Sun, Q Bai, X Chen, J Lü, S He, L Tang, D Liao, D Liu, X Fu","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the regulatory role of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling on the subtypes and functions of natural killer (NK) cells at the maternal-fetal interface during the second trimester in mice following <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection during the first trimester.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve 6- to 8-week-old female mice of the C57BL/6J strain were divided into a control group and an infection group, of 6 mice in each group. On the 6.5th day of pregnancy (Gd6.5), each pregnant mouse in the infection group was intraperitoneally injected with 150 tachyzoites of the <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> PRU strain, while mice in the control group were injected with an equal volume of physiological saline. On the 12.5th day of pregnancy (Gd12.5), uterus and placenta tissues were sampled from pregnant mice for pathological observations, and the mRNA expression levels of <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and tumor necrosis factor-α (<i>TNF</i>-α) were quantified in uterus and placenta tissues. The PD-1 and DX5 expression was measured on NK cells at the maternal-fetal interface using flow cytometry. In addition, the <i>in vitro</i> JEG-3 trophoblast cells and NK-92MI cells co-culture system was established as the control group, and the addition of <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites in the co-culture system served as the infection group. The <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>DX5 mRNA</i> expression was quantified in cells using real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay, and the TNF-α concentration was measured in the cell culture supernatant using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On Gd12.5, clear and intact cellular structures of placental decidual tissues were seen in pregnant mice in the control group, with no remarkable abnormal changes found in the uterine columnar epithelial cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration and blood stasis at varying degrees were found in uterine and placental tissues from pregnant mice in the infection group. The relative <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>TNF</i>-α <i>mRNA</i> expression was (1.004 ± 0.004), (1.001 ± 0.001), and (1.001 ± 0.001) in uterine tissues from pregnant mice in the control group and (2.480 ± 0.720), (3.355 ± 0.920), and (2.391 ± 0.073) in the infection group, respectively. The relative <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>TNF</i>-α <i>mRNA</i> expression was (1.007 ± 0.010), (1.006 ± 0.006), and (1.001 ± 0.001) in the uterine tissues in the control group and (6.948 ± 1.918), (3.225 ± 1.034), and (1.536 ± 0.150) in the infection group, respectively. The relative <i>PD-1</i>, <i>PD-L1</i>, and <i>TNF</i>-α <i>mRNA</i> expression was higher in both the uterine (<i>t</i> = 3.55, 4.43 and 33.02, all <i>P</i> values < 0.05) and placental tissues (<i>t</i> = 5.36, 3.72 and 6.18, all <i>P</i> values < 0.05) in the infection group t","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 5","pages":"465-474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145661675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025011
Y Wang, T Ying, J Wu, Y Hong, H Guo, M Wang, Z Yang, S Wang
Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box (TOX), a member of the high mobility group protein super-family, plays an important role in T cell development, functional maintenance, and exhaustion. It has been recently found that TOX exerts critical immunoregulatory functions during pathogen infections, and TOX expression is strongly associated with the intensity and tolerance of host immune responses. This review systematically summarizes the structural and functional features of TOX and focuses on its expression dynamics, mechanisms of action, and immunomodulatory effects during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, which provides a theoretical support to better understanding of the role of TOX in infectious diseases and provides new insights into development of potential immunotherapeutic strategies targeting TOX.
胸腺细胞选择相关高迁移率蛋白（Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box， TOX）是高迁移率蛋白超家族的一员，在T细胞发育、功能维持和耗竭过程中起重要作用。最近研究发现，TOX在病原体感染过程中发挥关键的免疫调节功能，并且TOX的表达与宿主免疫反应的强度和耐受性密切相关。本文系统总结了TOX的结构和功能特征，重点阐述了其在病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染中的表达动态、作用机制和免疫调节作用，为更好地理解TOX在感染性疾病中的作用提供理论支持，并为开发潜在的针对TOX的免疫治疗策略提供新的思路。
{"title":"[Advances in the mechanisms underlying the contributions of thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box to pathogen infections: a review].","authors":"Y Wang, T Ying, J Wu, Y Hong, H Guo, M Wang, Z Yang, S Wang","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025011","DOIUrl":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box (TOX), a member of the high mobility group protein super-family, plays an important role in T cell development, functional maintenance, and exhaustion. It has been recently found that TOX exerts critical immunoregulatory functions during pathogen infections, and TOX expression is strongly associated with the intensity and tolerance of host immune responses. This review systematically summarizes the structural and functional features of TOX and focuses on its expression dynamics, mechanisms of action, and immunomodulatory effects during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, which provides a theoretical support to better understanding of the role of TOX in infectious diseases and provides new insights into development of potential immunotherapeutic strategies targeting TOX.</p>","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 5","pages":"561-568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145662320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025110
G Chen, W Mei, S Jiang, L Tao, Y Ji, Q Cui, H Zhang, R An, B Xu, W Wang
Objective: To investigate the tick species, and tick-derived Rickettsiales bacteria and recently emerging tick-derived viruses in hilly and costal mudflat wetland settings in northern Jiangsu Province, so as to provide insights into management of tick-borne tropical diseases in northern Jiangsu Province.
