Pub Date : 2025-06-06DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024223
D Yu, Y Hou, A He, Y Feng, G Yang, C Yang, H Liang, H Zhang, F Li
Objective: To investigate the suitable habitats of Phlebotomus chinensis in Gansu Province, so as provide insights into effective management of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL).
Methods: The geographical coordinates of locations where MT-ZVL cases were reported were retrieved in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2023, and data pertaining to 26 environmental variables were captured, including 19 climatic variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, and precipitation of the coldest quarter), five geographical variables (elevation, annual normalized difference vegetation index, vegetation type, landform type and land use type), and two population and economic variables (population distribution and gross domestic product). Twelve species distribution models were built using the biomod2 package in R project, including surface range envelope (SRE) model, generalized linear model (GLM), generalized additive model (GAM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model, generalized boosted model (GBM), classification tree analysis (CTA) model, flexible discriminant analysis (FDA) model, maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, optimized maximum entropy (MAXNET) model, artificial neural network (ANN) model, random forest (RF) model, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) model. The performance of 12 models was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), true skill statistics (TSS), and Kappa coefficient, and single models with high performance was selected to build the optimal ensemble models. Factors affecting the survival of Ph. chinensis were identified based on climatic, geographical, population and economic variables. In addition, the suitable distribution areas of Ph. chinensis were predicted in Gansu Province under shared socioeconomic pathway 126 (SSP126), SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios based on climatic data during the period from 1991 to 2020, from 2041 to 2060 (2050s), and from 2081 to 2100 (2090s) .
Results: A total of 11 species distribution models were successfully built for prediction of potential distribution areas of Ph. chinensis in Gansu Province, and the RF model had the highest predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.998). The ensemble model built based on the RF model, XGBOOST model, GLM, and MARS model had an increased predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.999
{"title":"[Prediction of suitable habitats of <i>Phlebotomus chinensis</i> in Gansu Province based on the Biomod2 ensemble model].","authors":"D Yu, Y Hou, A He, Y Feng, G Yang, C Yang, H Liang, H Zhang, F Li","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the suitable habitats of <i>Phlebotomus chinensis</i> in Gansu Province, so as provide insights into effective management of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The geographical coordinates of locations where MT-ZVL cases were reported were retrieved in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2023, and data pertaining to 26 environmental variables were captured, including 19 climatic variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, and precipitation of the coldest quarter), five geographical variables (elevation, annual normalized difference vegetation index, vegetation type, landform type and land use type), and two population and economic variables (population distribution and gross domestic product). Twelve species distribution models were built using the biomod2 package in R project, including surface range envelope (SRE) model, generalized linear model (GLM), generalized additive model (GAM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model, generalized boosted model (GBM), classification tree analysis (CTA) model, flexible discriminant analysis (FDA) model, maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, optimized maximum entropy (MAXNET) model, artificial neural network (ANN) model, random forest (RF) model, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) model. The performance of 12 models was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), true skill statistics (TSS), and <i>Kappa</i> coefficient, and single models with high performance was selected to build the optimal ensemble models. Factors affecting the survival of <i>Ph. chinensis</i> were identified based on climatic, geographical, population and economic variables. In addition, the suitable distribution areas of <i>Ph. chinensis</i> were predicted in Gansu Province under shared socioeconomic pathway 126 (SSP126), SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios based on climatic data during the period from 1991 to 2020, from 2041 to 2060 (2050s), and from 2081 to 2100 (2090s) .</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 11 species distribution models were successfully built for prediction of potential distribution areas of <i>Ph. chinensis</i> in Gansu Province, and the RF model had the highest predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.998). The ensemble model built based on the RF model, XGBOOST model, GLM, and MARS model had an increased predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.999","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 3","pages":"276-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024274
L Zhou, X Li, Z Chen
The modern Silk Road spirit advocating for win-win cooperative partnerships, aligns with the target of the "Belt and Road" Initiative, which provides new opportunities for collaboration on tropical disease control among countries along the "Belt and Road". The modern Silk Road spirit may effectively facilitate tropical disease control programmes and improve disease control concepts and approaches through collaborative research, information sharing, infrastructure development, and joint efforts in pharmaceuticals and vaccine development; however, there are still multiple challenges that require to be overcome, including political and cultural differences, and data sharing. Therefore, countries participating in the "Belt and Road" Initiative need to work together with mutual respects, build effective collaborative mechanisms and improve communications to jointly facilitate the sustainable development of global tropical disease control programmes and cultural exchange, so as to contribute to global health and prosperities. This article discusses the contribution of the modern Silk Road spirit to facilitating global tropical disease control programmes in the context of the "Belt and Road" Initiative.
{"title":"[The modern Silk Road spirit leads the \"Belt and Road\" Initiative to facilitate global tropical disease control programmes].","authors":"L Zhou, X Li, Z Chen","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The modern Silk Road spirit advocating for win-win cooperative partnerships, aligns with the target of the \"Belt and Road\" Initiative, which provides new opportunities for collaboration on tropical disease control among countries along the \"Belt and Road\". The modern Silk Road spirit may effectively facilitate tropical disease control programmes and improve disease control concepts and approaches through collaborative research, information sharing, infrastructure development, and joint efforts in pharmaceuticals and vaccine development; however, there are still multiple challenges that require to be overcome, including political and cultural differences, and data sharing. Therefore, countries participating in the \"Belt and Road\" Initiative need to work together with mutual respects, build effective collaborative mechanisms and improve communications to jointly facilitate the sustainable development of global tropical disease control programmes and cultural exchange, so as to contribute to global health and prosperities. This article discusses the contribution of the modern Silk Road spirit to facilitating global tropical disease control programmes in the context of the \"Belt and Road\" Initiative.</p>","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 3","pages":"316-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-05DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025005
J Long, L Ma, H Zong, Z Zhou, H Yan, Q Zhao
Objective: To examine the impact of different numbers of microsatellite markers on the analysis of population genetic diversity of Schistosoma japonicum, so as to provide insights into studies on the population genetic diversity of S. japonicum.
Methods: Oncomelania hupensis snails were collected from a wasteland in Gong'an County, Hubei Province, and 37 S. japonicum-infected O. hupensis snails were identified using the cercarial shedding method. A single cercaria released from each S. japonicum-infected O. hupensis snail was collected, and 10 cercariae were randomly collected from DNA extraction. Nine previously validated microsatellite loci and 15 additional microsatellite loci screened from literature review and the GenBank database and confirmed with stable amplification efficiency were selected as molecular markers. Genomic DNA from cercariae was subjected to three multiplex PCR amplifications of microsatellite markers with the Type-it Microsatellite PCR kit, and genotyped using capillary electrophoresis. The population genetic diversity of S. japonicum cercariae DNA was analyzed with observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ae), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC), and tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage disequilibrium (LD). To further investigate the impact of the number of microsatellite loci on the population genetic diversity of S. japonicum, the number of microsatellite markers was sequentially assigned from 1 to 24, and the mean and standard deviation of Na were calculated for S. japonicum populations at different locus numbers. In addition, the coefficient of variation (CV) of allelic number (defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean) was determined, and the variation in Na with increasing microsatellite locus numbers was analyzed.
