Waterlines最新文献

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An investigation of private operator models for the management of rural water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. 对撒哈拉以南非洲农村供水管理的私营经营者模式的调查。

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.18-00005

William van der Byl, R. Carter

Concerns over rural water service functionality and sustainability have led to a range of alternative rural water supply (RWS) management models being investigated and trialled, including the private operator (PO) management model. This study aimed to construct a rapid assessment framework (RAF) to determine if the PO management model is appropriate for RWS. Data collection consisted of a review of literature and interviews conducted with key informants involved in RWS in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The synthesis of the literature review and interview analysis findings resulted in six themes, critical to the PO management model, being identified. In the right circumstances, PO management models can be a viable option to help address the sustainability of RWS in SSA. However, private sector involvement is not a panacea for RWS and, therefore a mix of management models is required if sustainable development goal 6 is to be achieved.

对农村供水服务功能和可持续性的关注导致了一系列替代农村供水(RWS)管理模式的研究和试验，包括私营经营者(PO)管理模式。本研究旨在构建一个快速评估框架(RAF)，以确定订单管理模式是否适用于RWS。数据收集包括对文献的审查和对撒哈拉以南非洲RWS (SSA)的主要线人进行的访谈。文献综述和访谈分析结果的综合导致六个主题，对采购订单管理模式至关重要，被确定。在适当的情况下，PO管理模型可以是一个可行的选择，以帮助解决SSA中RWS的可持续性。然而，私营部门的参与并不是农业生产的万灵药，因此，如果要实现可持续发展目标6，就需要混合管理模式。

引用次数: 3

Transgender-inclusive sanitation: insights from South Asia 包容跨性别的环境卫生：来自南亚的见解

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.18-00004

P. Boyce, Sarah Brown, S. Cavill, Sonalee Chaukekar, B. Chisenga, M. Dash, R. K. Dasgupta, N. Brosse, Pawan Dhall, J. Fisher, Marli Gutierrez-Patterson, Oinam Hemabati, Andrés Hueso, Salmaan Khan, Santa Khurai, A. Patkar, Priyabrata Nath, M. Snel, K. Thapa

This paper provides insights from initiatives to include transgender people in sanitation programming in South Asia. Three case studies of recent actions to make sanitation inclusive for transgender people (in India and Nepal) are presented, accompanied by reflections and recommendations to guide future practice. Practitioners are recommended to: engage with transgender people as partners at all stages of an initiative; recognize that the language of gender identity is not fixed, varying across cultures and between generations; and acknowledge that transgender people are not a single homogeneous group but rather have diverse identities, histories, and priorities. The case studies aim to raise awareness of the diversity of transgender identities, exploring the needs and aspirations of transgender women, transgender men, and third gender people in South Asia.

本文从将跨性别者纳入南亚卫生规划的举措中提供了见解。本文介绍了最近在印度和尼泊尔为跨性别者提供包容性卫生设施所采取行动的三个案例研究，并提出了指导未来实践的思考和建议。建议从业人员:在倡议的各个阶段与跨性别者合作;认识到性别认同的语言不是固定的，在不同的文化和代际之间是不同的;并承认跨性别者不是一个单一的同质群体，而是具有不同的身份、历史和优先事项。这些案例研究旨在提高人们对跨性别身份多样性的认识，探讨南亚跨性别女性、跨性别男性和第三性别人群的需求和愿望。

引用次数: 21

Financial performance of community-managed small-town water systems in north-western Ghana 加纳西北部社区管理的小城镇供水系统的财务业绩

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.17-00022

N. Fielmua

In a quest to ensure sustainability of water services delivery, the provision and management of potable water in small towns has gone through reforms, resulting in the current practice of community-based water management. It is assumed that community level actors are closest to the water resources and are in a better position to devise strategies to manage them. This paper assesses the financial self-sufficiency of community-managed water systems in Ghana. The study was based on content analysis of the water systems finances and separate focus group discussions with water management bodies. The main source of revenue for operation and maintenance is through water user-charges. While the expenditure pattern remains relatively stable, there is a highly undulating revenue pattern. The presence of unregulated alternative sources of water, especially in the rainy season, and weak oversight responsibility on water management are detrimental to the financial self-sufficiency of the water systems.

