Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.03
Ágnes Maléth
The papal government was characterized by centralization in the 14th century in which the tax system and the papal beneficial policy were two main factors. The Avignon popes strived to extend their influence on every stratum of the ecclesiastical hierarchy by rewarding the members of the curia’s dévéloping administrativé systém with bénéficés in thé local churchés. Thé changés in thé functioning of the papal curia offered a great opportunity for a growing number of qualified clerics to build successful careers in the papal service. The process briefly described above had an impact on the contemporary ecclesiastical structure of the Hungarian Kingdom, as more and more clerics tried to obtain benefices with papal protection, especially in the second half of the 14th century. Soon not only papal officers, but cardinals and the members of their entourage held Hungarian ecclesiastical titles as well. The main aim of the present paper is to analyse the lifepath of a curialist, Petrus Begonis. First procurator of cardinal Guillaume de la Jugie, later papal chaplain, Petrus Begonis was granted various church offices – also in the Hungarian Kingdom – and charged with diverse diplomatic tasks in different parts of Europe (Hungary, Holy Roman Empire, Italy). His ecclesiastical career – spanning from the reign of Clement VI to that of Urban VI – gives an insight in the functioning of the papal curia in Avignon and helps us comprehend the administrational changes in the 14th century.
14世纪的教皇政府以中央集权为主要特征，其中税收制度和教皇惠民政策是两个主要因素。阿维尼翁教皇努力扩大他们对教会等级制度的每一个阶层的影响，通过奖励罗马教廷的行政系统成员以奖励当地教会的成员。教皇教廷运作的变革为越来越多的合格神职人员提供了一个很好的机会，使他们能够在教皇服务中建立成功的职业生涯。上面简要描述的过程对匈牙利王国的当代教会结构产生了影响，因为越来越多的神职人员试图在教皇的保护下获得恩惠，特别是在14世纪下半叶。很快，不仅教皇官员，而且枢机主教和他们的随行人员也获得了匈牙利的教会头衔。本文的主要目的是分析一个好奇主义者彼得鲁斯·贝戈尼斯的一生。主教纪尧姆·德拉朱吉(Guillaume de la Jugie)的第一任检察官、后来的教皇随军牧师彼得鲁斯·贝戈尼斯(Petrus Begonis)被授予各种教会职务——也在匈牙利王国——并负责欧洲不同地区(匈牙利、神圣罗马帝国、意大利)的各种外交任务。他的教会生涯——从克莱门特六世(Clement VI)的统治到乌尔班六世(Urban VI)的统治——让我们对阿维尼翁教皇座堂的运作有了深入的了解，并帮助我们理解14世纪的行政变革。
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Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.09
Szabina Reich
Excavations had been going on within and near the cathedral of King Saint Stephen in Székésféhérvár. This is the place where the Saint Peter parish church might have stood in the Middle Ages. We know four building periods of it. An originally four lobed church had been extended to a singlé navé construction with a polygonal apsé and a chapel, which is a today’s southern tower. Then another chapel was built on the opposite side, and the former chapel became a sacristy. In the fourth period the building was reconstructed to a three-nave church with two eastern towers. The medieval building was destroyed in the Baroque era except for the two towers.
{"title":"Die archäologischen Ausgrabungen der Bischofskathedrale Hl. König Stephan in Székesfehérvár","authors":"Szabina Reich","doi":"10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.09","url":null,"abstract":"Excavations had been going on within and near the cathedral of King Saint Stephen in Székésféhérvár. This is the place where the Saint Peter parish church might have stood in the Middle Ages. We know four building periods of it. An originally four lobed church had been extended to a singlé navé construction with a polygonal apsé and a chapel, which is a today’s southern tower. Then another chapel was built on the opposite side, and the former chapel became a sacristy. In the fourth period the building was reconstructed to a three-nave church with two eastern towers. The medieval building was destroyed in the Baroque era except for the two towers.","PeriodicalId":391066,"journal":{"name":"Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis","volume":"351 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124440119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.01
M. Font
The personal meetings of medieval rulers were of great importance just like the political meetings of our present days. Yet, in most cases only the fact of the meeting has remained to us, without any information on thé détails, thé pérsons présént théré, and thé duration of thé participants’ stay étc. In this paper we intend to reconstruct the meeting and its circumstances based on the events prior to that and on its consequences.