Results: Genomic DNA from 345 S. japonicum cercariae was selected for genotyping of 24 microsatellite markers, and all 24 microsatellite loci met linkage equilibrium (standardized linkage disequilibrium coefficient D' < 0.7, r2 < 0.3) and deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.001). The mean Na, Ae, Ho and He were 27.46 ± 2.18, 12.46 ± 0.95, 0.46 ± 0.03, and 0.91 ± 0.01 for 24 microsatellite loci in S. japonicum cercarial populations, respectively, and PIC ranged from 0.85 to 0.96, indicating high genome-wide representativeness of 24 microsatellite loci. The mean value of Na-Ae was higher in genotyping with 9 previously validated microsatellite loci (19.88 ± 8.43) than with all 24 loci (14.99 ± 8.09). As the number of microsatellite loci increased, the mean Na showed no significant variation; however
{"title":"[Impact of the number of microsatellite markers on the analysis of population genetic diversity of <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i>].","authors":"J Long, L Ma, H Zong, Z Zhou, H Yan, Q Zhao","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the impact of different numbers of microsatellite markers on the analysis of population genetic diversity of <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i>, so as to provide insights into studies on the population genetic diversity of <i>S. japonicum</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>Oncomelania hupensis</i> snails were collected from a wasteland in Gong'an County, Hubei Province, and 37 <i>S. japonicum</i>-infected <i>O. hupensis</i> snails were identified using the cercarial shedding method. A single cercaria released from each <i>S. japonicum</i>-infected <i>O. hupensis</i> snail was collected, and 10 cercariae were randomly collected from DNA extraction. Nine previously validated microsatellite loci and 15 additional microsatellite loci screened from literature review and the GenBank database and confirmed with stable amplification efficiency were selected as molecular markers. Genomic DNA from cercariae was subjected to three multiplex PCR amplifications of microsatellite markers with the Type-it Microsatellite PCR kit, and genotyped using capillary electrophoresis. The population genetic diversity of <i>S. japonicum</i> cercariae DNA was analyzed with observed number of alleles (<i>Na</i>), effective number of alleles (<i>Ae</i>), observed heterozygosity (<i>Ho</i>), expected heterozygosity (<i>He</i>), and polymorphism information content (PIC), and tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage disequilibrium (LD). To further investigate the impact of the number of microsatellite loci on the population genetic diversity of <i>S. japonicum</i>, the number of microsatellite markers was sequentially assigned from 1 to 24, and the mean and standard deviation of <i>Na</i> were calculated for <i>S. japonicum</i> populations at different locus numbers. In addition, the coefficient of variation (<i>CV</i>) of allelic number (defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean) was determined, and the variation in <i>Na</i> with increasing microsatellite locus numbers was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genomic DNA from 345 <i>S. japonicum</i> cercariae was selected for genotyping of 24 microsatellite markers, and all 24 microsatellite loci met linkage equilibrium (standardized linkage disequilibrium coefficient <i>D</i>' < 0.7, <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> < 0.3) and deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The mean <i>Na</i>, <i>Ae</i>, <i>Ho</i> and <i>He</i> were 27.46 ± 2.18, 12.46 ± 0.95, 0.46 ± 0.03, and 0.91 ± 0.01 for 24 microsatellite loci in <i>S. japonicum</i> cercarial populations, respectively, and PIC ranged from 0.85 to 0.96, indicating high genome-wide representativeness of 24 microsatellite loci. The mean value of <i>Na</i>-<i>Ae</i> was higher in genotyping with 9 previously validated microsatellite loci (19.88 ± 8.43) than with all 24 loci (14.99 ± 8.09). As the number of microsatellite loci increased, the mean <i>Na</i> showed no significant variation; however","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 3","pages":"239-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024293
P Wang, M Wu, J Du
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To generate a dense granule protein 3 (<i>GRA3</i>) gene-deficient mutant of the <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> ME49 strain and to test the virulence of the mutant.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gene-deficient parasites were generated with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. Guide RNA (gRNA) was designed using the E-CRISPR software, and mutated on the pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgUPRT plasmid using the Q5 site-directed mutagenesis kit to generate the pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgGRA3 plasmid. A <i>GRA3</i> donor plasmid containing <i>GRA3</i> gene upstream sequences, pyrimethamine resistant gene dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (<i>DHFR-TS</i>) and <i>GRA3</i> gene downstream sequence was generated, and <i>GRA3</i> donor DNA was amplified using PCR assay. The pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgGRA3 plasmid and <i>GRA3</i> donor DNA were electroporated into tachyzoites of the wild-type <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 strain. Then, parasite suspensions were inoculated into human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells and screened with pyrimethamine to yield pyrimethamine-resistant parasites for monoclonal screening. The <i>GRA3</i> gene deficient monoclonal strain (ME49Δ<i>gra3</i>) of <i>T. gondii</i> was identified using PCR and Western blotting assays, and the expression of GRA3 protein was determined in the <i>T. gondii</i> ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain using Western blotting. Subsequently, 1 000 freshly lysed tachyzoites of <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 and ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strains were transferred to 12-well plates seeded with HFF cells, and incubated at 37 °C containing 5% CO<sub>2</sub> for 7 days, and the number of plaques was counted by staining with crystal violet solutions. HFF cells infected with tachyzoites of <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 and ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strains were stained using Giemsa solutions, and the numbers of cells containing 1, 2, 4, and > 4 <i>T. gondii</i> parasitophorous vacuoles were counted. In addition, the survival rates of C57BL/6 mice infected with <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 and ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strains were compared 35 days post-infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PCR assay revealed successful amplification of both the upstream and downstream homologous arm bands of the <i>DHFR-TS</i> gene in the <i>T. gondii</i> ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain, and no corresponding bands were amplified in the ME49 strain. The <i>GRA3</i> band was amplified in the ME49 strain, and the <i>DHFR-TS</i> band, rather than <i>GRA3</i> band, was amplified in the ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain. Western blotting determined absence of GRA3 protein expression in the ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain. Crystal violet staining showed that the <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 strain produced more plaques than the ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain [(352.67 ± 26.39) plaques vs. (235.00 ± 26.29) plaques; <i>t</i> = 5.472, <i>P</i> < 0.01], and Giemsa staining revealed that the proportion of <i>T. gondii</i> parasitophorous vacuoles containing
