The research activities are oriented towards elaborating and characterizing nano-sized powders by powder metallurgy technologies based on wet milling in a planetary mill. For the elaboration of the TiB2 powders, a wet milling regime of initial powders was used up to nano size with the following parameters: milling technology by collision, milling times, rotational speed. The characterization of the TiB2 material will include particle size distribution analysis. EDXS and SEM analysis were used to study the structural evolution of the powder after ball milling. The mechanical milling technology, by its milling regimes, proved to be very efficient, obtaining a reduction of the titanium diboride powders particle size up to 50% compared to the initial unmilled powders.
{"title":"Elaboration and Characterization of the Nanometric Titanium Diboride Powders by Mechanical Milling Method","authors":"I. Ştefan, G. Benga","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.08","url":null,"abstract":"The research activities are oriented towards elaborating and characterizing nano-sized powders by powder metallurgy technologies based on wet milling in a planetary mill. For the elaboration of the TiB2 powders, a wet milling regime of initial powders was used up to nano size with the following parameters: milling technology by collision, milling times, rotational speed. The characterization of the TiB2 material will include particle size distribution analysis. EDXS and SEM analysis were used to study the structural evolution of the powder after ball milling. The mechanical milling technology, by its milling regimes, proved to be very efficient, obtaining a reduction of the titanium diboride powders particle size up to 50% compared to the initial unmilled powders.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89953677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents experimental research regarding the application of specific low melting metals in the FDM process. Previous trends in the transfer of the filament from the spool to the hot-end showed that the filament undergoes specific mechanical stress during the transfer. To achieve an appropriate transfer the filament should prove stiffness and resistance to the mechanical actions of the transfer wheels. At the same time, the entrance to the hot-end creates specific resistance to the movement of the filament, and the filament undergoes important deformations. The experimental research used three materials characterized by melting temperature below 260oC: Sn-58Bi, Sn-9Zn, and Sn-3.5Ag. Sn-58Bi showed a yield stress above 50 MPa, but very low extension during the tensile test. Sn-9Zn exhibited a yield stress above 30 MPa, and about double the extension during the tensile test. Sn-3.5Ag displayed a yield stress above 25 MPa, and extension in excess of 8%. The analysis of the surface was performed, revealing that the increase of the yield stress influenced the appearance of specific prints given by the transfer wheels. The deepest prints were measured for Sn-3.5Ag and they were maximum 100 μm. The other two materials were stiffer and the prints have depths below 50 μm. According to the obtained results, each of the tested materials can be an appropriate solution to filament use for the FDM 3D printing process.
{"title":"Metal Alloys for Filaments in 3D Fusion Filament Modelling Printing Process","authors":"M. Ciornei, I. Savu, S. Savu","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.10","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents experimental research regarding the application of specific low melting metals in the FDM process. Previous trends in the transfer of the filament from the spool to the hot-end showed that the filament undergoes specific mechanical stress during the transfer. To achieve an appropriate transfer the filament should prove stiffness and resistance to the mechanical actions of the transfer wheels. At the same time, the entrance to the hot-end creates specific resistance to the movement of the filament, and the filament undergoes important deformations. The experimental research used three materials characterized by melting temperature below 260oC: Sn-58Bi, Sn-9Zn, and Sn-3.5Ag. Sn-58Bi showed a yield stress above 50 MPa, but very low extension during the tensile test. Sn-9Zn exhibited a yield stress above 30 MPa, and about double the extension during the tensile test. Sn-3.5Ag displayed a yield stress above 25 MPa, and extension in excess of 8%. The analysis of the surface was performed, revealing that the increase of the yield stress influenced the appearance of specific prints given by the transfer wheels. The deepest prints were measured for Sn-3.5Ag and they were maximum 100 μm. The other two materials were stiffer and the prints have depths below 50 μm. According to the obtained results, each of the tested materials can be an appropriate solution to filament use for the FDM 3D printing process.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82860219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ahroni, N. Dresler, A. Ulanov, D. Ashkenazi, M. Aviv, M. Librus, A. Stern
