Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.1177/0973005221994371
S. Dey
This study examines the impact of remittances on the labour market decisions of left behind adult family members in rural households in India. Using both selectivity and endogeniety corrected models, the results find evidence of a dependency effect wherein individuals belonging to remittance receiving households are less inclined to participate in the labour market. These effects are much stronger in case of international remittances. Incidentally, the reduction in work participation was found to larger for males than females. While, on the one hand, domestic remittances were observed to increase the intensity of labour supplied by households, international remittances, on the other hand, were found to be lowering hours of work done by left behind family members. Further, domestic remittances increase the proportion of labour supplied to self-employment activities in agriculture; international remittances, on the contrary, were found to be pushing workers into non-agricultural activities. The differences in the impact of domestic and international remittances on labour market participation and work intensity can be attributed to the differences in absolute size of remittances available per capita from the two alternate sources while unobservable household characteristics and locational factors can explain the variations in intra-household labour allocation across activities.
{"title":"Impact of Remittances on Labour Supply and Occupational Choice in Rural India","authors":"S. Dey","doi":"10.1177/0973005221994371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221994371","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of remittances on the labour market decisions of left behind adult family members in rural households in India. Using both selectivity and endogeniety corrected models, the results find evidence of a dependency effect wherein individuals belonging to remittance receiving households are less inclined to participate in the labour market. These effects are much stronger in case of international remittances. Incidentally, the reduction in work participation was found to larger for males than females. While, on the one hand, domestic remittances were observed to increase the intensity of labour supplied by households, international remittances, on the other hand, were found to be lowering hours of work done by left behind family members. Further, domestic remittances increase the proportion of labour supplied to self-employment activities in agriculture; international remittances, on the contrary, were found to be pushing workers into non-agricultural activities. The differences in the impact of domestic and international remittances on labour market participation and work intensity can be attributed to the differences in absolute size of remittances available per capita from the two alternate sources while unobservable household characteristics and locational factors can explain the variations in intra-household labour allocation across activities.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"78 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005221994371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44384416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-20DOI: 10.1177/0973005221991603
Marcela Maestre-Matos, Jahir Lombana-Coy, F. Mesías, A. Elghannam
Inclusive business as a model at the base of the pyramid is a relatively recent unit of study in academic literature. From the institutional perspective, businesses are affected by norms, processes, rules of moral and ethical behaviour, which have not been studied for the base of the pyramid in inclusive businesses, much less in agricultural cooperatives. The objective of this research is to identify institutional factors that can affect agribusiness inclusive models. In this research, agricultural cooperatives of banana production in the province of Magdalena, Colombia, are the unit of analysis to identify institutional factors. The method of review of institutional factors is the multiple cases (six banana cooperatives) with a simple unit using inductive analysis. The results show that institutional factors—both formal (certifications, quality standards, social responsibility policies and economic incentives) and informal (cooperation, improvement of quality of life, generation of social capital)—promote the development of inclusive businesses in cooperatives of the base of the pyramid. The research is a first step to show its potential replication in other agricultural industries and even in other economic sectors.
{"title":"Institutional Factors That Affect Inclusive Businesses: The Case of Banana Cooperatives in the Magdalena Region (Colombia)","authors":"Marcela Maestre-Matos, Jahir Lombana-Coy, F. Mesías, A. Elghannam","doi":"10.1177/0973005221991603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221991603","url":null,"abstract":"Inclusive business as a model at the base of the pyramid is a relatively recent unit of study in academic literature. From the institutional perspective, businesses are affected by norms, processes, rules of moral and ethical behaviour, which have not been studied for the base of the pyramid in inclusive businesses, much less in agricultural cooperatives. The objective of this research is to identify institutional factors that can affect agribusiness inclusive models. In this research, agricultural cooperatives of banana production in the province of Magdalena, Colombia, are the unit of analysis to identify institutional factors. The method of review of institutional factors is the multiple cases (six banana cooperatives) with a simple unit using inductive analysis. The results show that institutional factors—both formal (certifications, quality standards, social responsibility policies and economic incentives) and informal (cooperation, improvement of quality of life, generation of social capital)—promote the development of inclusive businesses in cooperatives of the base of the pyramid. The research is a first step to show its potential replication in other agricultural industries and even in other economic sectors.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"17 1","pages":"69S - 96S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005221991603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42969330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-19DOI: 10.1177/0973005221994425
Abdulai Adams, L. Caesar, N. Asafu-Adjaye
This study analyses the main determinants of output market choices by rural farmers in northern Ghana amidst growing concerns of lack of lucrative markets for smallholder farmers. Using recent survey data collected from 448 households, the study applied the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model with village markets as the base outcome. The findings revealed that association membership, access to storage facilities, openness to new production and marketing methods, access to financial services, knowledge of sustainable intensification (SI) practices, access to guaranteed market, availability of quality market services and distance to output market would likely influence the choice of a farmer to sell at a farm gate over village markets. Access to extension services was found significant in influencing farmers’ decisions to sell by the roadside. Also, gender, association membership, access to processing facilities, availability of quality market services and distance to output market would likely influence the choice of a farmer to do private sales. Furthermore, association membership, access to processing facilities, access to extension services and market information significantly influences the decision of farmers to use other market outlets (e.g., regional/district markets). The study concludes that the choice of market outlet used by farmers depends much on institutional and channel-specific characteristics. These findings have policy implications for the development of market policies, providing rural market infrastructure services, promoting SI practices and strengthening extension service delivery.
