Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000178
John Rucker
Abstract: Content analysis is a storied and notorious supplement to Rorschach interpretation. This interpretive venture can prove fruitful in eliciting an interpreter’s experience-near subjectivity that otherwise escapes self-report or direct expression. Rorschach content analysis is particularly compelling when exploring the more frequent or recurring themes elicited through recurring content imagery. As Schafer (1954, p. 142) wrote, “it is the choice and patterning of these images that carry the patient’s individual stamp.” This paper aims to convey an individual stamp through a case study of a woman embedded in circumstances that appeared to decorate her percepts in imagery of captivity, immobility, seclusion, and feeling stuck. Supplementary to her summary of scores, a Rorschach content analysis was applied to refine the interpretation of her protocol, spark conversation, and help the patient feel more accurately understood.
{"title":"When Inkblot Imitates Life – A Case Study of Rorschach Content Analysis","authors":"John Rucker","doi":"10.1027/1192-5604/a000178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000178","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Content analysis is a storied and notorious supplement to Rorschach interpretation. This interpretive venture can prove fruitful in eliciting an interpreter’s experience-near subjectivity that otherwise escapes self-report or direct expression. Rorschach content analysis is particularly compelling when exploring the more frequent or recurring themes elicited through recurring content imagery. As Schafer (1954, p. 142) wrote, “it is the choice and patterning of these images that carry the patient’s individual stamp.” This paper aims to convey an individual stamp through a case study of a woman embedded in circumstances that appeared to decorate her percepts in imagery of captivity, immobility, seclusion, and feeling stuck. Supplementary to her summary of scores, a Rorschach content analysis was applied to refine the interpretation of her protocol, spark conversation, and help the patient feel more accurately understood.","PeriodicalId":39365,"journal":{"name":"Rorschachiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000176
Rita Tóth-Vajna, Emöke Bagdy, Csilla Lakatos, Zsolt Szatmári, Tamás Martos
Abstract: The processometric Consensus Rorschach Test is a method for analyzing the dynamics of couple communication in negotiation-based interactions. We present the development and first psychometric evaluation of the processometric Consensus Rorschach Test II (pCRT-II), which introduces several innovations to previous coding systems. Using the pCRT-II, couple communication can be assessed on dimensions of dominance, constructiveness, and emotional closeness. Intercoder reliability was demonstrated using intraclass correlations in three coders’ 15 pCRT-II protocols. Results showed that trained coders can code the three pCRT-II dimensions reliably. Moreover, we assessed the interactions of 155 heterosexual couples using the pCRT-II. Internal consistency tests of the scores of the three dimensions of the pCRT-II on the 10 Rorschach cards separately aggregated by gender indicated that the reliability of the scales is adequate. We also administered the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI) and the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) to a subsample of 134 couples and tested the associations of the scales with the pCRT-II dimensions using the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM). Results demonstrated that pCRT-II has adequate concurrent validity. Based on the findings, the coding system is promising in that it can be used to gain new insights into the functioning of couples by examining their communication processes in detail.