In the past few years four-dimensional (4D) printing technologies have attained worldwide interest and they are now considered the "next big thing". The aim of this research is to provide three selected examples of stimuli-responsive polymer (SRP) applications additively manufactured (AM) by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. To that end, a CCT BLUE filament of thermo-responsive polymer was chosen to produce a water temperature indicator, which changes colour from blue to white when temperature increases; a CCU RED filament of photo-responsive polymer was used to produce a sunlight / UV indicator bracelet; a transparent PLA CLEAR polymer, a CCU RED photo-responsive polymer, and an electrical conductive PLA polymer were selected to produce a smart business card stand. The temperature indicator capability was analysed based on examining colour changes as a function of temperature changes. The sunlight/UV indicator capability was analysed based on the inspection of colour change as a function of absorbed sun/ultraviolet light. The electrical conductivity of the conductive PLA polymer was examined by performing resistance measurements. All three objects were successfully produced and their functionality was demonstrated. We hope that these examples will catalyse the expansion of FFF 4D printed SRP applications, as much work remains to be done in designing the parts and developing FFF printing parameters that take advantage of the stimuli-responsive materials currently being developed for FFF technology.
{"title":"Selected Applications of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers: 4D Printing by the Fused Filament Fabrication Technology","authors":"Y. Ahroni, N. Dresler, A. Ulanov, D. Ashkenazi, M. Aviv, M. Librus, A. Stern","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.02","url":null,"abstract":"In the past few years four-dimensional (4D) printing technologies have attained worldwide interest and they are now considered the \"next big thing\". The aim of this research is to provide three selected examples of stimuli-responsive polymer (SRP) applications additively manufactured (AM) by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. To that end, a CCT BLUE filament of thermo-responsive polymer was chosen to produce a water temperature indicator, which changes colour from blue to white when temperature increases; a CCU RED filament of photo-responsive polymer was used to produce a sunlight / UV indicator bracelet; a transparent PLA CLEAR polymer, a CCU RED photo-responsive polymer, and an electrical conductive PLA polymer were selected to produce a smart business card stand. The temperature indicator capability was analysed based on examining colour changes as a function of temperature changes. The sunlight/UV indicator capability was analysed based on the inspection of colour change as a function of absorbed sun/ultraviolet light. The electrical conductivity of the conductive PLA polymer was examined by performing resistance measurements. All three objects were successfully produced and their functionality was demonstrated. We hope that these examples will catalyse the expansion of FFF 4D printed SRP applications, as much work remains to be done in designing the parts and developing FFF printing parameters that take advantage of the stimuli-responsive materials currently being developed for FFF technology.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"18 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72468129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the authors designed several green composites with natural reinforcements (hemp and cotton fibers) and the matrix is a synthetic resin (epoxy resin). On having produced the samples, the authors determined the dynamic mechanical characteristics. The dynamic parameters were determined from the bar free vibrations. The next experimental rig was used: the bars were clamped at one end and left free at the other end. At the free end, a Bruel&Kjaer accelerometer with 0.04 pC/ms-2 sensitivity was placed, in order to record the beam dynamic response. A force was applied at the free end to bend the beams, and after bending, the force was cancelled and the beams were left to vibrate freely. The accelerometer was connected to a Nexus signal conditioner, and the signal conditioner was connected to a SPIDER 8 data acquisition system made by Hottinger Baldwin Messtec. The acquisition system was connected to a notebook and the experimental parameters were obtained through the CATMAN EASY software. From the free vibrations recording, the next mechanical parameters were determined: the eigenfrequency of the first eigenmode, the damping factors per mass unit and per unit length, the loss factor and the dynamic Young modulus and stiffness. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the materials with epoxy resin reinforced with hemp have better vibration damping properties as compared to the composites made from epoxy reinforced with cotton fibers.
