{"title":"映像表現とコンピュータグラフィックス","authors":"","doi":"10.3169/itej.75.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.75.289","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69462641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
联合国欧洲经济委员会(UN/ECE)制定的规则UNR46《关于间接视野的协定规则》1)于2016年6月18日进行了修订，在欧洲将汽车后视镜改为摄像头监视器(Camera)。可以代替Monitor System:CMS)。在这之后，日本国土交通省也将道路运输车辆的保安基准第44条“后照镜等”2)改为UN-R46。与此同时，丰田汽车于2018年10月率先推出了用CMS代替后视镜的所谓电子后视镜车。(NHTSA)5)两家汽车厂商申请了替代后视镜的CMS许可(截止到2018年10月)，美国自动汽车安全标准(FMVSS)No.111的修订开始了。关于CMS与传统反射镜相比的潜在优点，根据Terzis6、Schmidt et al. 7等介绍，(1)利用广角相机扩大视野，减少死角;(2)监视器不受后视镜的制约，可配置于车内各种位置;(3)降低空气动力阻力，提高耗油量;(4)即使在夜间行驶或下雨等恶劣天气下，后方视野也能清晰显示在这些优点中，(1)和(2)包含了直接影响安全性和舒适性的人体工程学研究课题。在用CMS代替后视镜时，最符合人体工程学。重要的研究课题是验证监视器对后车距离和速度的感知精度是否不亚于后视镜。在修改an - r46之前，密歇根大学交通研究所(UMTRI)8)~10)以及德国联邦道路交通研究所(FHRI)7)11正在比较后视镜和监视器的感知。根据这些研究，即使用CMS代替后视镜，距离和速度度的知觉得出了安全上没有问题的结论。例如，在二维的监视器中，虽然不能像镜子那样使用调节和辐辏的深度知觉线索，但可以根据车辆的相对差距、视野内的垂直位置等，将距离和速度控制在镜子以下这是因为需要判断距离的后车在20m ~ 80m后方，在这个距离内由于调节和辐辏而产生的深度灵敏度较低，所以后车的相对尺寸和因为视场内的垂直位置是主要线索。在二维的监视器中，即使驾驶员移动头部，图像内的相对位置也不会发生变化，这就是相对尺寸和视场。也有可能是为了便于掌握内部位置的高度。Schmidt et al.7)11)通过后视镜和CMS让驾驶员估算出变更车道时与后车的安全间隔(Last Safe Gap)。结果表明，CMS的安全间隔更大。也就是说，与后视镜相比，CMS更安全。以行驶环境、行驶速度、驾驶经验、左右的差异为变量，实验性地研究了可替代汽车后视镜的摄像机监视器系统(CMS)所要求的视场大小(摄像机视场)。让驾驶经验丰富的23名学生drayba将在多种行驶条件下录制的后方视野影像的视野大小调整到合适条件。静止车辆的网窝主板上的左右7英寸显示器调整了部署了驾驶席开始。驱动调整了cms的水平视野是23名的平均值41゚~ 45゚。左转时越宽、驾驶经验越长的司机越宽的倾向显著，而其他的变数则不显著。水平视野41゚~ 45゚,降低现有米勒死角更广的有利,但为了显示率的限制,实现这种大小的视场并不容易，以监视器尺寸和视距为变量，对可实现的视场大小进行了思考，并指出需要考虑主要取决于驾驶经验的个体差异。
{"title":"Requirements and Implementability for the Size of Field of View for Camera Monitor Systems as a Replacement for Side Mirrors in Cars","authors":"S. Kubota, Hayato Kikuta, Tomoaki Ryu, H. Kitajima","doi":"10.3169/ITEJ.75.319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/ITEJ.75.319","url":null,"abstract":"国際連合欧州経済委員会(UN/ECE)が定める規則UNR46「間接視界に関する協定規則」1)が,2016年6月18日に 改定され,欧州では自動車のミラーをカメラモニタシステ ム(Camera Monitor System:CMS)で代替することが可 能となった.この直後,我が国の国土交通省も道路運送車 両の保安基準第44条「後写鏡等」2)をUN-R46に合わせて改 定した.それに伴いトヨタ自動車が2018年10月にサイド ミラーをCMSで代替したいわゆる電子ミラー車を世界に先 駆けて発売した3)4).その後,米国運輸省道路交通安全局 (NHTSA)5)でも自動車メーカ2社からサイドミラーを代替 するCMSの認可申請(2018年10月時点)があり,米国自動 車安全基準(FMVSS)No.111の改定へ向けて動き出した. 従来のミラーと比較したCMSの潜在的な利点について は,Terzis6),Schmidt et al. 7)などによると,(1)広角カメ ラの利用により視野が広がり死角が減少する,(2)モニタ は従来ミラーの制約を受けずに車内のさまざまな位置に配 置できる,(3)空力抵抗が低減し燃費が向上する,(4)夜間 走行や雨などの悪天候においても後方視界を確実に表示で きる,などが挙げられている.これらの利点の中で,(1) と(2)は安全性と快適性に直接影響する人間工学的な検討 課題を含んでいる. ミラーをCMSで代替するにあたって,人間工学的に最も 重要な検討課題は,モニタによる後続車の距離と速度の知覚 精度が,ミラーに劣らないことを検証することであった. UN-R46 の改定に先立って,ミシガン大学交通研究所 (UMTRI)8)~10)およびドイツ連邦道路交通研究所(FHRI)7)11) ではミラーとモニタによる知覚が比較検討されている.こ れらの研究によると,ミラーをCMSで代替しても距離と速 度の知覚は安全上問題がないと結論づけている. 例えば,二次元のモニタでは,ミラーのように調節や輻 輳よる奥行き知覚の手がかりが使えないが,車両の相対サ イズ,視野内の垂直位置などから距離と速度をミラーと遜 色なく知覚できるとしている8)9).これは,距離判断が求 められる後続車が20 m~80 m後方にあり,この距離では 調節や輻輳による奥行感度が低く,後続車の相対サイズと 視野内の垂直位置が支配的な手がかりとなる12)ためである. むしろ,二次元のモニタではドライバが頭部を動かしても 画像内の相対的位置が変化しないことが相対サイズや視野 内の位置の高さを把握しやすくしている可能性もある. Schmidt et al.7)11)は,車線変更時の後続車との安全間隔 (Last Safe Gap)を,ミラーとCMSでドライバに見積もら せた結果,CMSの方が安全間隔を広くとる傾向があったと している.