目的：制备刚地弓形虫ME49株致密颗粒蛋白3 （GRA3）基因缺陷突变体并检测其毒力。方法：采用聚类规则间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)/CRISPR相关蛋白9 （CRISPR/Cas9）系统生成基因缺陷寄生虫。利用E-CRISPR软件设计gRNA，利用Q5位点定向突变试剂盒在pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgUPRT质粒上突变，生成pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgGRA3质粒。构建GRA3供体质粒，包含GRA3基因上游序列、抗乙胺嘧啶基因二氢叶酸还原酶胸腺苷酸合成酶（DHFR-TS）和GRA3基因下游序列，并采用PCR扩增GRA3供体DNA。将pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgGRA3质粒和GRA3供体DNA电穿孔到野生型刚地弓形虫ME49的速殖子中。然后，将寄生虫悬液接种于人包皮成纤维细胞（HFF），用乙胺嘧啶筛选，得到耐乙胺嘧啶寄生虫进行单克隆筛选。采用PCR和Western blotting方法鉴定了刚地弓形虫gr3基因缺陷单克隆株（ME49Δgra3），并采用Western blotting方法检测了gr3蛋白在刚地弓形虫ME49Δgra3株中的表达。随后，将刚地弓形虫ME49和ME49Δgra3菌株1 000个新鲜裂解的速殖子转移到含有HFF细胞的12孔板上，在37℃含5% CO2条件下孵育7天，用结晶紫溶液染色计数菌斑数量。用吉氏染色液对感染弓形虫ME49和ME49Δgra3菌株速殖子的HFF细胞进行染色，计数含有1、2、4和bbb40个弓形虫寄生液泡的细胞数量。此外，比较感染弓形虫ME49和ME49Δgra3菌株后35 d C57BL/6小鼠的存活率。结果：PCR检测结果显示，弓形虫ME49Δgra3株中成功扩增到DHFR-TS基因上下游同源臂带，而ME49株中未扩增到相应的条带。ME49菌株扩增GRA3条带，ME49Δgra3菌株扩增DHFR-TS条带，而不是GRA3条带。Western blotting检测ME49Δgra3菌株中GRA3蛋白表达缺失。结晶紫染色显示，刚地弓形虫ME49菌株比ME49Δgra3菌株产生更多的斑块[（352.67±26.39）个斑块vs（235.00±26.29）个斑块]；t = 5.472, P < 0.01]， Giemsa染色结果显示，ME49菌株感染的HFF细胞中含有至少4个刚地弓形虫速殖子的弓形虫寄生液泡比例高于ME49Δgra3菌株感染的HFF细胞[(75.67±2.52)%比（59.67±2.31）%；t = 8.113, P < 0.01]，且感染ME49株的HFF细胞中含有至少1或2个弓形虫速殖子的弓形虫寄生液泡比例高于感染ME49Δgra3株的HFF细胞[(24.33±2.52)% vs(40.33±2.31)%]；t = -8.113, P < 0.01]。此外，感染弓形虫ME49和ME49Δgra3菌株的小鼠在感染后8和9 d开始死亡，感染弓形虫ME49和ME49Δgra3菌株的小鼠在感染后35 d的死亡率分别为10.00%和70.00% （χ2 = 6.762, P < 0.01）。结论：已成功生成弓形虫ME49Δgra3菌株，GRA3蛋白可增强弓形虫ME49菌株的毒力。
{"title":"[Generation of a dense granule protein 3 gene-deficient strain of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> and its virulence testing].","authors":"P Wang, M Wu, J Du","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To generate a dense granule protein 3 (<i>GRA3</i>) gene-deficient mutant of the <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> ME49 strain and to test the virulence of the mutant.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gene-deficient parasites were generated with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. Guide RNA (gRNA) was designed using the E-CRISPR software, and mutated on the pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgUPRT plasmid using the Q5 site-directed mutagenesis kit to generate the pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgGRA3 plasmid. A <i>GRA3</i> donor plasmid containing <i>GRA3</i> gene upstream sequences, pyrimethamine resistant gene dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (<i>DHFR-TS</i>) and <i>GRA3</i> gene downstream sequence was generated, and <i>GRA3</i> donor DNA was amplified using PCR assay. The pSAG1::Cas9-U6::sgGRA3 plasmid and <i>GRA3</i> donor DNA were electroporated into tachyzoites of the wild-type <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 strain. Then, parasite suspensions were inoculated into human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells and screened with pyrimethamine to yield pyrimethamine-resistant parasites for monoclonal screening. The <i>GRA3</i> gene deficient monoclonal strain (ME49Δ<i>gra3</i>) of <i>T. gondii</i> was identified using PCR and Western blotting assays, and the expression of GRA3 protein was determined in the <i>T. gondii</i> ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain using Western blotting. Subsequently, 1 000 freshly lysed tachyzoites of <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 and ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strains were transferred to 12-well plates seeded with HFF cells, and incubated at 37 °C containing 5% CO<sub>2</sub> for 7 days, and the number of plaques was counted by staining with crystal violet solutions. HFF cells infected with tachyzoites of <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 and ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strains were stained using Giemsa solutions, and the numbers of cells containing 1, 2, 4, and > 4 <i>T. gondii</i> parasitophorous vacuoles were counted. In addition, the survival rates of C57BL/6 mice infected with <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 and ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strains were compared 35 days post-infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PCR assay revealed successful amplification of both the upstream and downstream homologous arm bands of the <i>DHFR-TS</i> gene in the <i>T. gondii</i> ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain, and no corresponding bands were amplified in the ME49 strain. The <i>GRA3</i> band was amplified in the ME49 strain, and the <i>DHFR-TS</i> band, rather than <i>GRA3</i> band, was amplified in the ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain. Western blotting determined absence of GRA3 protein expression in the ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain. Crystal violet staining showed that the <i>T. gondii</i> ME49 strain produced more plaques than the ME49Δ<i>gra3</i> strain [(352.67 ± 26.39) plaques vs. (235.00 ± 26.29) plaques; <i>t</i> = 5.472, <i>P</i> < 0.01], and Giemsa staining revealed that the proportion of <i>T. gondii</i> parasitophorous vacuoles containing","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 3","pages":"304-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-29DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025047
Z Jiao, L Qu, D Wang, Y Zhang, S Lü
Objective: To investigate the spatial distribution of Aedes albopictus in China at different time periods from 2000 to 2019, so as to provide insights into precise management of Ae. albopictus in China.
Methods: Data pertaining to the distribution of Ae. albopictus in China from 2000 to 2019 were collected through literature retrieval with terms of "Aedes albopictus", "monitoring", "survey", "density", "distribution", and "outbreak" in national and international databases. The title and time of the publication, sampling sites, sampling time, mosquito capture methods, and mosquito species and density were extracted, and the longitude and latitude of sampling sites were obtained through Baidu Map. Meteorological element data at meteorological observation stations within China were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center of the United States, and the annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperature, average temperature in January, average temperature in July, annual temperature range, daily temperature range and relative humidity were calculated and subjected to Kriging interpolation. Monthly cumulative precipitation grid data and monthly average temperature grid data with a resolution of 1 km for China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Scientific Data Center, and the annual precipitation and annual average temperature were calculated cumulatively. Population density data in China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the WorldPop Hub, and the gross domestic product (GDP) in China was obtained from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The above data were divided into 5-year intervals to calculate data during the periods from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, and from 2015 to 2019. Ae. albopictus distribution data were modeled in China from 2000 to 2019 and during each period with the classification random forest (RF) model, to predict the distribution of Ae. albopictus across the country and analyze the distribution of Ae. albopictus based on the seven major climate zones in China. The performance of RF models was evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the importance of each feature in the RF model was evaluated with mean decrease accuracy (MDA).