{"title":"About the Dynamic Behaviour of Composite Bars Reinforced with Cotton or Hemp Fibers","authors":"A. I. Rădoi, C. Miriţoiu","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.07","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors designed several green composites with natural reinforcements (hemp and cotton fibers) and the matrix is a synthetic resin (epoxy resin). On having produced the samples, the authors determined the dynamic mechanical characteristics. The dynamic parameters were determined from the bar free vibrations. The next experimental rig was used: the bars were clamped at one end and left free at the other end. At the free end, a Bruel&Kjaer accelerometer with 0.04 pC/ms-2 sensitivity was placed, in order to record the beam dynamic response. A force was applied at the free end to bend the beams, and after bending, the force was cancelled and the beams were left to vibrate freely. The accelerometer was connected to a Nexus signal conditioner, and the signal conditioner was connected to a SPIDER 8 data acquisition system made by Hottinger Baldwin Messtec. The acquisition system was connected to a notebook and the experimental parameters were obtained through the CATMAN EASY software. From the free vibrations recording, the next mechanical parameters were determined: the eigenfrequency of the first eigenmode, the damping factors per mass unit and per unit length, the loss factor and the dynamic Young modulus and stiffness. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the materials with epoxy resin reinforced with hemp have better vibration damping properties as compared to the composites made from epoxy reinforced with cotton fibers.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87716971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rasheedat Modupe Mahamood, T. Marvins, K. Abdulrahman, Y. L. Shuaib-Babata, J. A. Adebisi, S. Akinlabi, S. Hassan, E. Akinlabi
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an important manufacturing technology that has changed the way products are designed and manufactured. Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), an AM technology, has the capability of producing components using a 3-Dimensional CAD model, through a layer by layer formation process just like any other AM technology. In this study, the influence of the scanning speed on the corrosion property of Titanium alloy-Ti6Al4V using LMD process was investigated. The scanning speed varied between 0.02 m/s and 0.14 m/s while other processing parameters were kept constant. The electrochemical corrosion test was conducted in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The result revealed that the corrosion resistance property was found to increase with the scanning speed.
{"title":"Metallurgical and Corrosion Property of Additive Manufactured Titanium Alloy-Ti6Al4V","authors":"Rasheedat Modupe Mahamood, T. Marvins, K. Abdulrahman, Y. L. Shuaib-Babata, J. A. Adebisi, S. Akinlabi, S. Hassan, E. Akinlabi","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.06","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) is an important manufacturing technology that has changed the way products are designed and manufactured. Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), an AM technology, has the capability of producing components using a 3-Dimensional CAD model, through a layer by layer formation process just like any other AM technology. In this study, the influence of the scanning speed on the corrosion property of Titanium alloy-Ti6Al4V using LMD process was investigated. The scanning speed varied between 0.02 m/s and 0.14 m/s while other processing parameters were kept constant. The electrochemical corrosion test was conducted in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The result revealed that the corrosion resistance property was found to increase with the scanning speed.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74661155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Dresler, A. Ulanov, M. Aviv, D. Ashkenazi, A. Stern
The 4D additive manufacturing processes are considered today as the "next big thing" in R&D. The aim of this research is to provide two examples of commercial PLA based shape memory polymer (SMP) objects printed on an open-source 3D printer in order to proof the feasibility of such novel 4D printing process. To that purpose, a PLA based filament of eSUN (4D filament e4D-1white, SMP) was chosen, and two applications, a spring and a vase, were designed by 3D-printing with additive manufacturing (AM) fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. The 4D-printed objects were successfully produced, the shape memory effect and their functionality were demonstrated by achieving the shape-memory cycle of programming, storage and recovery.