为了确保供水服务的可持续性，小城镇的饮用水供应和管理进行了改革，形成了目前以社区为基础的水管理做法。据推测，社区一级的行动者离水资源最近，能够更好地制定管理水资源的战略。本文评估了加纳社区管理供水系统的财政自给自足情况。该研究基于对供水系统财务的内容分析以及与水管理机构的单独焦点小组讨论。运营和维护的主要收入来源是水费。虽然支出模式保持相对稳定，但收入模式波动很大。不受管制的替代水源的存在，特别是在雨季，以及对水管理的监督责任薄弱，都不利于供水系统的财政自给自足。

引用次数: 3

Sustainability and long-term impact of community-managed water supply in rural Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia 中亚吉尔吉斯斯坦农村社区管理供水的可持续性和长期影响

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.17-00021

C. Wardle, Nazgul Zakiriaeva

How can Community Managed Water Supply (CMWS) become more sustainable? Recent studies in several countries indicate that the sustainability of many CMWS is poor. As a result, their long term impact on village lives is limited. This paper presents the findings of research on the sustainability and long-term impact of a group of CMWS created by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSSP) in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. This project adopted a Community-Based Approach to maximize the sustainability and long-term impact of its CMWS. The research assessed the sustainability of these CMWS a decade after their completion. It used six measures to assess sustainability and examined four long-term impacts. The results are compared with studies from other countries. The influence of Community-Based Approach (CBA) on the results is discussed. Recommendations are made for changes in policies and strategies to improve the sustainability and long term impact of future CMWS in Central Asia and elsewhere.

社区管理供水(CMWS)如何变得更可持续?最近一些国家的研究表明，许多CMWS的可持续性很差。因此，它们对村庄生活的长期影响是有限的。本文介绍了对中亚吉尔吉斯斯坦农村供水和卫生项目(RWSSP)创建的一组CMWS的可持续性和长期影响的研究结果。该项目采用了以社区为基础的方法，以最大限度地提高其CMWS的可持续性和长期影响。该研究评估了这些CMWS建成十年后的可持续性。它使用六项措施来评估可持续性，并检查了四项长期影响。结果与其他国家的研究结果进行了比较。讨论了基于社区的方法(CBA)对结果的影响。对政策和战略的变化提出了建议，以提高中亚和其他地区未来CMWS的可持续性和长期影响。

引用次数: 6

Editorial: Reflecting, listening, and doing better 社论：反思，倾听，做得更好

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-04-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.2018.37-2ED

R. Carter

Each year I teach a module on ‘international development’ (with a particular focus on WASH) to a postgraduate class drawn from many countries. We discuss both the ideas and concepts which underlie development and disaster risk reduction, and also some of the practicalities and realities of these challenging endeavours. Teaching and being questioned by bright and enquiring individuals who come from a wide range of professional and cultural experiences presents a welcome opportunity to reflect again on what this work is all about.

每年，我都会为来自许多国家的研究生班教授一个关于“国际发展”的模块（特别关注讲卫生）。我们讨论了发展和减少灾害风险的思想和概念，也讨论了这些具有挑战性的努力的一些实际情况和现实。来自广泛的专业和文化经验的聪明、善于询问的人进行教学和提问，为我们提供了一个重新思考这项工作的机会。

引用次数: 0

Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in outbreak response: a synthesis of evidence 疫情应对中的水、环境卫生和个人卫生干预措施:证据综合

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.17-00015

T. Yates, J. Vujcic, M. Joseph, K. Gallandat, D. Lantagne

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are key to reducing the burden of disease associated with outbreaks, and are commonly implemented in emergency response. However, there is a lack of summarized evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of these interventions. We conducted a systematic review of published and grey literature by developing theory of change models, developing inclusion criteria, conducting the search, selecting evaluations for inclusion, assessing the quality of the evidence, and analysing the included evaluations. Overall, 15,026 documents were identified and 51 evaluations from 47 studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions from 19 countries were included, primarily in response to cholera (86 per cent). Most included evaluations (70 per cent) were at high risk of bias and nearly half were from grey literature (49 per cent). We found that WASH interventions consistently reduced both the risk of disease and the risk of transmission in outbreak contexts; however, programm...