{"title":"The Processometric Consensus Rorschach Test (pCRT-II) – An Improved Evaluation System","authors":"Rita Tóth-Vajna, Emöke Bagdy, Csilla Lakatos, Zsolt Szatmári, Tamás Martos","doi":"10.1027/1192-5604/a000176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000176","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The processometric Consensus Rorschach Test is a method for analyzing the dynamics of couple communication in negotiation-based interactions. We present the development and first psychometric evaluation of the processometric Consensus Rorschach Test II (pCRT-II), which introduces several innovations to previous coding systems. Using the pCRT-II, couple communication can be assessed on dimensions of dominance, constructiveness, and emotional closeness. Intercoder reliability was demonstrated using intraclass correlations in three coders’ 15 pCRT-II protocols. Results showed that trained coders can code the three pCRT-II dimensions reliably. Moreover, we assessed the interactions of 155 heterosexual couples using the pCRT-II. Internal consistency tests of the scores of the three dimensions of the pCRT-II on the 10 Rorschach cards separately aggregated by gender indicated that the reliability of the scales is adequate. We also administered the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI) and the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) to a subsample of 134 couples and tested the associations of the scales with the pCRT-II dimensions using the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM). Results demonstrated that pCRT-II has adequate concurrent validity. Based on the findings, the coding system is promising in that it can be used to gain new insights into the functioning of couples by examining their communication processes in detail.","PeriodicalId":39365,"journal":{"name":"Rorschachiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140282676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000175
Marvin W. Acklin
Abstract: This article examines the historical background of the Behn-Rorschach Test based on new document translations, including the dissertation ( Psychische Schüleruntersuchngen mit dem Formdeutversuch) conducted by H. Behn-Eschenburg under Hermann Rorschach’s direct supervision and published in 1921. The Behn-Eschenburg dissertation was published at the same time and is a companion piece to Psychodiagnostics. The dissertation project applied Rorschach’s clinical theory and coding scheme to a duplicate set of inkblots (“the parallel series”) in a sample of 209 13–15-year-olds. The article reviews the newly translated correspondence between Rorschach, Behn-Eschenburg, and other colleagues in the development of the parallel series that was not published until 1940. Psychodiagnostics describes Hermann Rorschach’s rationale and prerequisites for development of the parallel series, and the dissertation is an early extension into new territory beyond Psychodiagnostics. Various investigators in the 1950s and 1960s critically examined Rorschach’s claims that the parallel series is equivalent to the original inkblots. The Behn-Eschenburg dissertation, published concurrently with Psychodiagnostics, illuminates the earliest development of Rorschach’s psychology on the eve of his untimely demise.
摘要：本文根据新的文献译文，包括 H. Behn-Eschenburg 在赫尔曼-罗夏（Hermann Rorschach）的直接指导下于 1921 年发表的论文（Psychische Schüleruntersuchngen mit dem Formdeutversuch），对贝恩-罗夏测验的历史背景进行了研究。Behn-Eschenburg 的论文也在同一时间发表，是《心理诊断学》的同类作品。论文项目将罗夏的临床理论和编码方案应用于一组重复的墨迹（"平行系列"），样本为 209 名 13-15 岁的青少年。文章回顾了新近翻译的罗夏、贝恩-埃申伯格和其他同事在平行系列开发过程中的通信，这些通信直到 1940 年才出版。心理诊断学》描述了赫尔曼-罗夏开发平行数列的原理和前提条件，而这篇论文是《心理诊断学》之外新领域的早期延伸。20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代，多位研究人员对罗夏关于平行系列等同于原始墨迹的说法进行了批判性研究。贝恩-埃申伯格（Behn-Eschenburg）的论文与《心理诊断学》同时出版，揭示了罗夏在英年早逝前夕的心理学发展历程。
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Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000175
Marvin W. Acklin
Abstract: This article examines the historical background of the Behn-Rorschach Test based on new document translations, including the dissertation ( Psychische Schüleruntersuchngen mit dem Formdeutversuch) conducted by H. Behn-Eschenburg under Hermann Rorschach’s direct supervision and published in 1921. The Behn-Eschenburg dissertation was published at the same time and is a companion piece to Psychodiagnostics. The dissertation project applied Rorschach’s clinical theory and coding scheme to a duplicate set of inkblots (“the parallel series”) in a sample of 209 13–15-year-olds. The article reviews the newly translated correspondence between Rorschach, Behn-Eschenburg, and other colleagues in the development of the parallel series that was not published until 1940. Psychodiagnostics describes Hermann Rorschach’s rationale and prerequisites for development of the parallel series, and the dissertation is an early extension into new territory beyond Psychodiagnostics. Various investigators in the 1950s and 1960s critically examined Rorschach’s claims that the parallel series is equivalent to the original inkblots. The Behn-Eschenburg dissertation, published concurrently with Psychodiagnostics, illuminates the earliest development of Rorschach’s psychology on the eve of his untimely demise.