{"title":"What Informs Farmers’ Choice of Output Markets? The Case of Maize, Cowpea and Livestock Production in Northern Ghana","authors":"Abdulai Adams, L. Caesar, N. Asafu-Adjaye","doi":"10.1177/0973005221994425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221994425","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the main determinants of output market choices by rural farmers in northern Ghana amidst growing concerns of lack of lucrative markets for smallholder farmers. Using recent survey data collected from 448 households, the study applied the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model with village markets as the base outcome. The findings revealed that association membership, access to storage facilities, openness to new production and marketing methods, access to financial services, knowledge of sustainable intensification (SI) practices, access to guaranteed market, availability of quality market services and distance to output market would likely influence the choice of a farmer to sell at a farm gate over village markets. Access to extension services was found significant in influencing farmers’ decisions to sell by the roadside. Also, gender, association membership, access to processing facilities, availability of quality market services and distance to output market would likely influence the choice of a farmer to do private sales. Furthermore, association membership, access to processing facilities, access to extension services and market information significantly influences the decision of farmers to use other market outlets (e.g., regional/district markets). The study concludes that the choice of market outlet used by farmers depends much on institutional and channel-specific characteristics. These findings have policy implications for the development of market policies, providing rural market infrastructure services, promoting SI practices and strengthening extension service delivery.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"56 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005221994425","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43486446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-18DOI: 10.1177/0973005221991438
S. Kumari, N. Bharti, K. K. Tripathy
Indian agriculture has always been less profitable. Several factors contribute to the low profitability in agriculture, but less value addition, weak value chain system and weak market linkage are some of the most important factors. Producer companies are helping small farmers to emerge in the market. The farmer producer organisations (FPOs) linked with the producer companies are the best example of collective actions. The collective actions for the agriculture value chain (AVC) have resulted in a decrease in the cost and an increase in revenue. FPO and producer company find a good place in the underpinning theory of collective action theory. This study examines various successful examples of strengthening AVC through cooperatives and tried to identify various factors responsible for the success of these collectives. This study has adopted a case study approach. Three successful cases, that is, Vasundhara Agriculture Horticulture Producer Company Ltd: a multi-state FPO, Abhinav Farms Club and Sahyadri Farmer Producer Company have been selected for the case study based on their successful interventions for strengthening the agriculture value chain. Primary and secondary data has been collected through telephonic interviews from the board of directors, chairman and the members of the FPO. Both primary and secondary data have been collected to compare the three cases for AVC models. The data has been analysed using a comparative case study approach. The parameters of AVC have been identified using the Delphi technique. The study has found that collective actions have helped the farmers to strengthen the agriculture value chain. The study also concluded that leadership played an important role in defining the success of the FPOs. The study brings out future directions to excel in AVC through collectives.