{"title":"AM-FFF of Objects Using Commercial PLA Based Shape Memory Polymer Printed by an Open-Source 3D Printer","authors":"N. Dresler, A. Ulanov, M. Aviv, D. Ashkenazi, A. Stern","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.04","url":null,"abstract":"The 4D additive manufacturing processes are considered today as the \"next big thing\" in R&D. The aim of this research is to provide two examples of commercial PLA based shape memory polymer (SMP) objects printed on an open-source 3D printer in order to proof the feasibility of such novel 4D printing process. To that purpose, a PLA based filament of eSUN (4D filament e4D-1white, SMP) was chosen, and two applications, a spring and a vase, were designed by 3D-printing with additive manufacturing (AM) fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. The 4D-printed objects were successfully produced, the shape memory effect and their functionality were demonstrated by achieving the shape-memory cycle of programming, storage and recovery.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88897619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method is one of the most important additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. This technology is used today with various kinds of thermoplastic materials, including ABS. The present study deals with the flexural strength and axial deflection of ABS specimens versus relative density, to observe the influence of build-orientations, build model and microscopic level defects of these properties. In this study, the mechanical and structural characterization of AM-FFF ABS material was studied by CAD modelling of different orientations, three point bending mechanical testing, visual testing, and multifocal light microscopy observation, including fractography analysis. To that end, three different standard building orientations (Flat, On Edge and Upright) were printed, and each was built in two different angle orientations (-45o/+45o and 0°/90o). Based on the three point bending testing results, it was found that the specimen with the highest flexural strength was not necessarily the one with the highest deflection. It was also observed that On Edge 0/+90o orientations showed a relatively larger flexural strength difference in comparison to other building orientations (Flat and Upright). When the mechanical properties achieved from a bending test next to the building platform were compared to the properties far from the building platform, only a slight difference was found, which means that the flexural strength difference results from the building strategy and it is not related to the specific bending surface. Based on fractography observation, there is a major difference in the mechanical properties and fracture surface appearance, when the samples are bent between the layers (Upright orientation) or when the samples are bent through the layers (Flat and On Edge orientation).
{"title":"Mechanical Properties, Structure and Fracture Behavior of Additive Manufactured FFF-ABS Specimens","authors":"O. Gewelber, Y. Rosenthal, D. Ashkenazi, A. Stern","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.11","url":null,"abstract":"The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method is one of the most important additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. This technology is used today with various kinds of thermoplastic materials, including ABS. The present study deals with the flexural strength and axial deflection of ABS specimens versus relative density, to observe the influence of build-orientations, build model and microscopic level defects of these properties. In this study, the mechanical and structural characterization of AM-FFF ABS material was studied by CAD modelling of different orientations, three point bending mechanical testing, visual testing, and multifocal light microscopy observation, including fractography analysis. To that end, three different standard building orientations (Flat, On Edge and Upright) were printed, and each was built in two different angle orientations (-45o/+45o and 0°/90o). Based on the three point bending testing results, it was found that the specimen with the highest flexural strength was not necessarily the one with the highest deflection. It was also observed that On Edge 0/+90o orientations showed a relatively larger flexural strength difference in comparison to other building orientations (Flat and Upright). When the mechanical properties achieved from a bending test next to the building platform were compared to the properties far from the building platform, only a slight difference was found, which means that the flexural strength difference results from the building strategy and it is not related to the specific bending surface. Based on fractography observation, there is a major difference in the mechanical properties and fracture surface appearance, when the samples are bent between the layers (Upright orientation) or when the samples are bent through the layers (Flat and On Edge orientation).","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78393227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Magondo, M. Shongwe, Rasheedat Modupe Mahamood, S. Akinlabi, S. Hassan, H. Dong, K. F. Carter, E. Akinlabi
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a solid-state processing technique that has proven to be an efficient surface modification process for producing aluminium matrix composites (AMCs). However, practical challenges still occur during the processing of AMCs even though extensive progress has been made in recent years. In the present study, the influence of FSP process parameters on the tensile property of Al-Ni-Fe composite has been investigated. The process parameters studied were rotational speed and advancing speed. The rotational speed varied between 600 and 1000 rpm while the advancing speed varied between 70 and 210 mm/min. The rotational speed was kept constant at each setting and the advancing speed varied. Other processing parameters were kept constant throughout the experiments. The results were compared with those of the base metal (Al). The results showed that the tensile strength decreased as the advancing speed increased. The highest tensile strength was obtained at a rotational speed of 1000 rpm and an advancing speed of 70 mm/min.