摘要：本文根据新的文献译文，包括 H. Behn-Eschenburg 在赫尔曼-罗夏（Hermann Rorschach）的直接指导下于 1921 年发表的论文（Psychische Schüleruntersuchngen mit dem Formdeutversuch），对贝恩-罗夏测验的历史背景进行了研究。Behn-Eschenburg 的论文也在同一时间发表，是《心理诊断学》的同类作品。论文项目将罗夏的临床理论和编码方案应用于一组重复的墨迹（"平行系列"），样本为 209 名 13-15 岁的青少年。文章回顾了新近翻译的罗夏、贝恩-埃申伯格和其他同事在平行系列开发过程中的通信，这些通信直到 1940 年才出版。心理诊断学》描述了赫尔曼-罗夏开发平行数列的原理和前提条件，而这篇论文是《心理诊断学》之外新领域的早期延伸。20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代，多位研究人员对罗夏关于平行系列等同于原始墨迹的说法进行了批判性研究。贝恩-埃申伯格（Behn-Eschenburg）的论文与《心理诊断学》同时出版，揭示了罗夏在英年早逝前夕的心理学发展历程。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000169
Barry Dauphin, Harold H. Greene, Mindee Juve, MellisaA. Boyle, Ellen Day-Suba
Abstract: Considering the continuing interest in the use of eye-tracking technology for study of the Rorschach response process, the present study examines the internal consistencies for several eye-tracking indices during Rorschach administration. Many experimental psychologists have recently maintained that researchers should be interested in and report the internal consistency statistics of performance measures, including eye tracking in order to improve effect size, the power of hypothesis testing, and the replicability of findings. In the current study, eye-tracking variables more relevant to understanding top–down (goal-driven) processes showed good-to-excellent internal consistencies, while variables largely affected by bottom–up (stimulus-driven) processes showed questionable or poor internal consistency. The current findings provide support for recent research strategies of utilizing protocol-level eye-tracking averages to link to Rorschach coding variables. In addition, the current study found differences across cards for the eye-tracking variables, showing medium-to-large effect sizes, which provides evidence for the stimulus pull of the cards for visual search strategies, including variables not previously used in Rorschach research.
{"title":"Seeing Eye-to-Eye","authors":"Barry Dauphin, Harold H. Greene, Mindee Juve, MellisaA. Boyle, Ellen Day-Suba","doi":"10.1027/1192-5604/a000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000169","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Considering the continuing interest in the use of eye-tracking technology for study of the Rorschach response process, the present study examines the internal consistencies for several eye-tracking indices during Rorschach administration. Many experimental psychologists have recently maintained that researchers should be interested in and report the internal consistency statistics of performance measures, including eye tracking in order to improve effect size, the power of hypothesis testing, and the replicability of findings. In the current study, eye-tracking variables more relevant to understanding top–down (goal-driven) processes showed good-to-excellent internal consistencies, while variables largely affected by bottom–up (stimulus-driven) processes showed questionable or poor internal consistency. The current findings provide support for recent research strategies of utilizing protocol-level eye-tracking averages to link to Rorschach coding variables. In addition, the current study found differences across cards for the eye-tracking variables, showing medium-to-large effect sizes, which provides evidence for the stimulus pull of the cards for visual search strategies, including variables not previously used in Rorschach research.","PeriodicalId":39365,"journal":{"name":"Rorschachiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000171
Sanae Aoki, Nobuo Kogayu, Satoshi Ono
Abstract: This study examines factors associated with recovery from nonsuicidal self-injury, comparing the characteristics of nonsuicidal self-injury behavior, clinical history, and psychological features of one group of patients who recovered from nonsuicidal self-injury within 12 months of psychotherapy and one group of patients who did not. Both groups received three components of treatment: feedback on psychological assessment results, psychoeducation on stress and emotional control, and acquisition of stress-coping skills. The Rorschach Comprehensive System was used for the measurement of participants’ psychological characteristics. Results indicated that the nonrecovery group ( N = 14) remembered significantly fewer self-harm episodes than the recovery group ( N = 16). The Rorschach showed differences in variables indicative of thinking and cognitive problems: PTI positivity and X-% were significantly higher in the nonrecovery group, while X+%, XA%, and WDA% were significantly lower in the nonrecovery group. Results suggest that the recovery group interrupted self-injury behaviors in a relatively short period by acquiring self-understanding and coping skills. Additional treatment for thinking, cognitive deficits, and dissociation may be necessary for the nonrecovery group.