{"title":"Strengthening Agriculture Value Chain through Collectives: Comparative Case Analysis","authors":"S. Kumari, N. Bharti, K. K. Tripathy","doi":"10.1177/0973005221991438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221991438","url":null,"abstract":"Indian agriculture has always been less profitable. Several factors contribute to the low profitability in agriculture, but less value addition, weak value chain system and weak market linkage are some of the most important factors. Producer companies are helping small farmers to emerge in the market. The farmer producer organisations (FPOs) linked with the producer companies are the best example of collective actions. The collective actions for the agriculture value chain (AVC) have resulted in a decrease in the cost and an increase in revenue. FPO and producer company find a good place in the underpinning theory of collective action theory. This study examines various successful examples of strengthening AVC through cooperatives and tried to identify various factors responsible for the success of these collectives. This study has adopted a case study approach. Three successful cases, that is, Vasundhara Agriculture Horticulture Producer Company Ltd: a multi-state FPO, Abhinav Farms Club and Sahyadri Farmer Producer Company have been selected for the case study based on their successful interventions for strengthening the agriculture value chain. Primary and secondary data has been collected through telephonic interviews from the board of directors, chairman and the members of the FPO. Both primary and secondary data have been collected to compare the three cases for AVC models. The data has been analysed using a comparative case study approach. The parameters of AVC have been identified using the Delphi technique. The study has found that collective actions have helped the farmers to strengthen the agriculture value chain. The study also concluded that leadership played an important role in defining the success of the FPOs. The study brings out future directions to excel in AVC through collectives.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"17 1","pages":"40S - 68S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005221991438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48356679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-18DOI: 10.1177/0973005221991604
M. R. Bhowmik
The purpose of this study is to establish linkages between sustainable development goals, social responsibility, institutions and cooperatives by developing a comparison, both theoretically and empirically, between cooperatives and non-cooperatives. In order to develop the theoretical underpinnings, post-Williamsonian transaction cost economics (TCE) has been selected as the theoretical framework. For the empirical analysis, a primary survey has been conducted in two prominent handloom hubs of West Bengal spanning over two districts of the state. A binomial logistic regression has been performed in order to analyse the data collected from the weavers of two different institutions—a master weaver institution and a cooperative institution. Following the post-Williamsonian TCE framework, it has been theoretically shown that the cooperative institution is more efficient in implementing the government’s welfare schemes. The result of the empirical analysis shows that education and distance from the cooperative institution are significant variables that help in the effective implementation of the government’s welfare schemes.
{"title":"SDGs, Social Responsibility, Institutions and Cooperatives: Evidence from the Handloom Weaving Sector in India","authors":"M. R. Bhowmik","doi":"10.1177/0973005221991604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221991604","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to establish linkages between sustainable development goals, social responsibility, institutions and cooperatives by developing a comparison, both theoretically and empirically, between cooperatives and non-cooperatives. In order to develop the theoretical underpinnings, post-Williamsonian transaction cost economics (TCE) has been selected as the theoretical framework. For the empirical analysis, a primary survey has been conducted in two prominent handloom hubs of West Bengal spanning over two districts of the state. A binomial logistic regression has been performed in order to analyse the data collected from the weavers of two different institutions—a master weaver institution and a cooperative institution. Following the post-Williamsonian TCE framework, it has been theoretically shown that the cooperative institution is more efficient in implementing the government’s welfare schemes. The result of the empirical analysis shows that education and distance from the cooperative institution are significant variables that help in the effective implementation of the government’s welfare schemes.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"17 1","pages":"97S - 114S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005221991604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41993009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1177/0973005221991624
Mohit Dave
This article argues that cooperative and mutual enterprises (CMEs) have a key role to play in transforming to sustainable and resilient societies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. It looks at the contributions that CMEs have made in responding to the previous and ongoing crisis in Asia and the Pacific region. This article discusses the role of umbrella organisations and how their initiatives can facilitate a ‘trickle-down’ effect throughout the cooperative movement, highlighting examples of stimulus packages and their policy linkages. This article incorporates a brief overview of large national cooperative enterprises and apexes and their substantial contribution to resilience and sustainability. The author demonstrates the major role that cooperatives and mutuals are playing to foster inclusive and sustainable development at the grassroots level. This article concludes by arguing that CMEs are particularly resilient in adapting to a crisis, due to the specific features of the cooperative model, including the values of democracy and solidarity, as well as the principles of cooperation among cooperatives and concern for the community. Strong partnerships between and within cooperatives and mutuals can be instrumental in enhancing the emerging role of the movement as a pivotal actor in transforming towards sustainable and resilient societies.
