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PRACTICAL ADVICE ON ETHICS IN RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION IN MEDICINE. 关于医学放射防护伦理的实用建议。
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453241276159
Christopher Clement
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引用次数: 0
ETHICS IN RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453231220518

Publication 138 defines the ethical foundations of the ICRP System of Radiological Protection based on core values (beneficence and non-maleficence, dignity, justice, and prudence) and procedural values (accountability, transparency, and inclusiveness). The purpose of the present publication is to propose a practical application of values for medical radiological protection professions. As medicine has a long history and strong culture of ethics, this publication starts by identifying the shared values, and defines a common language between biomedical ethics and radiological protection. The core values are very similar, with the autonomy of biomedical ethics, which can be seen as a corollary of dignity, and the precautionary principle, which can be understood as the implementation of prudence. In recent years, medical education and training has emphasised the values of solidarity, honesty, and, above all, empathy. All these values are defined and interpreted in the specific context of the use of ionising radiation in medicine. For those more familiar with radiological protection, the ethical implications of their actions are described. Conversely, for those who already have a good background in ethics, this publication highlights the specificities of ionising radiation that also deserve consideration.In order to emphasise the coherence between the values involved in biomedical ethics and those involved in radiological protection, this publication proposes to combine them: dignity and autonomy; beneficence and non-maleficence; prudence and precaution; justice and solidarity; transparency, accountability, and honesty; and inclusiveness and empathy. This allows a structured review of practical situations from an ethical perspective. For the sake of both example and education, this publication proposes 21 realistic scenarios (11 in imaging procedures and 10 in radiation therapies). Sensitising questions are provided to stimulate reflection and discussion. The ultimate goal is to be able to use ethical values in clinical imaging and therapy situations. Required education and training in ethics is essential for medical radiological workers throughout their career span. An example of a framework of knowledge, skills, and competencies is proposed. In order to assist the reader in a theoretically complex subject, key messages are distributed throughout the text as fixed points that can be easily understood. Although primarily aimed at medical radiological protection professionals, this publication is also intended for authorities, patients, and the public.© 2024 ICRP. Published by SAGE.

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引用次数: 0
PAEDIATRIC PHANTOMS FOR THE NEXT RECOMMENDATIONS. 儿科模型的下一步建议。
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453231210649
Francois Bochud
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引用次数: 0
A KEY ELEMENT OF INTERNAL DOSIMETRY FOR MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC. 是公众内部剂量测定的关键要素。
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453241241770
Akira Endo
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引用次数: 0
Specific Absorbed Fractions for Reference Paediatric Individuals. 儿科参考个体的特定吸收分数。
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453231210647

The calculation of doses to organs and tissues of interest due to internally emitting radionuclides requires knowledge of the time-dependent distribution of the radionuclide, its physical decay properties, and the fraction of emitted energy absorbed per mass of the target. The latter property is quantified as the specific absorbed fraction (SAF). This publication provides photon, electron, alpha particle, and neutron (for nuclides undergoing spontaneous fission) SAF values for the suite of reference individuals. The reference individuals are defined largely by information provided in ICRP Publication 89. Some improvements and additional data are provided in this publication which define the reference individual's source and target region masses used in the Occupational Intake of Radionuclides (OIR) and Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Members of the Public series of publications. The set of reference individuals includes males and females at 0 (newborn), 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 (adult) years of age. The reference adult masses and SAFs provided in this publication are identical to those in ICRP Publication 133 and those used in the OIR series of publications. Computation of SAF values involves simulating radiation transport in computational models which represent the geometry of the reference individuals. The reference voxel phantoms of ICRP Publication 143 are used for photon and neutron transport, and most electron transport. Alpha particle transport is not necessary for large tissue regions as the short range allows for an assumption of full energy absorption (absorbed fraction of unity) for self-irradiation geometries. Additional computational models are needed for charged particles in small, overlapping, or interlaced geometries. Stylised models are described and used for electrons and alpha particles in the alimentary and respiratory tract regions. Image-based models are used to compute SAFs for charged particles within the skeleton. This publication is accompanied by an electronic supplement which includes files containing SAFs for each radiation type in each reference individual. The supplement also includes source and target region masses for each reference individual, as well as skeletal dose-response functions for photons incident upon the skeleton.© 2024 ICRP. Published by SAGE.