{"title":"Persistence and Cessation of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Under Psychotherapy","authors":"Sanae Aoki, Nobuo Kogayu, Satoshi Ono","doi":"10.1027/1192-5604/a000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000171","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This study examines factors associated with recovery from nonsuicidal self-injury, comparing the characteristics of nonsuicidal self-injury behavior, clinical history, and psychological features of one group of patients who recovered from nonsuicidal self-injury within 12 months of psychotherapy and one group of patients who did not. Both groups received three components of treatment: feedback on psychological assessment results, psychoeducation on stress and emotional control, and acquisition of stress-coping skills. The Rorschach Comprehensive System was used for the measurement of participants’ psychological characteristics. Results indicated that the nonrecovery group ( N = 14) remembered significantly fewer self-harm episodes than the recovery group ( N = 16). The Rorschach showed differences in variables indicative of thinking and cognitive problems: PTI positivity and X-% were significantly higher in the nonrecovery group, while X+%, XA%, and WDA% were significantly lower in the nonrecovery group. Results suggest that the recovery group interrupted self-injury behaviors in a relatively short period by acquiring self-understanding and coping skills. Additional treatment for thinking, cognitive deficits, and dissociation may be necessary for the nonrecovery group.","PeriodicalId":39365,"journal":{"name":"Rorschachiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000170
Maíra Stivaleti Colombarolli, Luciano Giromini, S. Pasian
Abstract: Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective approach to treat severe obesity, which should include multidisciplinary care. Prior to surgery, candidates for BS usually undergo a psychological assessment based mostly on self-report of clinical symptoms. However, the results of this assessment are not always sufficient to predict outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the potential of a multimethod approach to assessing patients seeking BS using both self-report and performance-based measures of cognitive and affective functioning. A sample of 50 women who had applied for surgery at a public facility in Brazil were assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). Patients who dropped out before treatment ( n = 27) had higher initial body mass index and poorer performance on cognitive flexibility at baseline. In the remaining 23 patients who underwent surgery, indicators of emotional and cognitive functioning from all measures were associated with weight loss (WL) at 6 and 12 months after surgery. However, only R-PAS variables regarding psychological resources were associated with WL 18 months after surgery. We discuss the usefulness of the Rorschach as a source of information for patients seeking BS and the implications for current assessment practices in the field.
{"title":"Exploring the Utility of the Rorschach Test in Predicting Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery","authors":"Maíra Stivaleti Colombarolli, Luciano Giromini, S. Pasian","doi":"10.1027/1192-5604/a000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective approach to treat severe obesity, which should include multidisciplinary care. Prior to surgery, candidates for BS usually undergo a psychological assessment based mostly on self-report of clinical symptoms. However, the results of this assessment are not always sufficient to predict outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the potential of a multimethod approach to assessing patients seeking BS using both self-report and performance-based measures of cognitive and affective functioning. A sample of 50 women who had applied for surgery at a public facility in Brazil were assessed with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). Patients who dropped out before treatment ( n = 27) had higher initial body mass index and poorer performance on cognitive flexibility at baseline. In the remaining 23 patients who underwent surgery, indicators of emotional and cognitive functioning from all measures were associated with weight loss (WL) at 6 and 12 months after surgery. However, only R-PAS variables regarding psychological resources were associated with WL 18 months after surgery. We discuss the usefulness of the Rorschach as a source of information for patients seeking BS and the implications for current assessment practices in the field.","PeriodicalId":39365,"journal":{"name":"Rorschachiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138963351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000172
Anne Andronikof