Results: A total of 1 191 Chinese publictions and 391 English publications were retrieved, among which 580 articles provided detailed data on the sampling sites of Ae. albopictus and specific sampling years, meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 2 234 Ae. albopictus sampling sites were included in China from 2000 to 2019, and RF modeling results showed that the overall Ae. Albopictus distribution area was mainly found in southeastern and southwestern provinces of China from 2
{"title":"[Spatiotemporal distribution of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> and its influencing factors in China from 2000 to 2019].","authors":"Z Jiao, L Qu, D Wang, Y Zhang, S Lü","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the spatial distribution of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> in China at different time periods from 2000 to 2019, so as to provide insights into precise management of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data pertaining to the distribution of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> in China from 2000 to 2019 were collected through literature retrieval with terms of \"<i>Aedes albopictus</i>\", \"monitoring\", \"survey\", \"density\", \"distribution\", and \"outbreak\" in national and international databases. The title and time of the publication, sampling sites, sampling time, mosquito capture methods, and mosquito species and density were extracted, and the longitude and latitude of sampling sites were obtained through Baidu Map. Meteorological element data at meteorological observation stations within China were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center of the United States, and the annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperature, average temperature in January, average temperature in July, annual temperature range, daily temperature range and relative humidity were calculated and subjected to Kriging interpolation. Monthly cumulative precipitation grid data and monthly average temperature grid data with a resolution of 1 km for China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Scientific Data Center, and the annual precipitation and annual average temperature were calculated cumulatively. Population density data in China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the WorldPop Hub, and the gross domestic product (GDP) in China was obtained from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The above data were divided into 5-year intervals to calculate data during the periods from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, and from 2015 to 2019. <i>Ae. albopictus</i> distribution data were modeled in China from 2000 to 2019 and during each period with the classification random forest (RF) model, to predict the distribution of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> across the country and analyze the distribution of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> based on the seven major climate zones in China. The performance of RF models was evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the importance of each feature in the RF model was evaluated with mean decrease accuracy (MDA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1 191 Chinese publictions and 391 English publications were retrieved, among which 580 articles provided detailed data on the sampling sites of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and specific sampling years, meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 2 234 <i>Ae. albopictus</i> sampling sites were included in China from 2000 to 2019, and RF modeling results showed that the overall <i>Ae. Albopictus</i> distribution area was mainly found in southeastern and southwestern provinces of China from 2","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 3","pages":"268-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-23DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024210
Y Li, A Zhu, A Li, H Xiang, J Dai, M Yuan, Y Geng
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated soil-borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control programmesin Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023, so as to provide insights into formulation of appropriate parasitic disease control strategies in the province.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From 2019 to 2023, Shiqian County in Tongren City and Zhenfeng County in Qianxi'nan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture were selected as pilot counties in Guizhou Province for soil-borne nematodiasis prevention and control programmes, and Rongjiang County in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was selected as a pilot county for clonorchiasis control programmes. Integrated control measures were implemented in these 3 pilot counties, including surveys on human parasitic infections, deworming, health education and improved water and sanitation. At least 1 000 individuals were sampled from each of three pilot counties using a stratified multi-stage random sampling method from 2019 to 2023 for detection of soil-borne nematodes and <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i> human infections, and the awareness of soil-borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control knowledge was investigated among residents in pilot counties using questionnaire surveys. In addition, the implementation of deworming and coverage of sanitary toilets and safe drinking water were collected in three pilot counties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of soil-borne nematode human infections reduced from 7.78% (79/1 016), 2.80% (28/1 001) and 14.40% (144/1 000) in 2019 to 1.18% (12/1 014), 1.38% (14/1 001) and 2.73% (28/1 024) in 2023 in Shiqian County, Zhenfeng County, and Rongjiang County, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 51.51, 4.91 and 88.54, all <i>P</i> values < 0.05). No <i>C. sinensis</i> human infections were detected in Shiqian County or Zhenfeng County from 2019 to 2023, and the prevalence of <i>C. sinensis</i> human infections reduced from 1.80% (18/1 000) in 2019 to 0.29% (3/1 024) in 2023 in Rongjiang County (χ<sup>2</sup> = 11.19, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Free deworming was provided to 574 cases with soil-borne nematode infections and 47 cases with <i>C. sinensis</i> infections detected in three pilot counties from 2019 to 2023. The coverage of health education was 100.00% in both Zhenfeng County and Shiqian County during the period from 2019 to 2023, and the awareness of soil-borne nematodiasis control knowledge increased from 93.60% (234/250) in Zhenfeng County and 70.97% (577/813) in Shiqian County in 2019 to 99.20% (248/250) and 98.40% (492/500) in 2023, respectively. The coverage of health education increased from 60.07% (161/268) in 2019 to 100.00% (250/250) in 2023 in Rongjiang County, and the awareness of clonorchiasis control knowledge increased from 80.67% (121/150) in 2019 to 99.20% (248/250) in 2023. The coverage of sanitary toilets increased from 48.89% (61 078/124 935), 34.20% (40 381/118 085) and 70.55% (60 604/85 920) in 2019 to 65.87% (
{"title":"[Effectiveness of integrated soil-borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control programmes in Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023].","authors":"Y Li, A Zhu, A Li, H Xiang, J Dai, M Yuan, Y Geng","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated soil-borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control programmesin Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023, so as to provide insights into formulation of appropriate parasitic disease control strategies in the province.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From 2019 to 2023, Shiqian County in Tongren City and Zhenfeng County in Qianxi'nan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture were selected as pilot counties in Guizhou Province for soil-borne nematodiasis prevention and control programmes, and Rongjiang County in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was selected as a pilot county for clonorchiasis control programmes. Integrated control measures were implemented in these 3 pilot counties, including surveys on human parasitic infections, deworming, health education and improved water and sanitation. At least 1 000 individuals were sampled from each of three pilot counties using a stratified multi-stage random sampling method from 2019 to 2023 for detection of soil-borne nematodes and <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i> human infections, and the awareness of soil-borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control knowledge was investigated among residents in pilot counties using questionnaire surveys. In addition, the implementation of deworming and coverage of sanitary toilets and safe drinking water were collected in three pilot counties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of soil-borne nematode human infections reduced from 7.78% (79/1 016), 2.80% (28/1 001) and 14.40% (144/1 000) in 2019 to 1.18% (12/1 014), 1.38% (14/1 001) and 2.73% (28/1 024) in 2023 in Shiqian County, Zhenfeng County, and Rongjiang County, respectively (χ<sup>2</sup> = 51.51, 4.91 and 88.54, all <i>P</i> values < 0.05). No <i>C. sinensis</i> human infections were detected in Shiqian County or Zhenfeng County from 2019 to 2023, and the prevalence of <i>C. sinensis</i> human infections reduced from 1.80% (18/1 000) in 2019 to 0.29% (3/1 024) in 2023 in Rongjiang County (χ<sup>2</sup> = 11.19, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Free deworming was provided to 574 cases with soil-borne nematode infections and 47 cases with <i>C. sinensis</i> infections detected in three pilot counties from 2019 to 2023. The coverage of health education was 100.00% in both Zhenfeng County and Shiqian County during the period from 2019 to 2023, and the awareness of soil-borne nematodiasis control knowledge increased from 93.60% (234/250) in Zhenfeng County and 70.97% (577/813) in Shiqian County in 2019 to 99.20% (248/250) and 98.40% (492/500) in 2023, respectively. The coverage of health education increased from 60.07% (161/268) in 2019 to 100.00% (250/250) in 2023 in Rongjiang County, and the awareness of clonorchiasis control knowledge increased from 80.67% (121/150) in 2019 to 99.20% (248/250) in 2023. The coverage of sanitary toilets increased from 48.89% (61 078/124 935), 34.20% (40 381/118 085) and 70.55% (60 604/85 920) in 2019 to 65.87% (","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"398-402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-23DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025017