Methods: Ticks were sampled from hilly settings in Yuyi County, Huai'an City and coastal mudflat wetland settings in Jiangsu Yancheng Wetlands & Rare Birds National Nature Reserve in Tinghu District, Yancheng City on April, 2025. Following characterization of tick species, nucleic acid was isolated from ticks under a sterile condition, and tick-derived pathogens were detected using nested and semi-nested real-time PCR assays, including Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Yezo virus, Alongshan virus, Songling virus, Beiji nairovirus and Wetland virus. The PCR amplification products were sequenced for analysis of phylogenetic evolution and genetic characteristics.
Results: A total of 154 ticks were captured, including 114 from Huai'an City and 40 from Yancheng City, and 153 ticks were characterized as Haemaphysalis longicornis and one as H. flava. A total of 5 ticks were tested positive for Rickettsiales bacteria and viruses by semi-nested real time PCR assay (3.25%), including 4 ticks from hilly settings in Xuyi County, Huai'an City, tested positive for Anaplasma, and one tick from coastal mudflat wetland settings in Tinghu District, Yancheng City, tested positive for Rickettsia; however, ticks were tested negative for Ehrlichia, or recently emerging Yezo virus, Alongshan virus, Songling virus, Beiji nairovirus or Wetland virus. Sequence alignment using BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis revealed that genetic differentiation occurred in four A. bovis isolates in one species of A. bovis, with two genetic clades generated, and one R. japonica variant was identified, with its nucleotide sequences highly homologous to Shandong isolates of R. japonica.
Conclusions: Ticks are widely distributed in hilly and costal mudflat wetland settings in northern Jiangsu Province, and tick-derived pathogens have a genetic diversity. Tick-borne Anaplasma and Rickettsia pose a zoonotic potential.
{"title":"[Characterization and phylogenetic evolution of tick - derived Rickettsiales and emerging viruses in northern Jiangsu Province].","authors":"G Chen, W Mei, S Jiang, L Tao, Y Ji, Q Cui, H Zhang, R An, B Xu, W Wang","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the tick species, and tick-derived Rickettsiales bacteria and recently emerging tick-derived viruses in hilly and costal mudflat wetland settings in northern Jiangsu Province, so as to provide insights into management of tick-borne tropical diseases in northern Jiangsu Province.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ticks were sampled from hilly settings in Yuyi County, Huai'an City and coastal mudflat wetland settings in Jiangsu Yancheng Wetlands & Rare Birds National Nature Reserve in Tinghu District, Yancheng City on April, 2025. Following characterization of tick species, nucleic acid was isolated from ticks under a sterile condition, and tick-derived pathogens were detected using nested and semi-nested real-time PCR assays, including <i>Rickettsia, Ehrlichia</i>, <i>Anaplasma</i>, Yezo virus, Alongshan virus, Songling virus, Beiji nairovirus and Wetland virus. The PCR amplification products were sequenced for analysis of phylogenetic evolution and genetic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 154 ticks were captured, including 114 from Huai'an City and 40 from Yancheng City, and 153 ticks were characterized as <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> and one as <i>H. flava</i>. A total of 5 ticks were tested positive for Rickettsiales bacteria and viruses by semi-nested real time PCR assay (3.25%), including 4 ticks from hilly settings in Xuyi County, Huai'an City, tested positive for <i>Anaplasma</i>, and one tick from coastal mudflat wetland settings in Tinghu District, Yancheng City, tested positive for <i>Rickettsia</i>; however, ticks were tested negative for <i>Ehrlichia</i>, or recently emerging Yezo virus, Alongshan virus, Songling virus, Beiji nairovirus or Wetland virus. Sequence alignment using BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis revealed that genetic differentiation occurred in four <i>A. bovis</i> isolates in one species of <i>A. bovis</i>, with two genetic clades generated, and one <i>R. japonica</i> variant was identified, with its nucleotide sequences highly homologous to Shandong isolates of <i>R. japonica</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ticks are widely distributed in hilly and costal mudflat wetland settings in northern Jiangsu Province, and tick-derived pathogens have a genetic diversity. Tick-borne <i>Anaplasma</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i> pose a zoonotic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"380-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024277
T Xue, W Du, Y Zhao, J Xu
Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing fatal Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) among immunocompromised patients. Conventional pathogen detection Methods have limitations, which hinders early diagnosis and treatment of PJP, resulting in misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis, and high mortality rates. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), which is high in sensitivity and specificity for pathogen detection, enables accurate detection of P. jirovecii and P. jirovecii co-infection with other pathogens, which facilitates timely diagnosis and treatment of PJP. This review summarizes the advances in mNGS technology and its application in diagnosis of PJP, highlighting its critical clinical value in improving diagnostic effectiveness, guiding clinical therapy, and preventing nosocomial transmission of PJP.
{"title":"[Metagenomic next - generation sequencing technology and its application in diagnosis of <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> infection: a review].","authors":"T Xue, W Du, Y Zhao, J Xu","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1374.2024277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1374.2024277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing fatal <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia (PJP) among immunocompromised patients. Conventional pathogen detection Methods have limitations, which hinders early diagnosis and treatment of PJP, resulting in misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis, and high mortality rates. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), which is high in sensitivity and specificity for pathogen detection, enables accurate detection of <i>P. jirovecii</i> and <i>P. jirovecii</i> co-infection with other pathogens, which facilitates timely diagnosis and treatment of PJP. This review summarizes the advances in mNGS technology and its application in diagnosis of PJP, highlighting its critical clinical value in improving diagnostic effectiveness, guiding clinical therapy, and preventing nosocomial transmission of PJP.</p>","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"434-446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024288
S Du, Y Shi, X Chen, H Liu, L Zhang, X Huang
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and to identify factors affecting deaths among SFTS patients in China from 2010 to 2023, so as to provide insights into scientific prevention and control of SFTS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of reported, definitively diagnosed SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 were captured from National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, including current residence address, age, gender, occupation, time of incidence and date of death, and the temporal, spatial and population distributions of SFTS cases were analyzed. The county level incidence of reported SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 was subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the global Moran's <i>I</i> index was calculated. The high-incidence clusters for SFTS were identified using space-time scan analysis based on a Poisson distribution model, and the relative risk (<i>RR</i>) and log-likelihood ratio (<i>LLR</i>) were estimated. In addition, factors affecting the death and their risk levels were identified among SFTS cases using chi-square test and logistic regression models, and the risk of death was evaluated with odds ratio (<i>OR</i>).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 27 457 SFTS cases were reported in China from 2010 to 2023, and the number of SFTS cases increased from 71 in 2010 to 5 062 in 2023, appearing a tendency towards a rise (<i>b</i> = 5.567, <i>t</i> = 51.35, <i>P</i> < 0.05). A total of 1 326 deaths occurred during the 14-year study period, with a case fatality rate of 4.82%, and the annual incidence and fatality of SFTS were 0.005/10<sup>5</sup> to 0.359/10<sup>5</sup>, and 2.70% to 12.70%. SFTS cases were reported across 27 provinces in China, which were predominantly reported in 7 provinces of Shandong (7 890 cases, 28.74%), Henan (6 286 cases, 22.89%), Anhui (5 718 cases, 20.83%), Hubei (3 938 cases, 14.34%), Liaoning (1 418 cases, 5.16%), Zhejiang (990 cases, 3.61%), and Jiangsu (957 cases, 3.49%), accounting for 99.05% (27 197/27 457) of totally reported cases in China. The time of SFTS incidence appeared a seasonal distribution, and the incidence of SFTS peaked during the period from May to July, with a significant difference in the time of SFTS incidence among provinces (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Among all SFTS cases, there were 12 894 men (46.96%) and 14 563 women (53.04%), and there were 61.27% (16 823/27 457) of SFTS cases at ages of 61 years and older, with farmers as the predominant occupation (84.74%, 23 266/27 457). The annual Moran's <i>I</i> index for SFTS incidence ranged from 0.326 2 to 0.607 5 from 2010 to 2023, and there were significant differences in the Moran's <i>I</i> index for SFTS incidence each year from 2011 to 2023 (<i>Z</i> = 10.207 to 18.101, all <i>P</i> values < 0.001), pre
