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HIV prevention among drug and alcohol users: models of intervention in Kenya 在吸毒和酗酒者中预防艾滋病毒:肯尼亚的干预模式
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2009-09-29 DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46368
Cs Deveau
The spread of HIV among drug and alcohol users, as a high-risk group, is a significant problem in Africa, as in other parts of the world. Few programs have been implemented in Africa to deal specifically with this issue. Since November 2006, the AED Capable Partners Program in Kenya project has provided technical direction to eight Kenyan NGOs to design and implement programs to reduce the spread of HIV among this population. Programs were developed utilizing conventional outreach models modified for application in Kenya and various other community-based interventions geared to reduce HIV among substance abusers. In addition to outreach, programs also provide components of recovery services, VCT and general HIV education in varying degrees. The effectiveness of these programs is reviewed in this paper along with the need to develop advanced technical skills of NGOs to deliver more effective services. KEY WORDS: Alcohol, drug, community outreach, HIV and AIDS, Kenya
艾滋病毒在吸毒者和酗酒者这一高危群体中的传播,在非洲和在世界其他地区都是一个重大问题。在非洲实施的专门处理这一问题的方案很少。自2006年11月以来,AED肯尼亚有能力合作伙伴项目向肯尼亚8个非政府组织提供了技术指导,以设计和实施减少艾滋病毒在这一人口中传播的项目。这些项目是利用传统的推广模式制定的,经过修改后适用于肯尼亚,并采用了各种其他以社区为基础的干预措施,旨在减少药物滥用者的艾滋病毒感染率。除了外展,项目还提供不同程度的康复服务、VCT和一般艾滋病毒教育。本文回顾了这些项目的有效性,并探讨了发展非政府组织先进的技术技能以提供更有效服务的必要性。关键词:酒精,毒品,社区外展,艾滋病,肯尼亚
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引用次数: 3
Substance abuse and psychiatric co-morbidities: a case study of patients at Mathari Psychiatric Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya 药物滥用和精神合并症:对肯尼亚内罗毕Mathari精神病院病人的个案研究
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2009-09-29 DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46359
D. Ndetei, M. Pizzo, M. Kuria, L. Khasakhala, M. Maru, V. Mutiso
Substance abuse co-morbidity with psychiatric disorders is common and has been widely reported, except in Kenya. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern and socio-economic burden of a dual diagnosis of substance abuse disorder and other psychiatric conditions. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 691 patients admitted at Mathari hospital. Only 42 patients had a first working diagnosis of substance abuse but nearly thirty-five percent of the patients scored for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) diagnosis of alcohol dependance/abuse. There was high co-morbidity of alcohol abuse/dependence with opiate, sedative and 'khat' use, as well as with mood and other psychotic disorders. Substance abuse disorders correlated significantly with other psychiatric disorders. Only 12 patients were in a drug rehabilitation unit, all of whom had a dual psychiatric diagnosis of affective disorder. There were high co-morbidity rates of substance abuse in both general psychiatric wards and drug rehabilitation units. KEY WORDS: substance abuse, co-morbidity, psychiatric disorders, Kenya
药物滥用与精神疾病合并症很常见,除肯尼亚外,已有广泛报道。本研究旨在确定药物滥用障碍和其他精神疾病双重诊断的患病率、模式和社会经济负担。这是一项横断面描述性研究,纳入了691名在Mathari医院住院的患者。只有42名患者有药物滥用的第一次有效诊断,但近35%的患者在精神疾病诊断和统计手册(第四版)的酒精依赖/滥用诊断中得分。酒精滥用/依赖与阿片类药物、镇静剂和阿拉伯茶的使用以及与情绪和其他精神障碍的发病率很高。药物滥用障碍与其他精神障碍显著相关。只有12名患者在戒毒康复中心,他们都有情感障碍的双重精神诊断。普通精神科病房和戒毒康复病房的药物滥用合并率都很高。关键词:药物滥用,合并症,精神障碍,肯尼亚