S Cai, D She, S Li, G Lin, L He, Z Shi, L Lu
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of human soil-transmitted nematode infections in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into soil-transmitted nematodiasis prevention and control in the county.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Congjiang County was divided into 5 areas according to geographical locations, and one township was randomly sampled from each area, followed by one administrative village randomly sampled from each township as the survey site. Two hundred permanent residents without deworming during the past three months were randomly sampled from each survey site using the random cluster sampling method. Participants' fecal samples were collected, soil-transmitted nematode eggs were detected using the KatoKatz technique and the prevalence of human soil-transmitted nematode infections was compared among participants. Mild, moderate and severe soil-transmitted nematode infections were classified according to eggs per gram (EPG), and the proportions of mild, moderate and severe infections were estimated. In addition, participants' family status and household sanitary toilets construction were investigated using questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1 001 participants were included at 5 survey sites in Congjiang County, and the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections was 19.08% (191/1 001). The prevalence rates of <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i> and hookworm infections were 2.30% (23/1 001) and 1.90% (19/1 001), with all egg-positives identified as mild infections, and the prevalence of <i>Enterobius vermicularis</i> infections was 0.10% (1/1 001). The prevalence of <i>Trichuris trichiura</i> infections was 15.78% (158/1 001) among participants, and there was a significant difference in the prevalence among survey villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 123.345, <i>P</i> < 0.001), with the highest prevalence detected in Liujia Village (39.00%), followed by in Longjiang Village (18.00%). There was an age-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections among participants (χ<sup>2</sup> = 166.050, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and the highest prevalence was detected among participants at ages of 10 to 19 years (48.19%), followed by at ages of over 70 years (14.53%) and 50 to 59 years (13.04%). There was an occupation-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections among participants (χ<sup>2</sup> = 74.134, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and the highest prevalence was detected among students (32.32%), followed by among workers/migrant workers (10.34%) and farmers (10.12%). There was an educational level-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections among participants (χ<sup>2</sup> = 28.761, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and the highest prevalence was detected among participants with an educational level of primary school (21.60%), followed by among illiterate participants (12.03%). There was an ethnicity-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections am
目的：了解贵州省从江县2023年人土传线虫感染情况，为该县防治提供依据。方法：将从江县按地理位置划分为5个区，每个区随机抽取1个乡镇，每个乡镇随机抽取1个行政村作为调查点。采用随机整群抽样法，在每个调查点随机抽取近三个月未驱虫的常住居民200名。收集参与者的粪便样本，使用KatoKatz技术检测土壤传播的线虫卵，并比较参与者中人类土壤传播的线虫感染的流行情况。按每克虫卵数（EPG）对土壤传播线虫感染进行轻、中、重度分类，估算轻、中、重度感染比例。此外，采用问卷调查的方式对参与者的家庭状况和家庭卫生厕所建设情况进行调查。结果：从江县5个调查点共纳入调查对象1 001人，土壤传播性线虫感染率为19.08%（191/1 001）。类蚓蛔虫和钩虫感染率分别为2.30%（23/1 001）和1.90%(19/1 001)，卵阳性均为轻度感染，蚓蛔虫感染率为0.10%（1/1 001）。调查对象中毛滴虫感染率为15.78%(158/1 001)，各调查村感染率差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 123.345, P < 0.001），其中柳家村感染率最高（39.00%），龙江村次之（18.00%）。调查对象中毛虫感染率存在年龄差异（χ2 = 166.050, P < 0.001），其中10 ~ 19岁感染率最高（48.19%），70岁以上感染率次之（14.53%），50 ~ 59岁感染率次之（13.04%）。调查对象中毛虫感染率存在职业差异（χ2 = 74.134, P < 0.001），其中学生感染率最高（32.32%），其次是农民工（10.34%）和农民（10.12%）。调查对象中毛虫感染率存在文化程度差异（χ2 = 28.761, P < 0.001），小学文化程度人群感染率最高（21.60%），文盲人群感染率次之（12.03%）。不同种族人群中毛螺旋体感染率差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 42.193, P < 0.001）。轻、中、重度毛滴虫感染比例分别为76.58%（121/158）、14.56%（23/158）和3.16%(5/158)，重度感染均以小学生为主。123个家庭中检出毛虫感染，其中2人及2人以上的家庭27个（21.95%）；共回收有效问卷1 001份，有卫生厕所家庭和无卫生厕所家庭毛虫感染率分别为14.69%（139/964）和34.55% (19/55)（χ2 = 15.410, P < 0.001）。结论：贵州省从江县2023年土壤传播性线虫感染率较高，其中毛虫感染尤为严重。建议针对小学生、中老年农民和外来务工人员采取强化土传线虫病防治措施。
{"title":"[Prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Congjiang County of Guizhou Province in 2023].","authors":"S Cai, D She, S Li, G Lin, L He, Z Shi, L Lu","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of human soil-transmitted nematode infections in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into soil-transmitted nematodiasis prevention and control in the county.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Congjiang County was divided into 5 areas according to geographical locations, and one township was randomly sampled from each area, followed by one administrative village randomly sampled from each township as the survey site. Two hundred permanent residents without deworming during the past three months were randomly sampled from each survey site using the random cluster sampling method. Participants' fecal samples were collected, soil-transmitted nematode eggs were detected using the KatoKatz technique and the prevalence of human soil-transmitted nematode infections was compared among participants. Mild, moderate and severe soil-transmitted nematode infections were classified according to eggs per gram (EPG), and the proportions of mild, moderate and severe infections were estimated. In addition, participants' family status and household sanitary toilets construction were investigated using questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1 001 participants were included at 5 survey sites in Congjiang County, and the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections was 19.08% (191/1 001). The prevalence rates of <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i> and hookworm infections were 2.30% (23/1 001) and 1.90% (19/1 001), with all egg-positives identified as mild infections, and the prevalence of <i>Enterobius vermicularis</i> infections was 0.10% (1/1 001). The prevalence of <i>Trichuris trichiura</i> infections was 15.78% (158/1 001) among participants, and there was a significant difference in the prevalence among survey villages (χ<sup>2</sup> = 123.345, <i>P</i> < 0.001), with the highest prevalence detected in Liujia Village (39.00%), followed by in Longjiang Village (18.00%). There was an age-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections among participants (χ<sup>2</sup> = 166.050, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and the highest prevalence was detected among participants at ages of 10 to 19 years (48.19%), followed by at ages of over 70 years (14.53%) and 50 to 59 years (13.04%). There was an occupation-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections among participants (χ<sup>2</sup> = 74.134, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and the highest prevalence was detected among students (32.32%), followed by among workers/migrant workers (10.34%) and farmers (10.12%). There was an educational level-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections among participants (χ<sup>2</sup> = 28.761, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and the highest prevalence was detected among participants with an educational level of primary school (21.60%), followed by among illiterate participants (12.03%). There was an ethnicity-specific prevalence rate of <i>T. trichiura</i> infections am","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 3","pages":"289-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144745382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-23DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024276
J Li, M Li, B He, T Liu, F Zhu, J Zhang, W Xu
Objective: To investigate the alterations in skin volatile odors in mice following Plasmodium infections and their effect on mosquito attraction, and to analyze the changes in murine skin microbiota, so as to provide the scientific evidence for unraveling pathogen-host-vector interactions and management of vector-borne diseases.
