Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645320916969
Kimiaki Saito
It is often said that radiological protection is a practical science and I quite agree. There are many cases where decisions must be made even if the scientific knowledge is imperfect. In such cases, the decision should be made using the best scientific knowledge available at the time. Effective dose is a typical example of a useful concept for such decisions in radiological protection as a practical science. The biological effect of exposure to radiation below 100mSv is, as well known, not thoroughly elucidated; nevertheless, radiological protection needs to be implemented appropriately for the safe use of radiation which provides huge benefits to human lives via various applications such as nuclear energy and medical use. The concept of effective dose was invented more than 40 years ago by Professor Wolfgang Jacobi (Jacobi, 1975), and since its adoption by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 1991) has played an essential role in radiological protection as the basic protection quantity. I was lucky to get the chance to meet Professor Jacobi while attending his 60th birthday party which was held in 1988 at the Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung (GSF) (now Helmholtz Zentrum München). At that time, Professor Jacobi was serving as the director of one of the research institutes of GSF. He was so kind to smile and talk to the stranger who joined the party by chance while studying at GSF for a single year. During the party, a scientific journal with articles dedicated to him and his work was presented to him as a gift. It was quite an inspiring moment, and I decided to continue working in the field of radiological protection. I remember, after returning to Japan, arguments with my colleagues on how effective dose is useful in radiological protection. I was in favour of using effective dose, but could not argue sufficiently about its merits at that time. The fact that effective dose has been used for more than 40 years has proved its usefulness. Dose coefficients for external exposures in the environment have been studied for a long time. The first comprehensive studies on this subject were those by Dillman (1974), and Poston and Snyder (1974). Since then, many researchers, myself included, have tackled this subject, mainly using computer simulations, and several articles have been published. Before effective dose was established, dose coefficients were calculated for the whole body and specific organs. After the invention of effective dose, dose coefficients were estimated mainly in terms of effective dose, and have been an essential input for dose evaluation in the environment.
{"title":"Evaluation of Effective Dose for Exposures in The Environment.","authors":"Kimiaki Saito","doi":"10.1177/0146645320916969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320916969","url":null,"abstract":"It is often said that radiological protection is a practical science and I quite agree. There are many cases where decisions must be made even if the scientific knowledge is imperfect. In such cases, the decision should be made using the best scientific knowledge available at the time. Effective dose is a typical example of a useful concept for such decisions in radiological protection as a practical science. The biological effect of exposure to radiation below 100mSv is, as well known, not thoroughly elucidated; nevertheless, radiological protection needs to be implemented appropriately for the safe use of radiation which provides huge benefits to human lives via various applications such as nuclear energy and medical use. The concept of effective dose was invented more than 40 years ago by Professor Wolfgang Jacobi (Jacobi, 1975), and since its adoption by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 1991) has played an essential role in radiological protection as the basic protection quantity. I was lucky to get the chance to meet Professor Jacobi while attending his 60th birthday party which was held in 1988 at the Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung (GSF) (now Helmholtz Zentrum München). At that time, Professor Jacobi was serving as the director of one of the research institutes of GSF. He was so kind to smile and talk to the stranger who joined the party by chance while studying at GSF for a single year. During the party, a scientific journal with articles dedicated to him and his work was presented to him as a gift. It was quite an inspiring moment, and I decided to continue working in the field of radiological protection. I remember, after returning to Japan, arguments with my colleagues on how effective dose is useful in radiological protection. I was in favour of using effective dose, but could not argue