{"title":"[Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China from 2010 to 2023].","authors":"S Du, Y Shi, X Chen, H Liu, L Zhang, X Huang","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and to identify factors affecting deaths among SFTS patients in China from 2010 to 2023, so as to provide insights into scientific prevention and control of SFTS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of reported, definitively diagnosed SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 were captured from National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, including current residence address, age, gender, occupation, time of incidence and date of death, and the temporal, spatial and population distributions of SFTS cases were analyzed. The county level incidence of reported SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 was subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the global Moran's <i>I</i> index was calculated. The high-incidence clusters for SFTS were identified using space-time scan analysis based on a Poisson distribution model, and the relative risk (<i>RR</i>) and log-likelihood ratio (<i>LLR</i>) were estimated. In addition, factors affecting the death and their risk levels were identified among SFTS cases using chi-square test and logistic regression models, and the risk of death was evaluated with odds ratio (<i>OR</i>).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 27 457 SFTS cases were reported in China from 2010 to 2023, and the number of SFTS cases increased from 71 in 2010 to 5 062 in 2023, appearing a tendency towards a rise (<i>b</i> = 5.567, <i>t</i> = 51.35, <i>P</i> < 0.05). A total of 1 326 deaths occurred during the 14-year study period, with a case fatality rate of 4.82%, and the annual incidence and fatality of SFTS were 0.005/10<sup>5</sup> to 0.359/10<sup>5</sup>, and 2.70% to 12.70%. SFTS cases were reported across 27 provinces in China, which were predominantly reported in 7 provinces of Shandong (7 890 cases, 28.74%), Henan (6 286 cases, 22.89%), Anhui (5 718 cases, 20.83%), Hubei (3 938 cases, 14.34%), Liaoning (1 418 cases, 5.16%), Zhejiang (990 cases, 3.61%), and Jiangsu (957 cases, 3.49%), accounting for 99.05% (27 197/27 457) of totally reported cases in China. The time of SFTS incidence appeared a seasonal distribution, and the incidence of SFTS peaked during the period from May to July, with a significant difference in the time of SFTS incidence among provinces (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Among all SFTS cases, there were 12 894 men (46.96%) and 14 563 women (53.04%), and there were 61.27% (16 823/27 457) of SFTS cases at ages of 61 years and older, with farmers as the predominant occupation (84.74%, 23 266/27 457). The annual Moran's <i>I</i> index for SFTS incidence ranged from 0.326 2 to 0.607 5 from 2010 to 2023, and there were significant differences in the Moran's <i>I</i> index for SFTS incidence each year from 2011 to 2023 (<i>Z</i> = 10.207 to 18.101, all <i>P</i> values < 0.001), pre","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"371-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024275
X Chen, D Yin, W Ma, T Yi, H Li, L Liu, Z Liu, M Du, S Zhou, Q Li
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To predict the structures and immunogenicity of surface antigen-related sequence protein SRS67 and SRS20A in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> using bioinformatics methods, and to generate prokaryotic expression vectors for protein expression, so as to identify the functions of recombinant SRS67 and SRS20A proteins and their potential as vaccine candidates against <i>T. gondii</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>T. gondii SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> gene and amino acid sequences were downloaded from the ToxoDB database. The open reading frames (ORFs) of <i>SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> genes were analyzed in the ORF Finder website. The relative molecular mass, isoelectric point, amino acid composition and lipophilicit index of SRS67 and SRS20A proteins were predicted using the ProtParam software. The protein hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity was predicted using the ProtScale tool, the transmembrane regions were predicted using the TMHMM software, the signal peptides were predicted in the SignalP-4.1 website, the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins were predicted in the NPS@SPOMA and SWISS-MODEL websites. The phosphorylation sites of the proteins were predicted using the NetPhos-3.1 program, the antigenic epitopes of proteins were predicted using the Immuon medicine Group program. B-cell epitopes, helper T-cell (Th) epitopes, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes were predicted using the IEDB and SYFPEITHI websites, and the antigenicity scores of epitopes were evaluated using the software VaxiJen 