{"title":"Resilient to Crises: How Cooperatives Are Adapting Sustainably to Overcome COVID-19-induced Challenges","authors":"Mohit Dave","doi":"10.1177/0973005221991624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221991624","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that cooperative and mutual enterprises (CMEs) have a key role to play in transforming to sustainable and resilient societies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. It looks at the contributions that CMEs have made in responding to the previous and ongoing crisis in Asia and the Pacific region. This article discusses the role of umbrella organisations and how their initiatives can facilitate a ‘trickle-down’ effect throughout the cooperative movement, highlighting examples of stimulus packages and their policy linkages. This article incorporates a brief overview of large national cooperative enterprises and apexes and their substantial contribution to resilience and sustainability. The author demonstrates the major role that cooperatives and mutuals are playing to foster inclusive and sustainable development at the grassroots level. This article concludes by arguing that CMEs are particularly resilient in adapting to a crisis, due to the specific features of the cooperative model, including the values of democracy and solidarity, as well as the principles of cooperation among cooperatives and concern for the community. Strong partnerships between and within cooperatives and mutuals can be instrumental in enhancing the emerging role of the movement as a pivotal actor in transforming towards sustainable and resilient societies.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"17 1","pages":"13S - 39S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005221991624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47108420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was to assess the economic impact of the Coronavirus on the production and distribution of livestock across the value chain approach in the case of Kellem Wollega Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia, based on a total survey of 320 farmers. Descriptive statistics were used to present the effects of the pandemic on the marketing and consumption of major crop production and dairy products in the study areas. Survey result indicated that about 160 small holder farmers those involved in agriculture in the study areas were impacted by COVID-19 crises because the revenue of the farmer were close to down from 25 per cent to 50 per cent. The survey results also indicated that more than 37 per cent of the sample households in the study area affected by the COVID-19 crisis on workforce reduced consumer confidence. Lower demand in virus-affected states across the world will be transferred down the value chain, affecting demand and production levels at each stage, even in areas not directly affected by the virus. It seems that logistical issues linked to the COVID-19 crisis are creating extra costs in the coffee marketing system. Logistical and administrative issues regarding to the COVID-19 during the production time in the study areas were very low to providing service particularly input and fertilizer for the farmers on the time. Therefore, this study recommends that both fiscal and monetary policy instruments introduced by the government to fight the pandemic shall be continued, enforced and implemented in a coordinated way to support the effectiveness of interventions until the economy recovers.
{"title":"Assessing the Economic Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on the Production and Distribution of Livestock Across Value Chain Approach: The Case of Kellem Wollega Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Fikiru Temesgen, Milkessa Wakjira, Abdissa Abirham","doi":"10.1177/0973005221993369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221993369","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to assess the economic impact of the Coronavirus on the production and distribution of livestock across the value chain approach in the case of Kellem Wollega Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia, based on a total survey of 320 farmers. Descriptive statistics were used to present the effects of the pandemic on the marketing and consumption of major crop production and dairy products in the study areas. Survey result indicated that about 160 small holder farmers those involved in agriculture in the study areas were impacted by COVID-19 crises because the revenue of the farmer were close to down from 25 per cent to 50 per cent. The survey results also indicated that more than 37 per cent of the sample households in the study area affected by the COVID-19 crisis on workforce reduced consumer confidence. Lower demand in virus-affected states across the world will be transferred down the value chain, affecting demand and production levels at each stage, even in areas not directly affected by the virus. It seems that logistical issues linked to the COVID-19 crisis are creating extra costs in the coffee marketing system. Logistical and administrative issues regarding to the COVID-19 during the production time in the study areas were very low to providing service particularly input and fertilizer for the farmers on the time. Therefore, this study recommends that both fiscal and monetary policy instruments introduced by the government to fight the pandemic shall be continued, enforced and implemented in a coordinated way to support the effectiveness of interventions until the economy recovers.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"39 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005221993369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47272845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.1177/0973005220979084
Poulomi Roy, Tanmoyee Banerjee
This article examines the relationship between the indoor carbon monoxide parts per million (CO-ppm) concentration generated from cooking with biomass fuel and the popular housing policy, Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)/Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana of the Government of India that aims at building brick (pucca) houses for a rural population of India. This article is based on a primary survey carried out in two districts of West Bengal, India, covering 360 households. The concentration of CO-ppm in the in-house air was recorded for each surveyed houses at the 10-min interval for an approximately 24-h period using EL-USB-CO data logger (Lascar Electronics, Erie PA, USA). Also, different socio-economic and demographic information was collected using the interview method for each surveyed household. The results indicate positive and significant mean CO-ppm concentration gap for the non-IAY houses over IAY houses over different quantiles of mean CO-ppm distribution. Mean CO-ppm is 4.34 points significantly lower in homes built up under the housing scheme at 50th quantile. The results point out the importance of planned housing and benefit of concrete houses in our survey areas. Housing policies should aim at building a properly designed home with ventilation facilities for minimising CO concentration in dwellings.