计算体内发射的放射性核素对相关器官和组织造成的剂量,需要了解放射性核素随时间变化的分布、其物理衰变特性以及每质量目标吸收的发射能量分数。后一种特性被量化为特定吸收分数(SAF)。本出版物提供了一套参考个体的光子、电子、α粒子和中子(针对发生自发裂变的核素)的比吸收率值。参考个体主要是根据 ICRP 第 89 号出版物中提供的信息定义的。本出版物提供了一些改进和补充数据,确定了《放射性核素职业摄入量(OIR)》和《公众放射性核素摄入量剂量系数》系列出版物中使用的参考个体的源和靶区质量。参考个体包括 0 岁(新生儿)、1 岁、5 岁、10 岁、15 岁和 20 岁(成人)的男性和女性。本出版物中提供的成人参考质量和 SAF 值与国际放射防护委员会第 133 号出版物中的参考质量和 SAF 值以及 OIR 系列出版物中使用的参考质量和 SAF 值完全相同。计算 SAF 值涉及在代表参考个体几何形状的计算模型中模拟辐射传输。国际辐射防护委员会第 143 号出版物中的参考体素模型用于光子和中子传输以及大部分电子传输。α粒子传输对于大的组织区域来说不是必需的,因为短距离允许假设自辐射几何形状完全吸收能量(吸收分数为 1)。对于小型、重叠或交错几何形状的带电粒子,需要额外的计算模型。针对消化道和呼吸道区域的电子和阿尔法粒子,描述并使用了风格化模型。基于图像的模型用于计算骨骼内带电粒子的 SAF。本出版物附有一份电子增补件,其中包含每个参考个体中每种辐射类型的 SAFs 文件。该补编还包括每个参照个体的源和目标区域质量,以及光子入射骨骼的骨骼剂量反应函数。由 SAGE 出版。
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引用次数: 0
Variation in hepatic segmental portal venous pulsed wave Doppler flow distribution in patients with NAFLD: A pilot study. 非酒精性脂肪肝患者肝段门静脉脉冲波多普勒血流分布的变化:一项试验性研究。
IF 4.4 Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1177/1742271X231154862
Ashish Verma, Ishan Kumar, Manish Indal, Sunit Shukla, Pramod Kumar Singh, Ram Chandra Shukla

Purpose: To evaluate the segmental variations in portal venous pulsed wave colour Doppler flow velocity in patients with moderate to severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in comparison with healthy controls.

Materials and methods: In this prospective, observational, case-control study, the maximum velocity of all the segmental branches of portal vein were evaluated on colour Doppler in patients with moderate to severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the values were compared between three groups (1) Healthy controls (n = 30), (2) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group, that is moderate to severe fatty liver without features of portal hypertension (n = 32) and (3) non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-portal hypertension group, that is those non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with features of portal hypertension (n = 13).

Results: Compared to controls, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease group showed a lower velocity in all the eight segments of liver. The ratio of segment 2 to segment 7 peak portal vein maximum velocity was significantly higher in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (1.03 ± 0.21) compared to controls (0.90 ± 0.17) and even higher in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-Portal hypertension group (1.83 ± 0.40) with p value of 0.003.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the occurrence of flow redistribution occurring in cases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with the left lobe receiving higher portal venous flow. This flow redistribution was even more pronounced in a subset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients who developed features of portal hypertension.