水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH)干预措施是减轻与疫情有关的疾病负担的关键，通常在应急响应中实施。然而，缺乏关于这些干预措施的功效和有效性的总结证据。我们通过建立变化理论模型、制定纳入标准、进行检索、选择纳入评价、评估证据质量和分析纳入评价，对已发表的文献和灰色文献进行了系统回顾。总共有15026篇文献被确定，47项研究的51项评价符合纳入标准。包括19个国家的干预措施，主要是应对霍乱(86%)。大多数纳入的评估(70%)有很高的偏倚风险，近一半来自灰色文献(49%)。我们发现，在疫情背景下，WASH干预措施持续降低了疾病风险和传播风险;然而,程序……

引用次数: 29

An evaluation of a bucket chlorination campaign during a cholera outbreak in rural Cameroon. 对喀麦隆农村霍乱暴发期间水桶氯化运动的评价

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.00009

Jennifer Murphy, Emily Cartwright, Brianna Johnson, Tracy Ayers, Wendy Worthington, Eric D Mintz

Bucket chlorination (where workers stationed at water sources manually add chlorine solution to recipients' water containers during collection) is a common emergency response intervention with little evidence to support its effectiveness in preventing waterborne disease. We evaluated a bucket chlorination intervention implemented during a cholera outbreak by visiting 234 recipients' homes across five intervention villages to conduct an unannounced survey and test stored household drinking water for free chlorine residual (FCR). Overall, 89 per cent of survey respondents reported receiving bucket chlorination, and 80 per cent reported receiving the intervention in the previous 24 hours. However, only 8 per cent of stored household water samples that were reportedly treated only with bucket chlorination in the previous 24 hours had FCR ≥0.2 mg/l. Current international guidelines for bucket chlorination recommend an empirically derived dosage determined 30 minutes after chlorine addition, and do not account for water storage in the home. In controlled investigations we conducted, an initial FCR of 1.5 mg/l resulted in FCR ≥0.5 mg/l for 24 hours in representative household plastic and clay storage containers. To ensure reduction of the risk of waterborne disease, we recommend revising bucket chlorination protocols to recommend a chlorine dosage sufficient to maintain FCR ≥0.2 mg/l for 24 hours in recipients' household stored drinking water.

桶式氯化(工作人员在水源收集过程中手动向受助者的水容器中添加氯溶液)是一种常见的应急干预措施。

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引用次数: 0

A pilot study of a combined energy and water hub in Gambia 冈比亚联合能源和水中心的试点研究

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.17-00017

A. Swan, Daniel Ballam, Isobelle Logan

Many people across the developing world live ‘off-grid’ in terms of access to mains electricity, and therefore depend on alternative power sources to recharge their mobile phones. These recharging facilities are typically located in shops or informal businesses, and are often powered by a diesel generator or solar panel. Many of these rural communities are also served by local water infrastructure that has fallen into a state of disrepair. It has been reported that many individuals are prepared to pay a small regular fee to recharge their mobile phone, while their wider communities may often claim to lack sufficient funds to keep their water infrastructure maintained. This article introduces a pilot study in The Gambia that combines an off-grid recharging hub with a community water point. It is proposed that a proportion of the income generated by this enterprise could be retained and used to fund the ongoing maintenance costs of the recharging hub and the local water infrastructure.