Methods: Twenty 6-week-old female mice of the C57BL/6 strain were randomly divided into the infection and control groups, of 10 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were each injected with 1 × 106Plasmodium yoelii via the tail vein, and mice in the control group received an equiv-alent volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Blood samples were collected from mouse tail vein daily on days 1 to 6 post-infection for preparation of blood smears for microscopic observation to dynamically monitor changes in parasitaemias. A triplecage olfactometer was deployed to compare the numbers of Anopheles stephensi attraction to mice between the two groups. Mouse cutaneous volatile odors were collected with adsorbents and analyzed by gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify odorous molecules, and the amounts of odorous molecules on mouse skin were compared between groups. In addition, mouse skin microbiota was collected with cottonswabs for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to compare the relative abundance of bacteria in mouse skin microbiota between the two groups.
Results: The parasitaemias were 0, (2.30 ± 0.87)%, (8.00 ± 4.34)%, (31.30 ± 3.51)%, (42.00 ± 2.65)% and (51.00 ± 3.61)% in mice in the infection group on days 1 to 6 post-infection with Plasmodium (F = 165.60, P < 0.001), and the gametocytaemias were 0, (0.14 ± 0.06)%, (0.39 ± 0.10)%, (0.63 ± 0.15)%, (1.10 ± 0.10)% and (1.53 ± 0.31)%, respectively (F = 44.58, P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons showed the highest parasitaemias and gametocy taemias in mice 6 days post-infection (both P values < 0.05), and linear regression analysis revealed that both the parasitaemias (b = 11.36, t = 14.43, P < 0.001) and gametocytaemias (b = 0.31, t = 12.80, P < 0.001) appeared a tendency towards a rise over days. The proportions of mosquito attraction to mice were 50.45% (106/210), 49.55% (119/240), 49.18% (112/227), 55.87% (132/236), 66.84% (159/237), 61.32% (138/226) and 54.65% (126/230) in the infection group on the day of infection and on days 1 to 6 post-infection, which appeared a tendency towards a rise over days (χ2 = 9.54, P < 0.05). A total of 24 odors were identified in mouse skin surface, and Plasmodium-infected mice exhibited significantly higher enrichment of p-cresol (134 954.86 ± 40 485.75 vs. 34 700.13 ± 4 774.68; t = 4.260, P = 0.013), ethylbenzene (1 214 980.59 ± 111 546.49 vs. 355 445.01 ± 53 369.70; t = 12.04, <
目的：研究疟原虫感染后小鼠皮肤挥发性气味的变化及其对蚊虫吸引的影响，分析小鼠皮肤微生物群的变化，为揭示病原体-宿主-媒介相互作用和媒介传播疾病的管理提供科学依据。方法：选取6周龄C57BL/6株雌性小鼠20只，随机分为感染组和对照组，每组10只。感染组小鼠经尾静脉注射约氏疟原虫1 × 106，对照组小鼠注射等量的磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）。感染后第1 ~ 6天每日从小鼠尾静脉采血，制备血涂片显微镜观察，动态监测寄生虫血症的变化。采用三孔嗅探仪比较两组小鼠对斯氏按蚊的吸引数量。采用吸附剂收集小鼠皮肤挥发性气味，采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对恶臭分子进行鉴定，并比较各组小鼠皮肤上恶臭分子的含量。此外，用棉签采集小鼠皮肤微生物群，进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序，比较两组小鼠皮肤微生物群中细菌的相对丰度。结果：感染组小鼠感染疟原虫后第1 ~ 6天的寄生虫率分别为0、（2.30±0.87）%、（8.00±4.34）%、（31.30±3.51）%、（42.00±2.65）%、（51.00±3.61）% (F = 165.60, P < 0.001)，配子细胞率分别为0、（0.14±0.06）%、（0.39±0.10）%、（0.63±0.15）%、（1.10±0.10）%、（1.53±0.31）% （F = 44.58, P < 0.001）。两两比较结果显示，感染后6 d小鼠寄生虫率和配子体贫血率最高（P值均< 0.05），线性回归分析显示，寄生虫率（b = 11.36, t = 14.43, P < 0.001）和配子体贫血率（b = 0.31, t = 12.80, P < 0.001）随时间的增加均呈上升趋势。感染组感染当日及感染后1 ~ 6 d的诱蚊率分别为50.45%（106/210）、49.55%（119/240）、49.18%（112/227）、55.87%（132/236）、66.84%（159/237）、61.32%（138/226）、54.65%(126/230)，且呈上升趋势（χ2 = 9.54, P < 0.05）。总共24气味被确定在小鼠皮肤表面,和Plasmodium-infected小鼠表现出明显高于浓缩p-cresol(134 954.86±485.75 vs . 34 700.13±4 774.68;t = 4.260, P = 0.013),乙苯(1 214 980.59 111±546.49 vs 355 53 445.01±369.70;t = 12.04, P = 0.00)和壬醛(62 348.82 vs 215.11±11 24 040.15±8 557.10;t = 4.35, P = 0.02),和较低的内容甲苯(61 833.23±2 755.23 vs 152 906.21±199.69;t = 14.93, P = 0.00)、苯甲醛（583 921.81±39 764.63比1 071 368.84±254 069.28,t = 3.28, P = 0.00）、吲哚（10 991.89±582.76比27 275.57±3 995.59,t = 6.99, P = 0.00）。感染组小鼠皮肤表面链球菌相对丰度（0.29±0.12比0.12±0.09,t = 2.54, P = 0.03）和罗氏菌相对丰度（0.16±0.05比0.04±0.06,t = 3.52, P = 0.01）高于对照组，乳球菌相对丰度（0.02±0.04比0.27±0.20,t = 2.73, P = 0.03）低于对照组。结论：感染疟原虫后，小鼠皮肤散发的挥发性气味谱发生改变，导致对蚊子的吸引力增加。这种现象可能归因于寄生虫引起的皮肤微生物群的变化。
{"title":"[Changes in murine skin odors following <i>Plasmodium</i> infections and their impact on mosquito attraction].","authors":"J Li, M Li, B He, T Liu, F Zhu, J Zhang, W Xu","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the alterations in skin volatile odors in mice following <i>Plasmodium infections</i> and their effect on mosquito attraction, and to analyze the changes in murine skin microbiota, so as to provide the scientific evidence for unraveling pathogen-host-vector interactions and management of vector-borne diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty 6-week-old female mice of the C57BL/6 strain were randomly divided into the infection and control groups, of 10 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were each injected with 1 × 10<sup>6</sup> <i>Plasmodium yoelii</i> via the tail vein, and mice in the control group received an equiv-alent volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Blood