{"title":"Process Parameter Influence on Tensile Property of Friction Stir Processed Al/Ni-Fe Composite","authors":"L. Magondo, M. Shongwe, Rasheedat Modupe Mahamood, S. Akinlabi, S. Hassan, H. Dong, K. F. Carter, E. Akinlabi","doi":"10.35219/AWET.2020.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/AWET.2020.09","url":null,"abstract":"Friction stir processing (FSP) is a solid-state processing technique that has proven to be an efficient surface modification process for producing aluminium matrix composites (AMCs). However, practical challenges still occur during the processing of AMCs even though extensive progress has been made in recent years. In the present study, the influence of FSP process parameters on the tensile property of Al-Ni-Fe composite has been investigated. The process parameters studied were rotational speed and advancing speed. The rotational speed varied between 600 and 1000 rpm while the advancing speed varied between 70 and 210 mm/min. The rotational speed was kept constant at each setting and the advancing speed varied. Other processing parameters were kept constant throughout the experiments. The results were compared with those of the base metal (Al). The results showed that the tensile strength decreased as the advancing speed increased. The highest tensile strength was obtained at a rotational speed of 1000 rpm and an advancing speed of 70 mm/min.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84062111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AlSi10Mg Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting","authors":"I. Rosenthal, R. Shneck, A. Stern","doi":"10.35219/awet.2018.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/awet.2018.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43969848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Enav, O. Botstein, D. Ashkenazi, A. Stern, Israel Ika Labs
A two-layered vacuum explosive welded (EXW) plate, consisting of titanium-grade 1/stainless steel 304L (Ti/304L), was investigated for vacuum applications. The interface of the Ti/304L displayed a wavy shape characteristic of the EXW method, which reflects the existence of mass transfer during bonding. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of using Ti/304L EXW joints for vacuum application. The Ti/304L EXW plate was examined by non-destructive and destructive metallurgical methods, including visual testing, scanning acoustic testing, light microscopy and metallography, SEM-EDS examination, microindentation hardness measurements, ram tensile test, fractography, and leak testing. According to the metallurgical testing methods, the formation of brittle intermetallic phases took place adjacent to the bonding interface. The intermetallic phases formed at the interface of the Ti/304L, behave as the weakest part in the joint, and determine the brittle type of fracture received under tensile stresses. The measured typical tensile strength of the joint is around 300 MPa, similar to that of the Ti 1 alloy. Based on the leak test results, the examined EXW Ti/304L components were found to be feasible for vacuum applications.
{"title":"Characterization of Vacuum Explosive Welded Joints between Titanium and Stainless Steel for Vacuum Applications","authors":"M. Enav, O. Botstein, D. Ashkenazi, A. Stern, Israel Ika Labs","doi":"10.35219/awet.2018.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35219/awet.2018.03","url":null,"abstract":"A two-layered vacuum explosive welded (EXW) plate, consisting of titanium-grade 1/stainless steel 304L (Ti/304L), was investigated for vacuum applications. The interface of the Ti/304L displayed a wavy shape characteristic of the EXW method, which reflects the existence of mass transfer during bonding. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of using Ti/304L EXW joints for vacuum application. The Ti/304L EXW plate was examined by non-destructive and destructive metallurgical methods, including visual testing, scanning acoustic testing, light microscopy and metallography, SEM-EDS examination, microindentation hardness measurements, ram tensile test, fractography, and leak testing. According to the metallurgical testing methods, the formation of brittle intermetallic phases took place adjacent to the bonding interface. The intermetallic phases formed at the interface of the Ti/304L, behave as the weakest part in the joint, and determine the brittle type of fracture received under tensile stresses. The measured typical tensile strength of the joint is around 300 MPa, similar to that of the Ti 1 alloy. Based on the leak test results, the examined EXW Ti/304L components were found to be feasible for vacuum applications.","PeriodicalId":39009,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44008066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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