发展中国家的许多人生活在“离网”的环境中，无法获得主电力，因此依靠替代电源为他们的手机充电。这些充电设施通常位于商店或非正规企业，通常由柴油发电机或太阳能电池板供电。许多农村社区的供水基础设施也已经年久失修。据报道，许多个人愿意支付少量的定期费用来为他们的手机充电，而他们更广泛的社区可能经常声称缺乏足够的资金来维持他们的供水基础设施。本文介绍了冈比亚的一项试点研究，该研究将离网充电中心与社区供水点相结合。兹建议，可以保留这一企业所产生的一部分收入，用于资助充电中心和当地供水基础设施的持续维修费用。

引用次数: 1

Study to assess considerations in selection of specific toilet design in rural Raipur, Chhattisgarh 研究评估在恰蒂斯加尔邦赖布尔农村选择特定厕所设计的考虑因素

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.17-00018

Rohan S. Katepallewar, Nileshkumar Kshirsagar

The practice of open defecation in India has been a riddle to date and numerous efforts are being made to decode the reasons behind it. Studies spearheaded by Diane Coffey, Dean Spears, and their team, point out the deeply rooted caste-based norms in Indian society as a basic reason for non-acceptance of toilets in the day-to-day life of the rural population. The SQUAT survey indicates that in most parts of India, the idea of purity/impurity associated with toilet maintenance obstructs people from selecting affordable twin pit toilets. However, while implementing Swach Bharat Mission Gramin (SBM) in rural parts of Chhattisgarh, the authors of this paper observed that caste-based inhibitions are not very significant among local communities. Instead, there are other social conditioning processes which obstruct people from selecting the twin pit-based toilet design. Accordingly, a dedicated strategy is employed to convince people about the benefits of twin pit-based toilets. As a result, it is found that the...

迄今为止，露天排便在印度一直是个谜，人们正在努力破解其背后的原因。由Diane Coffey, Dean Spears和他们的团队领导的研究指出，印度社会根深蒂固的基于种姓的规范是农村人口日常生活中不接受厕所的基本原因。蹲点调查表明，在印度大部分地区，与厕所维护有关的纯洁/不纯洁的想法阻碍了人们选择负担得起的双坑厕所。然而，当在恰蒂斯加尔邦的农村地区实施Swach Bharat Mission Gramin (SBM)时，本文的作者观察到，基于种姓的抑制在当地社区中并不十分重要。相反，还有其他社会条件作用阻碍人们选择双坑式厕所设计。因此，一个专门的策略被用来说服人们相信双坑式厕所的好处。因此，我们发现……

引用次数: 0

Efficacy and effectiveness of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in emergencies in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review 低收入和中等收入国家紧急情况中水、环境卫生和个人卫生干预措施的效力和效果:系统回顾

Q4 Environmental Science

Waterlines

Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.3362/1756-3488.17-00016

T. Yates, J. Vujcic, M. Joseph, K. Gallandat, D. Lantagne

There are increasing numbers of people affected by natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and conflict. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are used in nearly all emergency responses to help reduce disease risk. However, there is a lack of summarized evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of these interventions. We conducted a systematic review of the published and grey literature on the efficacy and effectiveness of short-term WASH interventions in emergency response in low- and middle-income countries, including: developing theory of change models; setting inclusion criteria; conducting the search; selecting evaluations for inclusion; assessing the quality of the evidence; and analysing the included evaluations. Overall, 15,026 documents were identified and 106 studies describing 114 evaluations met inclusion criteria. Interventions from 39 countries were included. Most included evaluations (77 per cent) had high risk of bias and half were from grey literature (50 per cent). For the m...

越来越多的人受到自然灾害、疾病爆发和冲突的影响。水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH)干预措施几乎被用于所有应急响应，以帮助降低疾病风险。然而，缺乏关于这些干预措施的功效和有效性的总结证据。我们对低收入和中等收入国家应急反应中短期讲卫生运动干预措施的功效和有效性的已发表文献和灰色文献进行了系统审查，包括:发展变革理论模型;制定纳入标准;进行搜索;选择评价纳入;评估证据的质量;并对纳入的评价进行分析。总共有15026份文献被确定，106项研究描述了114项评估符合纳入标准。包括来自39个国家的干预措施。大多数纳入的评估(77%)有很高的偏倚风险，一半来自灰色文献(50%)。对我来说……

引用次数: 28

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