sufficiently about its merits at that time. The fact that effective dose has been used for more than 40 years has proved its usefulness. Dose coefficients for external exposures in the environment have been studied for a long time. The first comprehensive studies on this subject were those by Dillman (1974), and Poston and Snyder (1974). Since then, many researchers, myself included, have tackled this subject, mainly using computer simulations, and several articles have been published. Before effective dose was established, dose coefficients were calculated for the whole body and specific organs. After the invention of effective dose, dose coefficients were estimated mainly in terms of effective dose, and have been an essential input for dose evaluation in the environment.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 2","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320916969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38641562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645320953807
F. A. Kaabi, P. Allisy, Meshary Alnuaimi, K. Applegate, N. Ban, Catrin Bauréus Koch, Alistair Bell, T. Berris, É. Blanchardon, W. Bolch, S. Bouffler, M. Cantone, N. Caplin, K. Cho, R. Clarke, C. Clement, Kelsey Cloutier, D. Cool, C. Cousins, M. Cowie, K. Eckerman, A. Endo, Scott Foley, H. Fujita, Juan J. Burgos Gallego, E. G. Diaz, Julian Ginniver, D. Giuffrida, J. jónsdóttir, N. Hamada, G. Hammer, Naomi Harley, John D Harrison, Marcia Hartman, Dan Hibbing, T. Higuchi, T. Homma, Mark D. Hoover, M. Hosono, Chan Hyeong Kim, L. Jødal, D. Jokisch, M. Kai, Alexandra Kamp, K. Kang, I. Kawaguchi, P. Kazantsev, B. Kerr, L. Kratzwald, C. Larsson, D. Laurier, Lynn Lemaire, Chunsheng Li, J. Lochard, Stephen Long, R. Loose, M. A. López, Sigur ur Magnússon, Yahong Mao, J. Climent, Colin J. Martin, N. Martinez, P. Mattera, F. Mettler, Miguel Mota, Rock Neveau, A. Nisbet, J. O. Ramos, J. Pentreath, Nina Petoussi-Heinss, K. Potts, J. Preston, R. Puckett, M. Rehani, Julie Reyjal, M. Rosenstein, W. Rühm, M. Sasaki, Y. Sasa
Chinese Society for Radiation Protection Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, France Health Canada Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission American Academy of Health Physics Society for Radiological Protection, UK Radiation Effects Association, Japan International Radiation Protection Association American Association of Physicists in Medicine Dutch Society for Radiation Protection National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, Italy Canadian Radiation Protection Association Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Centre d’étude sur l’Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucléaire, France Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, Belgium Société Française de Radioprotection, France Medical Physics Association, Italy Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology, Italy Danish Society for Medical Physics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA International Organisation for Medical Physics Society for Radiation Protection, Israel EURAMED Nordic Society for Radiation Protection Nordic Nuclear Safety Research South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology National Centre for Radiation Protection, Delft University, Netherlands Spanish Radiation Protection Society East Tennessee Chapter of the Health Physics Society, USA Spanish Society of Medical Physics Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, UK Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority ENUSA Industria Avanzandas, Spain Australasian Radiation Protection Association South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association RP Alba Limited
中国辐射防护学会联邦环境、自然保护与核安全部德国国家辐射防护与核安全研究所法国卫生部加拿大加拿大核安全委员会美国卫生物理学会辐射防护学会英国辐射效应协会日本国际辐射防护协会美国医学物理学家协会荷兰辐射防护学会国家核安全和辐射防护检查机构、意大利加拿大辐射防护协会澳大利亚辐射防护和核安全机构防护评估中心、法国联邦核控制机构、比利时法国辐射防护协会、法国医学物理学会、意大利医学和介入放射学会、意大利丹麦医学物理学会疾病控制和预防中心、美国国际医学物理组织辐射防护学会、以色列EURAMED北欧辐射防护学会北欧核安全研究南非医学和生物学物理学家协会、代尔夫特大学国家辐射防护中心、荷兰西班牙辐射防护学会东田纳西州健康物理学会分会，美国西班牙医学物理学会医学物理与工程研究所，英国冰岛辐射安全局ENUSA Industria Avanzandas，西班牙澳大拉西亚辐射防护协会南太平洋环境放射性协会RP Alba有限公司