{"title":"A Linkage Between Biomass Fuel Use, Carbon Monoxide Concentration and Housing Policy: A Case in India","authors":"Poulomi Roy, Tanmoyee Banerjee","doi":"10.1177/0973005220979084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005220979084","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the relationship between the indoor carbon monoxide parts per million (CO-ppm) concentration generated from cooking with biomass fuel and the popular housing policy, Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)/Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana of the Government of India that aims at building brick (pucca) houses for a rural population of India. This article is based on a primary survey carried out in two districts of West Bengal, India, covering 360 households. The concentration of CO-ppm in the in-house air was recorded for each surveyed houses at the 10-min interval for an approximately 24-h period using EL-USB-CO data logger (Lascar Electronics, Erie PA, USA). Also, different socio-economic and demographic information was collected using the interview method for each surveyed household. The results indicate positive and significant mean CO-ppm concentration gap for the non-IAY houses over IAY houses over different quantiles of mean CO-ppm distribution. Mean CO-ppm is 4.34 points significantly lower in homes built up under the housing scheme at 50th quantile. The results point out the importance of planned housing and benefit of concrete houses in our survey areas. Housing policies should aim at building a properly designed home with ventilation facilities for minimising CO concentration in dwellings.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"17 1","pages":"288 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005220979084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48165852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1177/0973005220971941
H. S. Ganesha
The idea of measuring efficiencies of service delivery of veterinary dispensaries (VDs) and ranking them is an unexplored territory. However, since governments spend considerable amounts of money on promoting service delivery of VDs to enable animal production and productivity, and thereby promote rural livelihoods, efficiency measurement and ranking of VDs based on efficiency are necessary in a futuristic ‘transparency in governance’ environment apart from guiding in better performance. Given the non-quantifiable nature of the production function of veterinary service delivery, a non-parametric method like data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be an answer. Hence, this study measures the efficiencies of 101 VDs belonging to 2 ecosystems in Odisha, India, using DEA and ranks them using principal component analysis (PCA) along with average efficiency based on multiple data models. Analysis of various variables in models revealed that the presence or absence of variables—institutions; vaccination; a weighted variable combining castration, insurance and training (CIT); large animals’ population; and breedable animals’ population—lead to differences in average efficiencies. PCA of efficiency scores reveals that vaccination, CIT and large animal population are significant in factor loadings on first principal component (PC). The study finds high correlation between ranking based on average efficiency and ranking based on PCA, suggesting that the two methods are comparable. Both the efficiency measures and ranking reveal that VDs of the coastal ecosystem performed better than those of the western ecosystem.
{"title":"Ranking Veterinary Dispensaries in Odisha Using DEA and PCA","authors":"H. S. Ganesha","doi":"10.1177/0973005220971941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005220971941","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of measuring efficiencies of service delivery of veterinary dispensaries (VDs) and ranking them is an unexplored territory. However, since governments spend considerable amounts of money on promoting service delivery of VDs to enable animal production and productivity, and thereby promote rural livelihoods, efficiency measurement and ranking of VDs based on efficiency are necessary in a futuristic ‘transparency in governance’ environment apart from guiding in better performance. Given the non-quantifiable nature of the production function of veterinary service delivery, a non-parametric method like data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be an answer. Hence, this study measures the efficiencies of 101 VDs belonging to 2 ecosystems in Odisha, India, using DEA and ranks them using principal component analysis (PCA) along with average efficiency based on multiple data models. Analysis of various variables in models revealed that the presence or absence of variables—institutions; vaccination; a weighted variable combining castration, insurance and training (CIT); large animals’ population; and breedable animals’ population—lead to differences in average efficiencies. PCA of efficiency scores reveals that vaccination, CIT and large animal population are significant in factor loadings on first principal component (PC). The study finds high correlation between ranking based on average efficiency and ranking based on PCA, suggesting that the two methods are comparable. Both the efficiency measures and ranking reveal that VDs of the coastal ecosystem performed better than those of the western ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"7 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973005220971941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49178429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-15DOI: 10.1177/0973005220971062
Kassie Dessie Nigussie, A. Admassie, M. Jayamohan
Land ownership and its persistent gap between rich and poor is one of the pressing development challenges in Africa. Access to land has fundamental implications for a poor and agrarian African economy like Ethiopia, where most people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Empirical literatures suggest that access to land is a cause and effect of poverty—at the same time, the role of poverty status of the household in gaining or limiting access to land has received only a passing attention from researchers. This study investigates the effect of ‘being poor’ on access to land using ordered probit and censored tobit models. Three wave panel data of Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey (ERSS) collected between 2011–12 and 2015–16 are used for the analysis. The study result confirms that poverty does have significant effect on household’s participation and intensity of participation on both sides of the rental market. It is found that being poor, as compared to non-poor counterpart, leads to an increase in the likelihood of rent-in land by 0.068 hectare and reduce the likelihood of rent-out land by 0.046 hectare at 1% and 5% significance levels, respectively. The tenants are not characterised as economically disadvantaged reflecting the existence of reverse tenancy among rural poor in Ethiopia.
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