つまり,ミラーよりCMSの方が安全側に判断す あらまし 自動車のサイドミラーを代替するカメラモニタシステム(CMS)に求められる視野の大きさ(カメラの視 野)を,走行環境,走行速度,運転経験,左右の違いを変数として実験的に検討した.運転経験が豊富な学生ドライ バ23名に,多様な走行条件で収録した後方視界映像の視野の大きさを好適条件に調整させた.静止車両のダッシュ ボード上の左右に7型モニタを配置して運転席から調整した.ドライバが調整したCMSの水平視野は23名の平均値 で41゚~45゚であった.左折時に広く,運転経験が長いドライバほど広いという傾向は有意であったが,その他の変 数は有意ではなかった.水平視野41゚~45゚は,従来ミラーより広く死角の低減に有利だが,表示倍率の規制のため, この大きさの視野の実装は容易ではない.モニタサイズと視距離を変数として,実装可能な視野の大きさについて考 察した.また,主に運転経験に依存する個人差を考慮する必要性を指摘した.","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69463402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The History of Living in Japan for 20 Years","authors":"Tianqi Li","doi":"10.3169/itej.74.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.74.112","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69449180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New SNG System for Realizing Increase of Efficiency, Bidirectional Communication and Automatization the Operation of Satellite Circuit","authors":"Shintaro Akinobu, Masaki Tomiyoshi, Masaki Yoshimura","doi":"10.3169/itej.74.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.74.162","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69449759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2-3 V2X通信を利用した協調型自動運転への流れ","authors":"Ken-ichi Sato","doi":"10.3169/itej.74.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.74.249","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69452480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2-4. Standardization of Cellular Communication Technologies for Connected and Automated Vehicles","authors":"Kenji Hori","doi":"10.3169/itej.74.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.74.255","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69452588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1-3. Outline and Topics (3); Image sensors with new principle and their application systems","authors":"S. Imura","doi":"10.3169/itej.74.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.74.273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69453817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"アントレプレナー・エンジニアリングの研究動向","authors":"Satoshi Kabasawa","doi":"10.3169/itej.74.342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.74.342","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69455131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"5. Application of 5G Mobile Communication Systems to the Manufacturing Industry","authors":"T. Ikenaga, T. Nishida","doi":"10.3169/itej.74.441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3169/itej.74.441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39325,"journal":{"name":"Kyokai Joho Imeji Zasshi/Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69460105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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