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引用次数: 9
Psychotic disorder, khat abuse and aggressive behavior in Somalia: a case report 索马里精神病、阿拉伯茶滥用和攻击行为:一例报告
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2009-09-29 DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46361
M. Odenwald, B. Lingenfelder, Wolfgang Peschel
The current literature on khat and mental disorders focuses on khat-induced disorders neglecting at large the adverse consequences of co-morbid use on pre-existing disorders. The case of a 32 year old Somali with a delusional disorder and co-morbid khat abuse is presented who killed a man in the state of paranoid delusions. The psychotic exacerbation prior to this incident was accompanied by an increase of khat intake. Co-morbid khat abuse can lead to the deterioration of psychotic disorders, can facilitate aggressive acts and complicates treatment. The medical and legal system of the countries where khat use reaches highest levels are not fully prepared to deal with such cases. Further research and the development of adequate prevention and treatment measures is urgently needed. KEY WORDS: khat, psychosis, co-morbidity, aggression, Somalia
目前关于阿拉伯茶和精神障碍的文献主要集中在阿拉伯茶引起的疾病上,而忽略了对已有疾病共病使用的不良后果。一名32岁的索马里人患有妄想障碍和合并症的阿拉伯茶滥用,他杀死了一名患有偏执妄想的男子。在此事件之前的精神病加重伴随着阿拉伯茶摄入量的增加。合并症的阿拉伯茶滥用可导致精神障碍的恶化,可促进攻击行为并使治疗复杂化。阿拉伯茶使用率最高的国家的医疗和法律制度没有为处理这类案件做好充分准备。迫切需要进一步研究和制定适当的预防和治疗措施。关键词:阿拉伯语,精神病,合并症,侵略,索马里
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引用次数: 9
An epidemiologic study of drug abuse and HIV and AIDS in Malawi 马拉维药物滥用与艾滋病毒和艾滋病的流行病学研究
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2009-09-29 DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46364
T. Bisika, S. Konyani, I. Chamangwana, G. Khanyizira
In this study we examine the prevalence of HIV among drug abusers in Malawi. A purposive sample of 200 drug abusers was invited to provide urine and blood samples. The subjects were selected from self-presenting drug abusers who visited a district hospital in Malawi. The urine samples from both men and women were tested for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Urine samples from women were also tested for pregnancy. The blood samples were tested for HIV. The study found a higher prevalence of HIV among non-injecting drug abusers, with those who abused alcohol being more likely to be HIV positive as compared to cannabis abusers. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was, however, low. The main conclusion from this study is that drug abuse is a risk factor for HIV and not as much for STIs, even in non-injecting drug abusers. KEY WORDS: Malawi, drug abuse, cannabis, HIV epidemiology, non injecting drug use, sexually transmitted infection
在这项研究中,我们检查艾滋病毒的流行在马拉维吸毒者。有目的的200名药物滥用者被邀请提供尿液和血液样本。研究对象选自马拉维一家地区医院的自述药物滥用者。对男性和女性的尿液样本进行了淋病和衣原体检测。女性的尿液样本也进行了怀孕测试。对血样进行了艾滋病毒检测。该研究发现,非注射毒品滥用者的艾滋病毒感染率较高,与大麻滥用者相比,酗酒者更有可能呈艾滋病毒阳性。然而,性传播感染的流行率很低。这项研究的主要结论是,药物滥用是艾滋病毒的一个危险因素,而不是性传播感染的一个危险因素,即使在非注射药物滥用者中也是如此。关键词:马拉维,药物滥用,大麻,HIV流行病学,非注射吸毒,性传播感染
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引用次数: 12
Influences on smoking behaviour of adolescents and young adults in a Nigerian university 尼日利亚一所大学对青少年和青年吸烟行为的影响
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2009-09-29 DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46366
O. O. Ojo, A. O. Lawani, M. Adedigba, S. Nwhator