{"title":"Chinese Institute for Radiation Protection European Commission UAE Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation US Department of Energy US Environmental Protection Agency","authors":"F. A. Kaabi, P. Allisy, Meshary Alnuaimi, K. Applegate, N. Ban, Catrin Bauréus Koch, Alistair Bell, T. Berris, É. Blanchardon, W. Bolch, S. Bouffler, M. Cantone, N. Caplin, K. Cho, R. Clarke, C. Clement, Kelsey Cloutier, D. Cool, C. Cousins, M. Cowie, K. Eckerman, A. Endo, Scott Foley, H. Fujita, Juan J. Burgos Gallego, E. G. Diaz, Julian Ginniver, D. Giuffrida, J. jónsdóttir, N. Hamada, G. Hammer, Naomi Harley, John D Harrison, Marcia Hartman, Dan Hibbing, T. Higuchi, T. Homma, Mark D. Hoover, M. Hosono, Chan Hyeong Kim, L. Jødal, D. Jokisch, M. Kai, Alexandra Kamp, K. Kang, I. Kawaguchi, P. Kazantsev, B. Kerr, L. Kratzwald, C. Larsson, D. Laurier, Lynn Lemaire, Chunsheng Li, J. Lochard, Stephen Long, R. Loose, M. A. López, Sigur ur Magnússon, Yahong Mao, J. Climent, Colin J. Martin, N. Martinez, P. Mattera, F. Mettler, Miguel Mota, Rock Neveau, A. Nisbet, J. O. Ramos, J. Pentreath, Nina Petoussi-Heinss, K. Potts, J. Preston, R. Puckett, M. Rehani, Julie Reyjal, M. Rosenstein, W. Rühm, M. Sasaki, Y. Sasa","doi":"10.1177/0146645320953807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320953807","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese Society for Radiation Protection Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, France Health Canada Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission American Academy of Health Physics Society for Radiological Protection, UK Radiation Effects Association, Japan International Radiation Protection Association American Association of Physicists in Medicine Dutch Society for Radiation Protection National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, Italy Canadian Radiation Protection Association Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Centre d’étude sur l’Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucléaire, France Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, Belgium Société Française de Radioprotection, France Medical Physics Association, Italy Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology, Italy Danish Society for Medical Physics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA International Organisation for Medical Physics Society for Radiation Protection, Israel EURAMED Nordic Society for Radiation Protection Nordic Nuclear Safety Research South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology National Centre for Radiation Protection, Delft University, Netherlands Spanish Radiation Protection Society East Tennessee Chapter of the Health Physics Society, USA Spanish Society of Medical Physics Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, UK Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority ENUSA Industria Avanzandas, Spain Australasian Radiation Protection Association South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association RP Alba Limited","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"146 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320953807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64982720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645319893605
C H Kim, Y S Yeom, N Petoussi-Henss, M Zankl, W E Bolch, C Lee, C Choi, T T Nguyen, K Eckerman, H S Kim, M C Han, R Qiu, B S Chung, H Han, B Shin
Following the issuance of new radiological protection recommendations in ICRP Publication 103, the Commission released, in ICRP Publication 110, the adult male and female voxel-type reference computational phantoms to be used for calculation of the reference dose coefficients (DCs) for both external and internal exposures. While providing more anatomically realistic representations of internal anatomy than the older stylised phantoms, the voxel phantoms have their limitations, mainly due to voxel resolution, especially with respect to small tissue structures (e.g. lens of the eye) and very thin tissue layers (e.g. stem cell layers in the stomach wall mucosa and intestinal epithelium). This publication describes the construction of the adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms (MRCPs) that are the modelling counterparts of the Publication 110 voxel-type reference computational phantoms. The MRCPs include all source and target regions needed for estimating effective dose, even the micrometre-thick target regions in the respiratory and alimentary tract organs, skin, and urinary bladder, assimilating the supplementary stylised models. The MRCPs can be implemented directly into Monte Carlo particle transport codes for dose calculations (i.e. without voxelisation), fully maintaining the advantages of the mesh geometry. DCs of organ dose and effective dose and specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) calculated with the MRCPs for some external and internal exposures show that while some differences were observed for small tissue structures and for weakly-penetrating radiations the MRCPs provide the same or very similar values as the previously published reference DCs and SAFs, which were calculated with the Publication 110 reference phantoms and supplementary stylised models, for most tissues and penetrating radiations. Consequently, the DCs for effective dose (i.e. the fundamental protection quantity) were not found to be different. The DCs of ICRP Publication 116 and the SAFs of ICRP Publication 133 thus remain valid.
