Pub Date : 2009-09-29DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46368
Cs Deveau
The spread of HIV among drug and alcohol users, as a high-risk group, is a significant problem in Africa, as in other parts of the world. Few programs have been implemented in Africa to deal specifically with this issue. Since November 2006, the AED Capable Partners Program in Kenya project has provided technical direction to eight Kenyan NGOs to design and implement programs to reduce the spread of HIV among this population. Programs were developed utilizing conventional outreach models modified for application in Kenya and various other community-based interventions geared to reduce HIV among substance abusers. In addition to outreach, programs also provide components of recovery services, VCT and general HIV education in varying degrees. The effectiveness of these programs is reviewed in this paper along with the need to develop advanced technical skills of NGOs to deliver more effective services. KEY WORDS: Alcohol, drug, community outreach, HIV and AIDS, Kenya
{"title":"HIV prevention among drug and alcohol users: models of intervention in Kenya","authors":"Cs Deveau","doi":"10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46368","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of HIV among drug and alcohol users, as a high-risk group, is a significant problem in Africa, as in other parts of the world. Few programs have been implemented in Africa to deal specifically with this issue. Since November 2006, the AED Capable Partners Program in Kenya project has provided technical direction to eight Kenyan NGOs to design and implement programs to reduce the spread of HIV among this population. Programs were developed utilizing conventional outreach models modified for application in Kenya and various other community-based interventions geared to reduce HIV among substance abusers. In addition to outreach, programs also provide components of recovery services, VCT and general HIV education in varying degrees. The effectiveness of these programs is reviewed in this paper along with the need to develop advanced technical skills of NGOs to deliver more effective services. \u0000KEY WORDS: Alcohol, drug, community outreach, HIV and AIDS, Kenya","PeriodicalId":39196,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70450078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-29DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46359
D. Ndetei, M. Pizzo, M. Kuria, L. Khasakhala, M. Maru, V. Mutiso
Substance abuse co-morbidity with psychiatric disorders is common and has been widely reported, except in Kenya. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern and socio-economic burden of a dual diagnosis of substance abuse disorder and other psychiatric conditions. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 691 patients admitted at Mathari hospital. Only 42 patients had a first working diagnosis of substance abuse but nearly thirty-five percent of the patients scored for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) diagnosis of alcohol dependance/abuse. There was high co-morbidity of alcohol abuse/dependence with opiate, sedative and 'khat' use, as well as with mood and other psychotic disorders. Substance abuse disorders correlated significantly with other psychiatric disorders. Only 12 patients were in a drug rehabilitation unit, all of whom had a dual psychiatric diagnosis of affective disorder. There were high co-morbidity rates of substance abuse in both general psychiatric wards and drug rehabilitation units. KEY WORDS: substance abuse, co-morbidity, psychiatric disorders, Kenya
{"title":"Substance abuse and psychiatric co-morbidities: a case study of patients at Mathari Psychiatric Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya","authors":"D. Ndetei, M. Pizzo, M. Kuria, L. Khasakhala, M. Maru, V. Mutiso","doi":"10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46359","url":null,"abstract":"Substance abuse co-morbidity with psychiatric disorders is common and has been widely reported, except in Kenya. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern and socio-economic burden of a dual diagnosis of substance abuse disorder and other psychiatric conditions. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 691 patients admitted at Mathari hospital. Only 42 patients had a first working diagnosis of substance abuse but nearly thirty-five percent of the patients \u0000scored for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) diagnosis of alcohol dependance/abuse. There was high co-morbidity of alcohol abuse/dependence with opiate, sedative and 'khat' use, as well as with mood and other psychotic disorders. Substance abuse disorders correlated significantly with other psychiatric disorders. Only 12 patients were in a drug rehabilitation unit, all of whom had a dual psychiatric diagnosis of affective disorder. \u0000There were high co-morbidity rates of substance abuse in both general psychiatric wards and drug rehabilitation units. \u0000 \u0000KEY WORDS: substance abuse, co-morbidity, psychiatric disorders, Kenya","PeriodicalId":39196,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-29DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46361
