Abstract:Ireland's international development programme plays a significant part in its foreign economic policy. This review examines the trends and evolving structure of Ireland's official overseas aid programme from the financial crisis up to 2019, a period before the Covid-19 pandemic. We consider the move from bilateral relationships between Ireland as donor and recipient programme countries and an increasing emphasis on multilateral aid. Ireland's ability to address global concerns such as security, humanitarian action, climate breakdown and distributive inequality was best dealt with within a multilateral policy framework over the period. There has also been increasing commitment to engagement with international organisations, particularly the UN and the EU, as evidenced by Ireland's commitment to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Agenda and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. During this period Ireland also embarked on a successful campaign to be elected a member of the UN Security Council by 2021.
{"title":"The Move towards Multilateral Aid in Ireland's Overseas Development Programme (2008–2019)","authors":"Patrick Paul Walsh, Ciara Whelan","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.18","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Ireland's international development programme plays a significant part in its foreign economic policy. This review examines the trends and evolving structure of Ireland's official overseas aid programme from the financial crisis up to 2019, a period before the Covid-19 pandemic. We consider the move from bilateral relationships between Ireland as donor and recipient programme countries and an increasing emphasis on multilateral aid. Ireland's ability to address global concerns such as security, humanitarian action, climate breakdown and distributive inequality was best dealt with within a multilateral policy framework over the period. There has also been increasing commitment to engagement with international organisations, particularly the UN and the EU, as evidenced by Ireland's commitment to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Agenda and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. During this period Ireland also embarked on a successful campaign to be elected a member of the UN Security Council by 2021.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"299 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41998890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper looks first at accountability as a goal of Irish foreign policy, within the framework of Ireland's broader commitment to multilateralism and international law. It then turns to discuss the Nuremberg Tribunal and its context, with a focus on Irish reactions to the Tribunal. Next, the paper examines the development of the international criminal justice system in light of the lessons of Nuremberg. Finally, it outlines what Ireland's commitment to accountability means in practice.
{"title":"Contemporary Lessons from Nuremberg: An Irish Perspective on Foreign Policy and International Law","authors":"James Kingston","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper looks first at accountability as a goal of Irish foreign policy, within the framework of Ireland's broader commitment to multilateralism and international law. It then turns to discuss the Nuremberg Tribunal and its context, with a focus on Irish reactions to the Tribunal. Next, the paper examines the development of the international criminal justice system in light of the lessons of Nuremberg. Finally, it outlines what Ireland's commitment to accountability means in practice.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"197 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48081588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The article examines the state of European integration in the aftermath of Brexit and the outburst of the Covid-19 pandemic. The article argues that the European Union (EU) has both faced centripetal and centrifugal pulls since 2020. On the one hand, the article discusses the federalising effects that the economic responses to Covid-19—and notably the launch of Next Generation EU—have had on integration. On the other hand, the article identifies ongoing challenges for the EU, notably resulting from the rule of law crisis. The article argues that these trends result from institutional dynamics at play in the EU, and suggests that further constitutional reforms will be needed to address these. As such, the article concludes by reflecting on the potentials and perils of the Conference on the Future of Europe to relaunch the EU after Brexit and Covid-19.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License. Open Access funding provided by IReL.
{"title":"The EU beyond Brexit and Covid-19: The Conference on the Future for Europe and the Outlook for Integration","authors":"F. Fabbrini","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The article examines the state of European integration in the aftermath of Brexit and the outburst of the Covid-19 pandemic. The article argues that the European Union (EU) has both faced centripetal and centrifugal pulls since 2020. On the one hand, the article discusses the federalising effects that the economic responses to Covid-19—and notably the launch of Next Generation EU—have had on integration. On the other hand, the article identifies ongoing challenges for the EU, notably resulting from the rule of law crisis. The article argues that these trends result from institutional dynamics at play in the EU, and suggests that further constitutional reforms will be needed to address these. As such, the article concludes by reflecting on the potentials and perils of the Conference on the Future of Europe to relaunch the EU after Brexit and Covid-19.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License. Open Access funding provided by IReL.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"17 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43985725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Although Covid-19 has caused disruption to societies, governments and economies, states have used the crisis to pursue foreign policy goals in cyberspace, despite the best intentions of international organisations. The key events in the intersection of cyberspace, international politics and Covid-19 can be categorised as disinformation campaigns spread through social media and cyber events targeting vaccine development programmes or medicine regulators. The success of these means that cyber involvement in international politics will only increase, and could be described as an extension of power politics. Disinformation has been the ‘success story’ of the intersection of cyberspace and international relations. As countries slowly reopen, inevitable delays are likely to be a source of discontent. The significant minorities in democracies that have expressed reservations regarding vaccines appear to be an obvious target for a disinformation campaign. This means that Covid-19 may have a digital aftermath long after the pandemic subsides.