{"title":"ICRP Publication 145: Adult Mesh-Type Reference Computational Phantoms.","authors":"C H Kim, Y S Yeom, N Petoussi-Henss, M Zankl, W E Bolch, C Lee, C Choi, T T Nguyen, K Eckerman, H S Kim, M C Han, R Qiu, B S Chung, H Han, B Shin","doi":"10.1177/0146645319893605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645319893605","url":null,"abstract":"Following the issuance of new radiological protection recommendations in ICRP Publication 103, the Commission released, in ICRP Publication 110, the adult male and female voxel-type reference computational phantoms to be used for calculation of the reference dose coefficients (DCs) for both external and internal exposures. While providing more anatomically realistic representations of internal anatomy than the older stylised phantoms, the voxel phantoms have their limitations, mainly due to voxel resolution, especially with respect to small tissue structures (e.g. lens of the eye) and very thin tissue layers (e.g. stem cell layers in the stomach wall mucosa and intestinal epithelium). This publication describes the construction of the adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms (MRCPs) that are the modelling counterparts of the Publication 110 voxel-type reference computational phantoms. The MRCPs include all source and target regions needed for estimating effective dose, even the micrometre-thick target regions in the respiratory and alimentary tract organs, skin, and urinary bladder, assimilating the supplementary stylised models. The MRCPs can be implemented directly into Monte Carlo particle transport codes for dose calculations (i.e. without voxelisation), fully maintaining the advantages of the mesh geometry. DCs of organ dose and effective dose and specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) calculated with the MRCPs for some external and internal exposures show that while some differences were observed for small tissue structures and for weakly-penetrating radiations the MRCPs provide the same or very similar values as the previously published reference DCs and SAFs, which were calculated with the Publication 110 reference phantoms and supplementary stylised models, for most tissues and penetrating radiations. Consequently, the DCs for effective dose (i.e. the fundamental protection quantity) were not found to be different. The DCs of ICRP Publication 116 and the SAFs of ICRP Publication 133 thus remain valid.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 3","pages":"13-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645319893605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38730367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-14DOI: 10.1177/0146645320936035
{"title":"Addendum 1 to ICRP <i>Publication 128</i>: Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals: a compendium of current information related to frequently used substances [Ann. ICRP 44(2S), 2015].","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320936035","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0146645320936035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"146645320936035"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38158107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-08DOI: 10.1177/0146645320936626
{"title":"Corrigendum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320936626","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0146645320936626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"146645320936626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38133826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-06DOI: 10.1177/0146645320916587
{"title":"ERRATUM.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320916587","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0146645320916587","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"146645320916587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37803617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01Epub Date: 2020-07-14DOI: 10.1177/0146645320937495
Chinese Society for Radiation Protection Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, France Health Canada Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission American Academy of Health Physics Society for Radiological Protection, UK Radiation Effects Association, Japan International Radiation Protection Association American Association of Physicists in Medicine Dutch Society for Radiation Protection National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, Italy Canadian Radiation Protection Association Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Centre d’étude sur l’Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucléaire, France Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, Belgium Société Française de Radioprotection, France Medical Physics Association, Italy Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology, Italy Danish Society for Medical Physics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA International Organisation for Medical Physics Society for Radiation Protection, Israel EURAMED Nordic Society for Radiation Protection Nordic Nuclear Safety Research South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology National Centre for Radiation Protection, Delft University, Netherlands Spanish Radiation Protection Society East Tennessee Chapter of the Health Physics Society, USA Spanish Society of Medical Physics Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, UK Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority ENUSA Industria Avanzandas, Spain Australasian Radiation Protection Association South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association RP Alba Limited