samples were collected from mouse tail vein daily on days 1 to 6 post-infection for preparation of blood smears for microscopic observation to dynamically monitor changes in parasitaemias. A triplecage olfactometer was deployed to compare the numbers of <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> attraction to mice between the two groups. Mouse cutaneous volatile odors were collected with adsorbents and analyzed by gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify odorous molecules, and the amounts of odorous molecules on mouse skin were compared between groups. In addition, mouse skin microbiota was collected with cottonswabs for <i>16S rRNA</i> gene amplicon sequencing to compare the relative abundance of bacteria in mouse skin microbiota between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The parasitaemias were 0, (2.30 ± 0.87)%, (8.00 ± 4.34)%, (31.30 ± 3.51)%, (42.00 ± 2.65)% and (51.00 ± 3.61)% in mice in the infection group on days 1 to 6 post-infection with <i>Plasmodium</i> (<i>F</i> = 165.60, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and the gametocytaemias were 0, (0.14 ± 0.06)%, (0.39 ± 0.10)%, (0.63 ± 0.15)%, (1.10 ± 0.10)% and (1.53 ± 0.31)%, respectively (<i>F</i> = 44.58, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons showed the highest parasitaemias and gametocy taemias in mice 6 days post-infection (both <i>P</i> values < 0.05), and linear regression analysis revealed that both the parasitaemias (<i>b</i> = 11.36, <i>t</i> = 14.43, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and gametocytaemias (<i>b</i> = 0.31, <i>t</i> = 12.80, <i>P</i> < 0.001) appeared a tendency towards a rise over days. The proportions of mosquito attraction to mice were 50.45% (106/210), 49.55% (119/240), 49.18% (112/227), 55.87% (132/236), 66.84% (159/237), 61.32% (138/226) and 54.65% (126/230) in the infection group on the day of infection and on days 1 to 6 post-infection, which appeared a tendency towards a rise over days (χ<sup>2</sup> = 9.54, <i>P</i> < 0.05). A total of 24 odors were identified in mouse skin surface, and <i>Plasmodium</i>-infected mice exhibited significantly higher enrichment of p-cresol (134 954.86 ± 40 485.75 vs. 34 700.13 ± 4 774.68; <i>t</i> = 4.260, <i>P</i> = 0.013), ethylbenzene (1 214 980.59 ± 111 546.49 vs. 355 445.01 ± 53 369.70; <i>t</i> = 12.04, <","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"362-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-22DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2024268
Z Zhang, Y Deng, S Wu
Objective: To investigate the global hotspot issues and future directions of wildlife-associated zoonoses, so as to provide insights into identification of future research proprieties of wildlife-associated zoonoses.
Methods: Research and review articles pertaining to wildlife-associated zoonoses were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1990 to 2024, and the annual publication trends and visualization maps for research collaborations among authors, institutions and countries were analyzed using the software CiteSpace 6.3.R3. In addition, the keyword co-occurrence, burst and clustering maps and co-citation clustering maps were created to identify the research hotspots and frontier landscapes of wildlife-associated zoonoses.
Results: A total of 2 479 English publications were included in this bibliometric analysis. The annual publication output started to increase since 2001, and peaked in 2021 (336 publications). There were 12 authors with more than 10 publications from 1990 to 2024. The top 10 most productive institutions included 8 colleges or universities, with University of California, Davis ranking first (114 publications). The United States of America played a significant mediating role in international collaborations (betweenness centrality = 0.31) and produced the largest number of publications (1 004), and the collaboration network maps among authors, institutions, and countries all appeared localized clustering with overall fragmentation. Keyword co-occurrence analysis identified high-frequency terms including infection (489 occurrences), prevalence (398 occurrences), transmission (351 occurrences), wildlife (330 occurrences) and epidemiology (231 occurrences), and keyword burst analysis revealed the research focus of wildlife-associated zoonoses shifting from specific zoonotic diseases such as trichinellosis and tuberculosis to interdisciplinary domains including wildlife trade, virulence, One Health, and antimicrobial resistance. Keyword clustering analysis identified antimicrobial resistance and One Health as current research hotspots, and co-citation clustering analysis showed human health, agricultural intensification, and first case reports as theoretical basis for wildlife-associated zoonoses.
Conclusions: The wildlife-associated zoonoses research has expanded exponentially across the world. Advocating for One health concept is an important task for management of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses currently and in future.