Free AccessUnravelling the Mystery of the Rorschach Test by Going Back to Its OriginsAnne AndronikofAnne AndronikofAnne Andronikof, 1, rue de la Tannerie, 60590 Enencourt-Léage, France[email protected]https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-8794 Hermann Rorschach Archives and Museum, Bern, Switzerland Paris-Nanterre University, France Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:October 17, 2023https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000172PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit SectionsMoreIs there a theory behind the Rorschach Test? Or did Hermann Rorschach conceive his experiment blindly without any preconception (but then why did he call it an “experiment”)? This is the riddle that five authors investigate in this special issue. The fact that the Rorschach Test is still very much used throughout the world as evidenced by the very active life of the International Society of the Rorschach and Projective Methods (https://www.internationalrorschachsociety.com/), although the test was created more than 100 years ago (1921); the fact that the life of the test is marked by a very abundant literature, passionate debates, and controversies; and the fact that psychologists belonging to very different theoretical horizons (psychoanalysis, phenomenology, neuropsychology, cognitive psychology, Gestalt, psychiatry) use the test with efficiency, all bear witness to the complexity of the test and its enduring mystery.Ellenberger (1954), author of a biography of Hermann Rorschach and an analysis of his work that is still a reference today, wrote that Rorschach was “a man of genius” but that his work remains mysterious: Ellenberger entitled a chapter of his article “The Mystery of the Psychodiagnostik.”Rorschach (1884–1922) alas died a few months after his test was published and his ideas, the nascent theory he was investigating, was nipped in the bud. The notion that he did have a theory that he did not want to develop before he could collect solid empirical data has been overlooked by many authors of the 20th century, who dubbed the test “a-theoretical,” enabling them to embed the test in their preferred model of personality. In reality, Hermann Rorschach did have a personal theory underlying his experiment, as he clearly states in the introduction to Psychodiagnostics: “The theoretical reason for the experiment is, in part, still only in its infancy” and “The investigative method originally grew out of theoretical questions” (p. 139).On the occasion of the centenary of the publication of Psychodiagnostics in 2021 (Rorschach, 1921/2021), eminent specialists have sought to unravel its mystery: how to understand the theoretical framework of his “experiment”; what theory or theories was he trying to test with his inkblots? This is a very topical issue since various models from different perspectives were recently proposed to advance the understanding of the Rorschach Test (see, e.g., Meyer & Friston, 20
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000162
Patrick J. McElfresh
Abstract: This article summarizes the historical influences on Hermann Rorschach’s Psychodiagnostics in light of new findings and the retranslation of his monograph by Keddy and colleagues ( Rorschach, 2021 ). This exposition situates his work in the historical context of Swiss culture and psychiatry at the time of his training and research, identifies theoretical influences on his thought given findings from recent scholarship, and describes collegial relationships that impacted his experiment. The potential influence of philosophical phenomenology on Hermann Rorschach’s work, had he not passed away prematurely, is postulated given his relationship with Ludwig Binswanger, the nature of his personality, and theoretical interests, particularly kinesthetic perception. A summary of phenomenological theory regarding Rorschach’s project is provided as well as potential future theoretical and methodological frameworks in light of this connection. Specific suggestions for Rorschach psychology, given solutions from historical and phenomenological explorations, are provided.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000165
Philip J. Keddy, Rita Signer, Angela Graf-Nold, Philip Erdberg
Abstract: In a 1955 correspondence with Bruno Klopfer, C. G. Jung described his Word Association Test as “the first feeble attempt to examine complex mental attitudes by an experimental method” and Rorschach’s inkblot test as “the most obvious development of the basic idea.” We explore what Jung may have meant by “the basic idea,” in the context of what was happening in the new field of psychology in the 1890s and early 1900s. We suggest that in order to understand the significance of both tests, it is important to become aware of the “individual psychology” program of Alfred Binet and Victor Henri (1896) , and the “differential psychology” advocated by William Stern (1911) . We conclude that there are at least three aspects to the basic idea: (1) a commitment to a scientific approach, with “experiments” from which “tests” were derived; (2) a focus on the study of the individual differences; and (3) an examination of “higher” or more “complex” aspects of the individual. We agree with Fierro (2022) that Jung’s Word Association Test was the first “personality” test to come to North America and add that Rorschach’s inkblot test was the second major personality, reaching not only North America but spreading around the world.
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