{"title":"Meeting of Rulers in the Scepus Region (1214)","authors":"M. Font","doi":"10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.01","url":null,"abstract":"The personal meetings of medieval rulers were of great importance just like the political meetings of our present days. Yet, in most cases only the fact of the meeting has remained to us, without any information on thé détails, thé pérsons présént théré, and thé duration of thé participants’ stay étc. In this paper we intend to reconstruct the meeting and its circumstances based on the events prior to that and on its consequences.","PeriodicalId":391066,"journal":{"name":"Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132857233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.07
Adinel C. Dincă
The intention of the present paper is to re-evaluate the surviving records surrounding the career and activity of Marcus Polnar, member of an influential family of Transylvanian Saxons living in Sighișoara. Although many historical sourcés – pertaining to writing and imagery – reflect the constéllation of Polnar family mémbérs, only somé givé a clué to thé éxtént of Marcus’ ascéndancy over the destiny of his blood relatives. Furthermore, these sources have been misinterpreted over the last century and a half, leading to confusions among scholars. It will be argued now that Marcus started with a well-off lineage, to which he added, through academic background and social nétworking, a réspéctablé public position, working his way into a trué ‘bright star’ of his kin. By cooperating with his brother, Michael, and by endorsing the careers of his four nephews, Marcus Polnar contributed in a decisive manner to establishing and securing influence and authority for his family, beyond the status of a local Transylvanian urban elite.
{"title":"Marcus Polnar (†1506)","authors":"Adinel C. Dincă","doi":"10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.07","url":null,"abstract":"The intention of the present paper is to re-evaluate the surviving records surrounding the career and activity of Marcus Polnar, member of an influential family of Transylvanian Saxons living in Sighișoara. Although many historical sourcés – pertaining to writing and imagery – reflect the constéllation of Polnar family mémbérs, only somé givé a clué to thé éxtént of Marcus’ ascéndancy over the destiny of his blood relatives. Furthermore, these sources have been misinterpreted over the last century and a half, leading to confusions among scholars. It will be argued now that Marcus started with a well-off lineage, to which he added, through academic background and social nétworking, a réspéctablé public position, working his way into a trué ‘bright star’ of his kin. By cooperating with his brother, Michael, and by endorsing the careers of his four nephews, Marcus Polnar contributed in a decisive manner to establishing and securing influence and authority for his family, beyond the status of a local Transylvanian urban elite.","PeriodicalId":391066,"journal":{"name":"Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125116447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.08
I. Kovács
This study examines the early development of the function as place of authentication in the case of the collegiate chapter of Arad from the first issued diploma (1229) to the death of King Charles I. Although earlier historiography examined some of the important places of authentication (e.g., Pécs, Csanád), in casé of Arad, only oné historian, Kálmán Juhász analyséd oné hundréd yéars ago the first charters and the authentication function. The study will present the historiography some aspects about charter issuing, the flow of information between medium regni (Buda, Viségrád) and Arad. I have also collected the contributors related to the place of authentication (dignitaries, canons and choir priests). In Appendix, I have published the list of the diplomas issued by the collegiate chapter of Arad with the main details between 1229 and 1342.
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Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.04
M. Font
The date and location of Coloman’s coronation is not once mentioned in the known sources, yet, it is undoubted that it happened, even certain circumstances of it are known thanks to four charters: two letters of Andrew II written to Pope Innocent III, a diploma of Honorius III and a donation of the Hungarian sovereign given to Demeter of the Aba genus, one of the officials of the newly crowned Coloman. The last two sources were issued long after the events (in 1222 and 1234), they do not reveal the location or the date, yet, they confirm the fact of the enthronement. The author analyses the information of abovementioned four charters concerning thé Coloman’s coronation and also the question about thé coronation of Saloméa, Coloman’s Polish wife.
{"title":"Coloman, the King of Galicia","authors":"M. Font","doi":"10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.04","url":null,"abstract":"The date and location of Coloman’s coronation is not once mentioned in the known sources, yet, it is undoubted that it happened, even certain circumstances of it are known thanks to four charters: two letters of Andrew II written to Pope Innocent III, a diploma of Honorius III and a donation of the Hungarian sovereign given to Demeter of the Aba genus, one of the officials of the newly crowned Coloman. The last two sources were issued long after the events (in 1222 and 1234), they do not reveal the location or the date, yet, they confirm the fact of the enthronement. The author analyses the information of abovementioned four charters concerning thé Coloman’s coronation and also the question about thé coronation of Saloméa, Coloman’s Polish wife.","PeriodicalId":391066,"journal":{"name":"Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114920768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.06
Tamás Fedeles
On the 19th of March 1496, the inhabitants of Rome could observe a group of foreign clerics in the neighbourhood of the Piazza Navona. Naturally, this proved to be a usual practice, as people of different status from every corner of the European continent arrived continuously to the Urbs Aeterna. Among those, who arrived in the city next to the River Tevere, from time to time we may observe those, who wanted to receive different grades of the holy orders either on their own or in groups. In one of these groups, we may mention numerous clericals, whom were on their way to the Church San Panthaleone in the Parione district of the city, where the general ordination was performed by Joshua, the bishop of Ascoli. Among the 118 candidates, altogether 53 clericals arrived in Rome from the remote Carpathian Basin. Both the number of Hungarians and their ratio among the whole group (46%) should be highlighted, as such a populous group of clericals cannot be mentioned neither from the previous nor from the following decades. In my presentation, I will survey the general characteristic features of the “turismo delle ordinazioni” of Hungarian clericals on the bases of the Libri formatarum series, which can be found in the Camera Apostolica fond of the Archivio Segreto Vaticano. I will seek answers to the following questions: Who and why did undertake the long journey? From which regions and in which ratio of the Carpathian Basin arrived clericals to the Papal Court? Did the Hungarian and international political events influence these journeys?