M. Odenwald, B. Lingenfelder, Wolfgang Peschel
The current literature on khat and mental disorders focuses on khat-induced disorders neglecting at large the adverse consequences of co-morbid use on pre-existing disorders. The case of a 32 year old Somali with a delusional disorder and co-morbid khat abuse is presented who killed a man in the state of paranoid delusions. The psychotic exacerbation prior to this incident was accompanied by an increase of khat intake. Co-morbid khat abuse can lead to the deterioration of psychotic disorders, can facilitate aggressive acts and complicates treatment. The medical and legal system of the countries where khat use reaches highest levels are not fully prepared to deal with such cases. Further research and the development of adequate prevention and treatment measures is urgently needed. KEY WORDS: khat, psychosis, co-morbidity, aggression, Somalia
{"title":"Psychotic disorder, khat abuse and aggressive behavior in Somalia: a case report","authors":"M. Odenwald, B. Lingenfelder, Wolfgang Peschel","doi":"10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46361","url":null,"abstract":"The current literature on khat and mental disorders focuses on khat-induced disorders neglecting at large the adverse consequences of co-morbid use on pre-existing disorders. The case of a 32 year old Somali with a delusional disorder and co-morbid khat abuse is presented who killed a man in the \u0000state of paranoid delusions. The psychotic exacerbation prior to this incident was accompanied by an increase of khat intake. Co-morbid khat abuse can lead to the deterioration of psychotic disorders, can facilitate aggressive acts and complicates treatment. The medical and legal system of the countries \u0000where khat use reaches highest levels are not fully prepared to deal with such cases. Further research and the development of adequate prevention and treatment measures is urgently needed. \u0000 \u0000KEY WORDS: khat, psychosis, co-morbidity, aggression, Somalia","PeriodicalId":39196,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I1.46361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-29DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46364
T. Bisika, S. Konyani, I. Chamangwana, G. Khanyizira
In this study we examine the prevalence of HIV among drug abusers in Malawi. A purposive sample of 200 drug abusers was invited to provide urine and blood samples. The subjects were selected from self-presenting drug abusers who visited a district hospital in Malawi. The urine samples from both men and women were tested for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Urine samples from women were also tested for pregnancy. The blood samples were tested for HIV. The study found a higher prevalence of HIV among non-injecting drug abusers, with those who abused alcohol being more likely to be HIV positive as compared to cannabis abusers. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was, however, low. The main conclusion from this study is that drug abuse is a risk factor for HIV and not as much for STIs, even in non-injecting drug abusers. KEY WORDS: Malawi, drug abuse, cannabis, HIV epidemiology, non injecting drug use, sexually transmitted infection
{"title":"An epidemiologic study of drug abuse and HIV and AIDS in Malawi","authors":"T. Bisika, S. Konyani, I. Chamangwana, G. Khanyizira","doi":"10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46364","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we examine the prevalence of HIV among drug abusers in Malawi. A purposive sample of 200 drug abusers was invited to provide urine and blood samples. The subjects were selected from self-presenting drug abusers who visited a district hospital in Malawi. The urine samples from both men and women were tested for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Urine samples from women were also tested for pregnancy. The blood samples were tested for HIV. The study found a higher prevalence of HIV among non-injecting drug abusers, with those who abused alcohol being more likely to be HIV positive as compared to cannabis abusers. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was, however, low. The main conclusion from this study is that drug abuse is a risk factor for HIV and not as much for STIs, even in non-injecting drug abusers. \u0000KEY WORDS: Malawi, drug abuse, cannabis, HIV epidemiology, non injecting drug use, sexually transmitted infection","PeriodicalId":39196,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-29DOI: 10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46366
O. O. Ojo, A. O. Lawani, M. Adedigba, S. Nwhator