{"title":"Digital Virus: How Covid-19 Intersected with Cyberspace to Impact International Politics","authors":"Kendra Sheehan","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Although Covid-19 has caused disruption to societies, governments and economies, states have used the crisis to pursue foreign policy goals in cyberspace, despite the best intentions of international organisations. The key events in the intersection of cyberspace, international politics and Covid-19 can be categorised as disinformation campaigns spread through social media and cyber events targeting vaccine development programmes or medicine regulators. The success of these means that cyber involvement in international politics will only increase, and could be described as an extension of power politics. Disinformation has been the ‘success story’ of the intersection of cyberspace and international relations. As countries slowly reopen, inevitable delays are likely to be a source of discontent. The significant minorities in democracies that have expressed reservations regarding vaccines appear to be an obvious target for a disinformation campaign. This means that Covid-19 may have a digital aftermath long after the pandemic subsides.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"53 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49610165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The year 2020 will be remembered for marking the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic rather than the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. At the highest political levels, the pandemic is described as a wake-up call and opportunity to ‘build back better’. In this article, it is argued that ‘building back better’ must also concern a broad-based recovery agenda that goes hand in hand with overdue reforms in the system of global governance. After pointing out what the Covid-19 crisis has revealed about the shortcomings of the current global governance architecture, the article puts forward a reform agenda, which is to culminate in a world summit to fully utilise the political momentum created by the crisis. Avoiding a return to the ‘old normal’, it is imperative to make global governance more resilient to not only future pandemics but also other existing and emerging global challenges.
{"title":"Global Governance beyond Covid-19: Recovery and Institutional Revitalisation","authors":"J. Larik, R. Ponzio","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.17","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The year 2020 will be remembered for marking the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic rather than the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. At the highest political levels, the pandemic is described as a wake-up call and opportunity to ‘build back better’. In this article, it is argued that ‘building back better’ must also concern a broad-based recovery agenda that goes hand in hand with overdue reforms in the system of global governance. After pointing out what the Covid-19 crisis has revealed about the shortcomings of the current global governance architecture, the article puts forward a reform agenda, which is to culminate in a world summit to fully utilise the political momentum created by the crisis. Avoiding a return to the ‘old normal’, it is imperative to make global governance more resilient to not only future pandemics but also other existing and emerging global challenges.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"35 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49276505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay examines the lessons and the legacy of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) of 1945-1946 from a new angle. It challenges the myth that Nuremberg was fully grounded in Western liberal ideas about justice and the law, and argues that Nuremberg would not have happened in the first place had it not been for the insistence of the Soviet Union. The tremendous Soviet contribution to the IMT is considered, as well as the many ways in which Soviet participation threatened to undermine the IMT's legitimacy. The essay also uses Soviet archives and the Soviet experience to tell a sometimes surprising story of the Nuremberg Trials as a whole. It argues that the Nuremberg Trials became an early front of the Cold War—and that understanding Nuremberg as such gives us a necessary perspective on the post-war movement for human rights.
{"title":"Nuremberg at 75: Revisiting the International Military Tribunal and Its Lessons","authors":"Francine Hirsch","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay examines the lessons and the legacy of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) of 1945-1946 from a new angle. It challenges the myth that Nuremberg was fully grounded in Western liberal ideas about justice and the law, and argues that Nuremberg would not have happened in the first place had it not been for the insistence of the Soviet Union. The tremendous Soviet contribution to the IMT is considered, as well as the many ways in which Soviet participation threatened to undermine the IMT's legitimacy. The essay also uses Soviet archives and the Soviet experience to tell a sometimes surprising story of the Nuremberg Trials as a whole. It argues that the Nuremberg Trials became an early front of the Cold War—and that understanding Nuremberg as such gives us a necessary perspective on the post-war movement for human rights.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"171 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49378417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article seeks to contribute to the debate on the subject of human rights derogations in time of emergency, in particular in the context of public health emergencies, by outlining the benefits and limitations of international human rights law in the pandemic context, with a particular emphasis on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In the author's second article, published later in this edition of the journal, novel information and analysis on this subject is provided, specifically in relation to the Human Rights Committee's ‘Concluding Observations’ reports.