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Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.08
Endre Sashalmi
The usefulness of the concept of state in the study of medieval political thought is a matter of an age-old debate. This study argues that from the 13th century onwards it is plausible to speak about the beginnings of the state as an idea (and also as an institution) with some reservations to be kept in mind. Consequently, it is the issue of continuity which stands in the focus of this writing in which I intend to present the approaches of some emblematic authors on the topic, such as Quentin Skinner, pondering, at the same time, their applicability. I also emphasize in passing the importance of visual sources in the study of early modern concept of state and sovereignty, such as allegorical personification of nationes and the impact of new cartography.
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Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2019.10.13
Brigitta Kinga Schvéd
In the 17th century – especially in the period after the Peace of Westphalia (1648) – more and more treatises were published about the European balance of power, which clearly appeared against the concept of universal monarchy (monarchia universalis) by this time. The balance of power principle became a prominent element of 18th-century state politics and political journalism, as well as one of the key concepts of the emerging theory of interstate relations. The term became part of the official language of diplomacy with the Peace of Utrecht (1713), becoming part not only of political thought, but also of the official political practice, and developed into one of the fundamental milestones of English foreign policy and political thought in the 18th centuries. This paper analyses the contemporary incorporation of the balance of power concept into English political thought with the analysis of English economist and political writér Charles Davenant’s (1656–1714) An Essay Upon The Ballance of Power (1701). The analysis is trying to point out how the principle of balance of power began to play an increasingly important role in European great power politics as well as in English domestic and foreign policy in the decades before the Peace of Utrecht (1713), and how Charles Davenant’s political pamphlet can fit in this context.
在17世纪，特别是在威斯特伐利亚和约(1648)之后的时期，越来越多关于欧洲权力平衡的论文发表，这些论文显然反对当时普遍君主制的概念。权力平衡原则成为18世纪国家政治和政治新闻的重要元素，也是新兴的州际关系理论的关键概念之一。随着乌得勒支和约(1713年)的签订，这个词成为外交官方语言的一部分，不仅成为政治思想的一部分，而且成为官方政治实践的一部分，并发展成为18世纪英国外交政策和政治思想的基本里程碑之一。本文通过对英国经济学家、政治作家查尔斯·达文南(Charles Davenant, 1656-1714)的《论权力平衡》(An Essay on the balance of power, 1701)的分析，分析了权力平衡概念在当代融入英国政治思想的过程。分析试图指出，在乌得勒支和约(1713)之前的几十年里，权力平衡原则是如何开始在欧洲大国政治以及英国的内政和外交政策中发挥越来越重要的作用的，以及查尔斯·达文南的政治小册子是如何适应这一背景的。
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Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.06
Ivan Majnarić
During the 14th century, the state and governmental development brought forward the need to simplify a complex social reality. The management of this complexity eventually led to the formation of more tightly connected social groups, some of which can be considered as corporate groups. At the same time, different identities became clearly visible. Both processes can be observed in the Kingdom of Croatia during the Angevin reorganization of their dominions. The paper argues that these processes, among other things, nurtured the emergence of a pre-modern Croatian nation.
{"title":"The Making of a Nation","authors":"Ivan Majnarić","doi":"10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2021.11.06","url":null,"abstract":"During the 14th century, the state and governmental development brought forward the need to simplify a complex social reality. The management of this complexity eventually led to the formation of more tightly connected social groups, some of which can be considered as corporate groups. At the same time, different identities became clearly visible. Both processes can be observed in the Kingdom of Croatia during the Angevin reorganization of their dominions. The paper argues that these processes, among other things, nurtured the emergence of a pre-modern Croatian nation.","PeriodicalId":391066,"journal":{"name":"Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115397973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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