{"title":"[Global research hotspots and trends of wildlife - associated zoonoses from 1990 to 2024].","authors":"Z Zhang, Y Deng, S Wu","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2024268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2024268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the global hotspot issues and future directions of wildlife-associated zoonoses, so as to provide insights into identification of future research proprieties of wildlife-associated zoonoses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Research and review articles pertaining to wildlife-associated zoonoses were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1990 to 2024, and the annual publication trends and visualization maps for research collaborations among authors, institutions and countries were analyzed using the software CiteSpace 6.3.R3. In addition, the keyword co-occurrence, burst and clustering maps and co-citation clustering maps were created to identify the research hotspots and frontier landscapes of wildlife-associated zoonoses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2 479 English publications were included in this bibliometric analysis. The annual publication output started to increase since 2001, and peaked in 2021 (336 publications). There were 12 authors with more than 10 publications from 1990 to 2024. The top 10 most productive institutions included 8 colleges or universities, with University of California, Davis ranking first (114 publications). The United States of America played a significant mediating role in international collaborations (betweenness centrality = 0.31) and produced the largest number of publications (1 004), and the collaboration network maps among authors, institutions, and countries all appeared localized clustering with overall fragmentation. Keyword co-occurrence analysis identified high-frequency terms including infection (489 occurrences), prevalence (398 occurrences), transmission (351 occurrences), wildlife (330 occurrences) and epidemiology (231 occurrences), and keyword burst analysis revealed the research focus of wildlife-associated zoonoses shifting from specific zoonotic diseases such as trichinellosis and tuberculosis to interdisciplinary domains including wildlife trade, virulence, One Health, and antimicrobial resistance. Keyword clustering analysis identified antimicrobial resistance and One Health as current research hotspots, and co-citation clustering analysis showed human health, agricultural intensification, and first case reports as theoretical basis for wildlife-associated zoonoses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The wildlife-associated zoonoses research has expanded exponentially across the world. Advocating for One health concept is an important task for management of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses currently and in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"420-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-19DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1915.2025003
W Lin, L Chen, C Zhang, H Wei, C Tang, R Wang, L Lin, M Lin
<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop a novel assay based on recombinase-aided isothermal nucleic acid amplification (RAA) and nanopore sequencing for species identification of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i>, <i>P. ovale</i>, <i>P. malariae</i> and <i>P. falciparum</i>, and to prelimi-narily assess its detection performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dried blood spot samples were collected from 89 malaria patients. Genomic DNA of <i>Plasmodium</i> was extracted from dried blood spots using the Chelex-100 method, and the species of <i>Plasmodium</i> was identified using TaqMan real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR(RT-qPCR) and nested PCR (nPCR) assays. Then, 8 sets of specific RAA primers were designed targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA (<i>18S rRNA</i>) genes of <i>P. vivax</i>, <i>P. ovale</i>, <i>P. malariae</i> and <i>P. falciparum</i>. The optimal primer combination was selected for amplification of the extracted <i>Plasmodium</i> DNA samples, and the 49 samples with the best amplification effect were selected for nanopore sequencing. The species identification of 49 dried blood spot samples from malaria patients was compared by RT-qPCR assay, nPCR assay and RAA-nanopore sequencing, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RT-qPCR assay and RAA-nanopore sequencing were evaluated with nPCR identification as the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RAA amplification showed that among the 8 primer combinations, only the F1R2 combination produced a single fragment, and the band of the amplification product was the brightest; therefore, this primer combination was selected for RAA amplification of 89 <i>Plasmodium</i> genomic DNA samples. RAA-nanopore sequencing successfully amplified the <i>18S rRNA</i> gene of 4 <i>Plasmodium</i> species in dried blood spot samples from malaria patients. Among the blood spot samples positive for RAA amplification, 49 samples with a single, clear and bright target band were selected for nanopore sequencing. Of these 49 samples, nPCR identified <i>P. falciparum</i> infection in 22 samples, <i>P. malariae</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. vivax</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. ovale</i> infection in 14 samples and <i>P. falciparum-P. malariae</i> mixed infection in one sample, and RT-qPCR detected <i>P. falciparum</i> infection in 25 samples, <i>P. malariae</i> infection in 5 samples, <i>P. vivax</i> infection in 6 samples and <i>P. ovale</i> infection in 14 samples, while RAA-nanopore sequencing identified <i>P. falciparum</i> infection in 23 samples, <i>P. malariae</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. vivax</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. ovale</i> infection in 13 samples and <i>P. falciparum</i>-<i>P. malariae</i> mixed infection in one sample. If nPCR assay served as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RAA-nanopore sequencing were 92.00%, 97.33% and 96.00% for species identification of malaria
{"title":"[Establishment and preliminary evaluation of recombinase-aided isothermal nucleic acid amplification combined with nanopore sequencing for identification of <i>Plasmodium</i> species].","authors":"W Lin, L Chen, C Zhang, H Wei, C Tang, R Wang, L Lin, M Lin","doi":"10.16250/j.32.1915.2025003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16250/j.32.1915.2025003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop a novel assay based on recombinase-aided isothermal nucleic acid amplification (RAA) and nanopore sequencing for species identification of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i>, <i>P. ovale</i>, <i>P. malariae</i> and <i>P. falciparum</i>, and to prelimi-narily assess its detection performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dried blood spot samples were collected from 89 malaria patients. Genomic DNA of <i>Plasmodium</i> was extracted from dried blood spots using the Chelex-100 method, and the species of <i>Plasmodium</i> was identified using TaqMan real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR(RT-qPCR) and nested PCR (nPCR) assays. Then, 8 sets of specific RAA primers were designed targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA (<i>18S rRNA</i>) genes of <i>P. vivax</i>, <i>P. ovale</i>, <i>P. malariae</i> and <i>P. falciparum</i>. The optimal primer combination was selected for amplification of the extracted <i>Plasmodium</i> DNA samples, and the 49 samples with the best amplification effect were selected for nanopore sequencing. The species identification of 49 dried blood spot samples from malaria patients was compared by RT-qPCR assay, nPCR assay and RAA-nanopore sequencing, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RT-qPCR assay and RAA-nanopore sequencing were evaluated with nPCR identification as the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RAA amplification showed that among the 8 primer combinations, only the F1R2 combination produced a single fragment, and the band of the amplification product was the brightest; therefore, this primer combination was selected for RAA amplification of 89 <i>Plasmodium</i> genomic DNA samples. RAA-nanopore sequencing successfully amplified the <i>18S rRNA</i> gene of 4 <i>Plasmodium</i> species in dried blood spot samples from malaria patients. Among the blood spot samples positive for RAA amplification, 49 samples with a single, clear and bright target band were selected for nanopore sequencing. Of these 49 samples, nPCR identified <i>P. falciparum</i> infection in 22 samples, <i>P. malariae</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. vivax</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. ovale</i> infection in 14 samples and <i>P. falciparum-P. malariae</i> mixed infection in one sample, and RT-qPCR detected <i>P. falciparum</i> infection in 25 samples, <i>P. malariae</i> infection in 5 samples, <i>P. vivax</i> infection in 6 samples and <i>P. ovale</i> infection in 14 samples, while RAA-nanopore sequencing identified <i>P. falciparum</i> infection in 23 samples, <i>P. malariae</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. vivax</i> infection in 6 samples, <i>P. ovale</i> infection in 13 samples and <i>P. falciparum</i>-<i>P. malariae</i> mixed infection in one sample. If nPCR assay served as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RAA-nanopore sequencing were 92.00%, 97.33% and 96.00% for species identification of malaria","PeriodicalId":38874,"journal":{"name":"中国血吸虫病防治杂志","volume":"37 4","pages":"355-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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