{"title":"The Pandemic and the Changing Landscape of Human Rights Derogations","authors":"D. Lyons","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article seeks to contribute to the debate on the subject of human rights derogations in time of emergency, in particular in the context of public health emergencies, by outlining the benefits and limitations of international human rights law in the pandemic context, with a particular emphasis on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In the author's second article, published later in this edition of the journal, novel information and analysis on this subject is provided, specifically in relation to the Human Rights Committee's ‘Concluding Observations’ reports.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"143 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45723759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This review examines Ireland's foreign relations in 2020. It sets out the particular challenges presented by the Covid-19 pandemic and outlines the evolving domestic political landscape, including the election in February 2020 that led to the historic first coalition involving both Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael. The review then gives an account of Ireland's relations with the EU, the UK and the USA, with Brexit representing a recurrent theme across all three relationships. Ireland's engagement beyond Europe and North America is addressed, including its successful election to the UN Security Council and its foreign military deployments. Finally, the deaths of a number of significant figures in Irish and international politics are noted.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution license, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open Access funding provided by IReL.
{"title":"Ireland's Foreign Relations in 2020","authors":"Kenneth McDonagh","doi":"10.1353/isia.2021.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2021.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This review examines Ireland's foreign relations in 2020. It sets out the particular challenges presented by the Covid-19 pandemic and outlines the evolving domestic political landscape, including the election in February 2020 that led to the historic first coalition involving both Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael. The review then gives an account of Ireland's relations with the EU, the UK and the USA, with Brexit representing a recurrent theme across all three relationships. Ireland's engagement beyond Europe and North America is addressed, including its successful election to the UN Security Council and its foreign military deployments. Finally, the deaths of a number of significant figures in Irish and international politics are noted.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution license, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open Access funding provided by IReL.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"311 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45261531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article begins by examining the role of international human rights treaty bodies in monitoring the implementation of international human rights conventions. It proceeds to analyse the significance of Concluding Observations specifically. It then provides an overview of the obstacles that currently exist in respect of access to Concluding Observations as a source of international human rights law, and subsequently outlines the solution developed by this author: a comprehensive and searchable database. The article concludes with application of the newly developed database for the analysis of Concluding Observations in the context of human rights derogations.
{"title":"Human Rights Derogations: Sourcing and Analysing the Concluding Observations of the International Human Rights Treaty Bodies","authors":"Donna Lyons","doi":"10.3318/isia.2021.32.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2021.32.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article begins by examining the role of international human rights treaty bodies in monitoring the implementation of international human rights conventions. It proceeds to analyse the significance of Concluding Observations specifically. It then provides an overview of the obstacles that currently exist in respect of access to Concluding Observations as a source of international human rights law, and subsequently outlines the solution developed by this author: a comprehensive and searchable database. The article concludes with application of the newly developed database for the analysis of Concluding Observations in the context of human rights derogations.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"153 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46758307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In Europe, the Public Procurement Directives allow for the deactivation of EU public procurement rules to enable member states to buy emergency supplies as quickly as possible. To improve member states' purchasing power for scarce medical resources, the EU facilitates a collaborative approach utilising procurement arrangements such as the Joint Procurement Agreement for the Procurement of Medical Countermeasures. This article reflects on the outcomes of crisis procurement in the EU compared with the UK, and examines the opportunities that may follow in its wake. The vulnerability of the public procurement market in the field of public health has been exposed during the Covid-19 crisis. The EU's role in facilitating a collaborative approach to the procurement and distribution of medical resources looks to be a success, suggesting a legitimate rationale for the EU to take a more significant role on behalf of member states in procurement during a health crisis.
{"title":"Procurement during a Public Health Crisis: the Role of the European Union","authors":"D. Halloran","doi":"10.1353/isia.2021.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2021.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In Europe, the Public Procurement Directives allow for the deactivation of EU public procurement rules to enable member states to buy emergency supplies as quickly as possible. To improve member states' purchasing power for scarce medical resources, the EU facilitates a collaborative approach utilising procurement arrangements such as the Joint Procurement Agreement for the Procurement of Medical Countermeasures. This article reflects on the outcomes of crisis procurement in the EU compared with the UK, and examines the opportunities that may follow in its wake. The vulnerability of the public procurement market in the field of public health has been exposed during the Covid-19 crisis. The EU's role in facilitating a collaborative approach to the procurement and distribution of medical resources looks to be a success, suggesting a legitimate rationale for the EU to take a more significant role on behalf of member states in procurement during a health crisis.","PeriodicalId":39181,"journal":{"name":"Irish Studies in International Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"67 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66363758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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