2.0 to select the dominant epitopes. Primer sequences were synthesized based on the SRS67 and SRS20A protein-coding gene sequences from the ToxoDB database, and <i>SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> genes were amplified using PCR reactions with <i>T. gondii</i> cDNA as a template. The amplification products were subjected to double restriction-enzyme digestion, and the target fragments were recovered and ligated into DH5α competent cells with T4 ligase. Positive single colonies were selected and cultured, and the pET-32a-SRS67 and pET-32a-SRS20A recombinant plasmids were extracted, transformed into competent cells for induction of recombinant protein expression. The expression of recombinant proteins was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bioinformatics analysis predicted that <i>SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> genes were 633 bp and 987 bp in length, contained 7 and 15 ORFs, and encoded 210 and 328 amino acids, respectively. The SRS67 protein had a relative molecular mass of 23 135.65, a signal peptide (<i>D</i> = 0.590) and no transmembrane regions, contained 22 phosphorylation sites and 8 antigenic determinants, and was a hydrophilic protein. The SRS20A protein had a relative molecular mass of 34 944.91, a signal peptide (<i>D</i> = 0.697) and transmembrane regions, contained 39 phosphorylation sites and 15 antigenic determ
{"title":"[Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of surface antigen-related sequence protein <i>SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> genes in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>].","authors":"X Chen, D Yin, W Ma, T Yi, H Li, L Liu, Z Liu, M Du, S Zhou, Q Li","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To predict the structures and immunogenicity of surface antigen-related sequence protein SRS67 and SRS20A in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> using bioinformatics methods, and to generate prokaryotic expression vectors for protein expression, so as to identify the functions of recombinant SRS67 and SRS20A proteins and their potential as vaccine candidates against <i>T. gondii</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>T. gondii SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> gene and amino acid sequences were downloaded from the ToxoDB database. The open reading frames (ORFs) of <i>SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> genes were analyzed in the ORF Finder website. The relative molecular mass, isoelectric point, amino acid composition and lipophilicit index of SRS67 and SRS20A proteins were predicted using the ProtParam software. The protein hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity was predicted using the ProtScale tool, the transmembrane regions were predicted using the TMHMM software, the signal peptides were predicted in the SignalP-4.1 website, the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins were predicted in the NPS@SPOMA and SWISS-MODEL websites. The phosphorylation sites of the proteins were predicted using the NetPhos-3.1 program, the antigenic epitopes of proteins were predicted using the Immuon medicine Group program. B-cell epitopes, helper T-cell (Th) epitopes, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes were predicted using the IEDB and SYFPEITHI websites, and the antigenicity scores of epitopes were evaluated using the software VaxiJen 2.0 to select the dominant epitopes. Primer sequences were synthesized based on the SRS67 and SRS20A protein-coding gene sequences from the ToxoDB database, and <i>SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> genes were amplified using PCR reactions with <i>T. gondii</i> cDNA as a template. The amplification products were subjected to double restriction-enzyme digestion, and the target fragments were recovered and ligated into DH5α competent cells with T4 ligase. Positive single colonies were selected and cultured, and the pET-32a-SRS67 and pET-32a-SRS20A recombinant plasmids were extracted, transformed into competent cells for induction of recombinant protein expression. The expression of recombinant proteins was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bioinformatics analysis predicted that <i>SRS67</i> and <i>SRS20A</i> genes were 633 bp and 987 bp in length, contained 7 and 15 ORFs, and encoded 210 and 328 amino acids, respectively. The SRS67 protein had a relative molecular mass of 23 135.65, a signal peptide (<i>D</i> = 0.590) and no transmembrane regions, contained 22 phosphorylation sites and 8 antigenic determinants, and was a hydrophilic protein. The SRS20A protein had a relative molecular mass of 34 944.91, a signal peptide (<i>D</i> = 0.697) and transmembrane regions, contained 39 phosphorylation sites and 15 antigenic determ","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"387-397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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