{"title":"Chinese Institute for Radiation Protection European Commission UAE Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation US Department of Energy US Environmental Protection Agency.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320937495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320937495","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese Society for Radiation Protection Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, France Health Canada Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission American Academy of Health Physics Society for Radiological Protection, UK Radiation Effects Association, Japan International Radiation Protection Association American Association of Physicists in Medicine Dutch Society for Radiation Protection National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, Italy Canadian Radiation Protection Association Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency Centre d’étude sur l’Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucléaire, France Federal Agency for Nuclear Control, Belgium Société Française de Radioprotection, France Medical Physics Association, Italy Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology, Italy Danish Society for Medical Physics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA International Organisation for Medical Physics Society for Radiation Protection, Israel EURAMED Nordic Society for Radiation Protection Nordic Nuclear Safety Research South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology National Centre for Radiation Protection, Delft University, Netherlands Spanish Radiation Protection Society East Tennessee Chapter of the Health Physics Society, USA Spanish Society of Medical Physics Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, UK Icelandic Radiation Safety Authority ENUSA Industria Avanzandas, Spain Australasian Radiation Protection Association South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association RP Alba Limited","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320937495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38153020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645320945216
{"title":"The Reference Computational Phantom Family.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/0146645320945216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320945216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320945216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645320915031
W E Bolch, K Eckerman, A Endo, J G S Hunt, D W Jokisch, C H Kim, K-P Kim, C Lee, J Li, N Petoussi-Henss, T Sato, H Schlattl, Y S Yeom, M Zankl
An important new feature in the 2007 Recommendations was a change in the way that doses from internal and external sources of ionising radiation were calculated. Previously, relatively simple mathematical models of the human body were used to calculate how energy from exposure to radiation is deposited in the various organs and tissues. With Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), more sophisticated reference computational phantoms based on medical tomographic images replaced the simpler models.
{"title":"ICRP Publication 143: Paediatric Reference Computational Phantoms.","authors":"W E Bolch, K Eckerman, A Endo, J G S Hunt, D W Jokisch, C H Kim, K-P Kim, C Lee, J Li, N Petoussi-Henss, T Sato, H Schlattl, Y S Yeom, M Zankl","doi":"10.1177/0146645320915031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320915031","url":null,"abstract":"An important new feature in the 2007 Recommendations was a change in the way that doses from internal and external sources of ionising radiation were calculated. Previously, relatively simple mathematical models of the human body were used to calculate how energy from exposure to radiation is deposited in the various organs and tissues. With Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), more sophisticated reference computational phantoms based on medical tomographic images replaced the simpler models.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"49 1","pages":"5-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320915031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645319874589
J-F Lecomte, P Shaw, A Liland, M Markkanen, P Egidi, S Andresz, J Mrdakovic-Popic, F Liu, D da Costa Lauria, H B Okyar, P P Haridasan, S Mundigl
The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance on radiological protection in industries involving naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). These industries may give rise to multiple hazards and the radiological hazard is not necessarily dominant. The industries are diverse and may involve exposure of people and the environment where protective actions need to be considered. In some cases, there is a potential for significant routine exposure of workers and members of the public if suitable control measures are not considered. Releases of large volumes of NORM may also result in detrimental effects on the environment from radiological and non-radiological constituents. However, NORM industries present no real prospect of a radiological emergency leading to tissue reactions or immediate danger for life. Radiological protection in industries involving NORM can be appropriately addressed on the basis of the principles of justification of the actions taken and optimisation of protection using reference levels. An integrated and graded approach is recommended for the protection of workers, the public, and the environment, where consideration of non-radiological hazards is integrated with radiological hazards, and the approach to protection is optimised (graded) so that the use of various radiological protection programme elements is consistent with the hazards while not imposing unnecessary burdens. For workers, the approach starts with characterisation of the exposure situation, and integration, as necessary, of specific radiological protective actions to complement the protection strategy already in place or planned to manage other workplace hazards. According to the characteristics of the exposure situation and the magnitude of the hazards, a relevant reference level should be selected and appropriate collective or individual protective actions taken. Exposure to radon is also treated using a graded approach, based first on application of typical radon prevention and mitigation techniques, as described in Publication 126. A similar approach should be implemented for public exposure through the control of discharges, wastes, and residues after characterisation of the situation. If the protection of non-human species is warranted, it should be dealt with after an assessment of radiological exposure appropriate for the circumstances, taking into account all hazards and impacts. This should include identification of exposed organisms in the environment, and use relevant derived consideration reference levels to inform decisions on options for control of exposure.
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