The study investigated whether parenting style, parental level of education and smoking peers have any influence on the smoking behaviour of adolescents and young adults. The participants were students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the sample selection. Three hundred students who consented participated in the study. A self constructed questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the instrument was determined. The reliability of the instrument was also determined using test retest method. Correlation co-efficient of 0.75 was obtained. This study revealed that there is a significant influence of parenting style on the smoking behaviour of students (x2 = 36.03, df = 6, p ≤ 0.05). It also showed that there is a significant relationship between parents’ educational attainment and students’ smoking behaviour (x2 = 60.40, df = 6, p ≤ 0.05). Finally, it was revealed that there was a significant influence of peers on smoking behaviour (x2 = 19.97, df = 2, p ≤ 0.05). KEY WORDS: Smoking, Behaviour, Parent, Adolescent, University
该研究调查了父母教养方式、父母教育水平和吸烟同伴是否对青少年和年轻人的吸烟行为有任何影响。参与者是尼日利亚伊莱伊夫奥巴费米·阿沃洛沃大学的学生。样本选择采用目的性抽样技术。三百名同意的学生参加了这项研究。采用自编问卷收集资料。仪器的有效性被确定了。采用试验复测法确定了仪器的可靠性。相关系数为0.75。本研究发现,父母教养方式对学生吸烟行为有显著影响(x2 = 36.03, df = 6, p≤0.05)。家长受教育程度与学生吸烟行为存在显著相关(x2 = 60.40, df = 6, p≤0.05)。结果显示,同伴对吸烟行为有显著影响(x2 = 19.97, df = 2, p≤0.05)。关键词:吸烟,行为,家长,青少年,大学
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引用次数: 4
PreVAlence AnD Socio-DeMogrAPhic correlAteS of Alcohol uSe DiSorDerS AMong hiV PAtientS hiV患者中酒精使用障碍的患病率和社会人口学相关性
Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V10I1
S. Goar, M. Audu, M. Agbir, edward Dochalson
The rate of alcohol consumption is high among individuals living with HIV. The combination of hazardous alcohol drinking and HIV is deleterious to the health of the individual and the general public. Therefore, this study attempts to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in HIVinfected patients and to assess the socio-demographic factors associated with it. Across sectional descriptive study was conducted among 160 consecutive patients attending the infectious disease unit of the Plateau State Specialists Hospital Jos. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess alcohol use disorders. The estimated prevalence of alcohol related problems was 39.4% with 28.8% harmful drinking and 10.6% hazardous drinking (alcohol abuse); 33.1% had started drinking before they were diagnosed with HIV and 6.3% after diagnosis. Male sex (p=0.000), poor education(p=0.000) and low income (p=0.002) were significantly associated with alcohol use disorders. The study revealed that alcohol use disorders are high among HIV infected patients who are males with low socio-economic status. We therefore recommend for screening and treating alcohol problems in HIV patients. Key Words: Alcohol use disorders, socio-demographics, HIV/AIDS, harmful use
艾滋病毒感染者中饮酒的比例很高。有害饮酒和艾滋病毒的结合对个人和公众的健康都是有害的。因此,本研究试图估计艾滋病毒感染患者中酒精使用障碍的患病率,并评估与之相关的社会人口因素。横断面描述性研究在乔斯高原州立专科医院传染病科连续就诊的160例患者中进行。采用半结构化问卷收集社会人口变量数据,采用酒精使用障碍鉴定测试(AUDIT)评估酒精使用障碍。酒精相关问题的估计患病率为39.4%,其中有害饮酒占28.8%,有害饮酒(酒精滥用)占10.6%;33.1%的人在确诊前开始饮酒,6.3%的人在确诊后开始饮酒。男性(p=0.000)、教育程度低(p=0.000)和低收入(p=0.002)与酒精使用障碍显著相关。研究表明,在社会经济地位低的男性艾滋病毒感染者中,酒精使用障碍的比例很高。因此,我们建议筛查和治疗艾滋病毒患者的酒精问题。关键词:酒精使用障碍,社会人口统计学,HIV/AIDS,有害使用
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引用次数: 25
期刊
African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies
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