目的:与健康对照组相比,评估中重度非酒精性脂肪肝患者门静脉脉冲波彩色多普勒流速的节段变化:在这项前瞻性、观察性、病例对照研究中,用彩色多普勒评估了中重度非酒精性脂肪肝患者门静脉各节段分支的最大流速,并在三组之间进行了比较:(1)健康对照组(n = 30)、(3)非酒精性脂肪性肝炎-门静脉高压症组,即具有门静脉高压症特征的非酒精性脂肪肝患者(13 人)。研究结果与对照组相比,非酒精性脂肪肝组患者肝脏八个节段的速度均较低。与对照组(0.90 ± 0.17)相比,非酒精性脂肪肝患者第 2 节段与第 7 节段门静脉峰值最大速度之比(1.03 ± 0.21)明显升高,而非酒精性脂肪性肝炎-门静脉高压组更高(1.83 ± 0.40),P 值为 0.003:我们的研究表明,非酒精性脂肪肝患者左叶门静脉血流较高时,会出现血流再分布。在出现门静脉高压特征的非酒精性脂肪肝患者中,这种血流再分布现象更为明显。
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引用次数: 0
Optimisation of Radiological Protection in Digital Radiology Techniques for Medical Imaging. 优化医学影像数字放射技术中的放射防护。
Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453231210646
<p><p>Use of medical imaging continues to increase, making the largest contribution to the exposure of populations from artificial sources of radiation worldwide. The principle of optimisation of protection is that 'the likelihood of incurring exposures, the number of people exposed, and the magnitude of their individual doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), taking into account economic and societal factors'. Optimisation for medical imaging involves more than ALARA - it requires keeping individual patient exposures to the minimum necessary to achieve the required medical objectives. In other words, the type, number, and quality of images must be adequate to obtain the information needed for diagnosis or intervention. Dose reductions for imaging or x-ray-image-guided procedures should not be used if they degrade image quality to the point where the images are inadequate for the clinical purpose. The move to digital imaging has provided versatile acquisition, post-processing, and presentation options, and enabled wide and often immediate availability of image information. However, because images are adjusted for optimal viewing, the appearance may not give any indication if the dose is higher than necessary. Nevertheless, digital images provide opportunities for further optimisation, and allow the application of artificial intelligence methods.Optimisation of radiological protection for digital radiology (radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography) involves selection and installation of equipment, design and construction of facilities, choice of optimal equipment settings, day-to-day methods of operation, quality control programmes, and ensuring that all personnel receive proper initial and career-long training. The radiation dose levels that patients receive also have implications for doses to staff. As new imaging equipment incorporates more options to improve performance, it becomes more complex and less easily understood, so operators have to be given more extensive training. Ongoing monitoring, review, and analysis of performance is required that feeds back into the improvement and development of imaging protocols. Several different aspects relating to optimisation of protection that need to be developed are set out in this publication. The first is collaboration between radiologists/other radiological medical practitioners, radiographers/medical radiation technologists, and medical physicists, each of whom have key skills that can only contribute to the process effectively when individuals work together as a core team. The second is appropriate methodology and technology, with the knowledge and expertise required to use each effectively. The third relates to organisational processes which ensure that required tasks, such as equipment performance tests, patient dose surveys, and review of protocols, are carried out. There is wide variation in equipment, funding, and expertise around the world, and the majori
医学影像的使用持续增加,是全球人口受人工辐射源照射的最大来源。优化防护的原则是 "考虑到经济和社会因素,发生辐照的可能性、受辐照的人数及其个人剂量的大小都应保持在可合理达到的最低水平(ALARA)"。医学成像的优化不仅仅涉及 ALARA - 它要求将患者的个人暴露量控制在实现所需的医学目标所需的最低水平。换句话说,图像的类型、数量和质量必须足以获取诊断或干预所需的信息。如果降低成像或 X 射线成像引导程序的剂量会降低图像质量,以至于图像无法满足临床目的,则不应使用这种方法。数字成像技术的发展提供了多样化的采集、后处理和显示选项,并使图像信息的获取范围更广,而且往往可以立即获得。然而,由于图像经过调整以达到最佳观看效果,因此外观可能无法显示剂量是否高于所需的剂量。然而,数字图像为进一步优化提供了机会,并允许应用人工智能方法。数字放射学(射线照相术、透视和计算机断层扫描)放射防护的优化涉及设备的选择和安装、设施的设计和建造、最佳设备设置的选择、日常操作方法、质量控制计划,以及确保所有人员接受适当的初始和终身培训。患者接受的辐射剂量水平也会对工作人员的剂量产生影响。由于新的成像设备采用了更多的选项来提高性能,因此变得更加复杂和不易理解,因此必须对操作人员进行更广泛的培训。需要对性能进行持续监测、审查和分析,并将其反馈到成像方案的改进和发展中。本出版物阐述了与优化保护有关的几个需要发展的不同方面。首先是放射科医生/其他放射医疗从业人员、放射技师/医疗放射技术人员和医学物理学家之间的合作,他们每个人都拥有关键技能,只有当个人作为核心团队一起工作时,才能有效地促进这一过程。其次是适当的方法和技术,以及有效使用每种方法和技术所需的知识和专业技能。第三是组织流程,确保设备性能测试、患者剂量调查和协议审查等必要任务得以执行。世界各地在设备、资金和专业知识方面存在很大差异,大多数医疗机构并不具备所有工具、专业团队和专业知识,无法完全掌握优化的所有可能性。因此,本出版物为不同设施可能实现的优化方面设定了大致的等级,它们可以通过这些等级逐步实现优化:D 级--初步;C 级--基础;B 级--中级;A 级--高级。专业协会提供的指导对于帮助用户评估系统和采用最佳实践非常有价值。本手册列举了为达到不同级别而应建立的系统和开展的活动。成像机构可以对其已有的安排进行评估,并利用本出版物指导决定优化成像服务的下一步行动。
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引用次数: 0
Optimisation of Protection in Medical Imaging: Necessary, Challenging, and Possible. 优化医学成像中的保护:必要性、挑战性和可能性。
Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453241228680
Ehsan Samei, Christopher H Clement
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引用次数: 0
A survey on recent trends in deep learning for nucleus segmentation from histopathology images. 从组织病理学图像中分割细胞核的深度学习最新趋势调查。
IF 3.2 Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12530-023-09491-3
Anusua Basu, Pradip Senapati, Mainak Deb, Rebika Rai, Krishna Gopal Dhal