The study investigated whether parenting style, parental level of education and smoking peers have any influence on the smoking behaviour of adolescents and young adults. The participants were students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the sample selection. Three hundred students who consented participated in the study. A self constructed questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the instrument was determined. The reliability of the instrument was also determined using test retest method. Correlation co-efficient of 0.75 was obtained. This study revealed that there is a significant influence of parenting style on the smoking behaviour of students (x2 = 36.03, df = 6, p ≤ 0.05). It also showed that there is a significant relationship between parents’ educational attainment and students’ smoking behaviour (x2 = 60.40, df = 6, p ≤ 0.05). Finally, it was revealed that there was a significant influence of peers on smoking behaviour (x2 = 19.97, df = 2, p ≤ 0.05). KEY WORDS: Smoking, Behaviour, Parent, Adolescent, University
{"title":"Influences on smoking behaviour of adolescents and young adults in a Nigerian university","authors":"O. O. Ojo, A. O. Lawani, M. Adedigba, S. Nwhator","doi":"10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46366","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigated whether parenting style, parental level of education and smoking peers have any influence on the smoking behaviour of adolescents and young adults. The participants were students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the sample selection. Three hundred students who consented participated in the study. A self constructed questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the instrument was determined. The reliability of the instrument was also determined using test retest method. Correlation co-efficient of 0.75 was obtained. This study revealed that there is a significant influence of parenting style on the smoking behaviour of students (x2 = 36.03, df = 6, p ≤ 0.05). It also showed that there is a significant relationship between parents’ educational attainment and students’ smoking behaviour (x2 = 60.40, df = 6, p ≤ 0.05). Finally, it was revealed that there was a significant influence of peers on smoking behaviour (x2 = 19.97, df = 2, p ≤ 0.05). \u0000KEY WORDS: Smoking, Behaviour, Parent, Adolescent, University","PeriodicalId":39196,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/AJDAS.V7I2.46366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rate of alcohol consumption is high among individuals living with HIV. The combination of hazardous alcohol drinking and HIV is deleterious to the health of the individual and the general public. Therefore, this study attempts to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in HIVinfected patients and to assess the socio-demographic factors associated with it. Across sectional descriptive study was conducted among 160 consecutive patients attending the infectious disease unit of the Plateau State Specialists Hospital Jos. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess alcohol use disorders. The estimated prevalence of alcohol related problems was 39.4% with 28.8% harmful drinking and 10.6% hazardous drinking (alcohol abuse); 33.1% had started drinking before they were diagnosed with HIV and 6.3% after diagnosis. Male sex (p=0.000), poor education(p=0.000) and low income (p=0.002) were significantly associated with alcohol use disorders. The study revealed that alcohol use disorders are high among HIV infected patients who are males with low socio-economic status. We therefore recommend for screening and treating alcohol problems in HIV patients. Key Words: Alcohol use disorders, socio-demographics, HIV/AIDS, harmful use
{"title":"PreVAlence AnD Socio-DeMogrAPhic correlAteS of Alcohol uSe DiSorDerS AMong hiV PAtientS","authors":"S. Goar, M. Audu, M. Agbir, edward Dochalson","doi":"10.4314/AJDAS.V10I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AJDAS.V10I1","url":null,"abstract":"The rate of alcohol consumption is high among individuals living with HIV. The combination of hazardous alcohol drinking and HIV is deleterious to the health of the individual and the general public. Therefore, this study attempts to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in HIVinfected patients and to assess the socio-demographic factors associated with it. Across sectional descriptive study was conducted among 160 consecutive patients attending the infectious disease unit of the Plateau State Specialists Hospital Jos. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess alcohol use disorders. The estimated prevalence of alcohol related problems was 39.4% with 28.8% harmful drinking and 10.6% hazardous drinking (alcohol abuse); 33.1% had started drinking before they were diagnosed with HIV and 6.3% after diagnosis. Male sex (p=0.000), poor education(p=0.000) and low income (p=0.002) were significantly associated with alcohol use disorders. The study revealed that alcohol use disorders are high among HIV infected patients who are males with low socio-economic status. We therefore recommend for screening and treating alcohol problems in HIV patients. Key Words: Alcohol use disorders, socio-demographics, HIV/AIDS, harmful use","PeriodicalId":39196,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70448313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}