Nucleus segmentation is an imperative step in the qualitative study of imaging datasets, considered as an intricate task in histopathology image analysis. Segmenting a nucleus is an important part of diagnosing, staging, and grading cancer, but overlapping regions make it hard to separate and tell apart independent nuclei. Deep Learning is swiftly paving its way in the arena of nucleus segmentation, attracting quite a few researchers with its numerous published research articles indicating its efficacy in the field. This paper presents a systematic survey on nucleus segmentation using deep learning in the last five years (2017-2021), highlighting various segmentation models (U-Net, SCPP-Net, Sharp U-Net, and LiverNet) and exploring their similarities, strengths, datasets utilized, and unfolding research areas.

细胞核分割是对成像数据集进行定性研究的必要步骤,也是组织病理学图像分析中的一项复杂任务。对细胞核进行分割是癌症诊断、分期和分级的重要组成部分,但重叠的区域很难将独立的细胞核分离和区分开来。深度学习正迅速在细胞核分割领域铺平道路,其发表的大量研究文章表明了其在该领域的功效,吸引了不少研究人员。本文对过去五年(2017-2021 年)利用深度学习进行细胞核分割的情况进行了系统调查,重点介绍了各种分割模型(U-Net、SCPP-Net、Sharp U-Net 和 LiverNet),并探讨了它们的相似性、优势、使用的数据集以及正在展开的研究领域。
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引用次数: 0
ICRP 2021+1: THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE SYSTEM OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. ICRP 2021+1:第六届放射防护系统国际研讨会。
Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/01466453231211064
Christopher H Clement
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annals of the ICRP
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