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Communicating radiation risks to the residents of the Chernobyl-affected areas in Russia: key lessons learned. 向俄罗斯切尔诺贝利受影响地区的居民通报辐射风险:吸取的主要教训。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211010917
I Abalkina, E Melikhova, M Savkin

This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.This article analyses the communication experiences of radiation protection experts at federal/regional and local level. Efforts to justify protective measures were more successful at federal level, while the task of adjusting risk perception among local residents remains unresolved. At the recovery stage (15 years after the accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant), the main difficulties were associated with the fact that expert knowledge was in conflict with public perception of the risk of low doses and legislative approaches. In these situations, communication success depends directly on an expert's personality. When large areas are affected, the efforts of a few dedicated experts are clearly not sufficient. More systematic approaches (training of doctors, teachers, etc.) require governmental support and experienced personnel. Federal authorities had changed their attitudes by the 15th anniversary of the accident. However, at regional level, this process stretched out for another 15 years. Public perception of large-scale health consequences still persists. Examples and survey results are presented in this article.

这篇论文不一定反映国际放射防护委员会的观点。本文分析了联邦/地区和地方两级辐射防护专家的交流经验。在联邦层面,为保护措施辩护的努力更为成功,而调整当地居民对风险认知的任务仍未解决。在恢复阶段(切尔诺贝利核电站事故发生15年后),主要困难与专家知识与公众对低剂量风险的认识和立法办法相冲突有关。在这些情况下,沟通的成功直接取决于专家的个性。当大面积受到影响时,少数专门专家的努力显然是不够的。更系统化的方法(培训医生、教师等)需要政府的支持和经验丰富的人员。在事故发生15周年之际,联邦当局改变了他们的态度。然而,在区域一级,这一进程又延长了15年。公众对大规模健康后果的看法仍然存在。文中给出了实例和调查结果。
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引用次数: 1
The role of experts in the development of recovery handbooks: UK and European experience. 专家在制定复苏手册中的作用:英国和欧洲的经验。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-16 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211010920
A F Nisbet

The importance of involving experts in the development of strategies for managing areas contaminated as a result of a nuclear accident is now well recognised. Following the Chernobyl accident in 1986, the initial focus, quite understandably, was on the technical aspects of reducing doses to the affected population. Subsequently, work carried out in the UK and elsewhere in Europe looked at the broader impacts of protective actions on agriculture, the environment, and society. From 1997, a group of experts from academia, government, and non-government organisations met regularly in the UK to debate these issues. One of the outputs included the first version of the UK Recovery Handbook for Radiation Incidents in 2005. Based on the success of the UK group, a European network of experts was established, leading to the development of European handbooks in 2009. The UK handbooks are living documents that are updated regularly with substantive input from experts.

让专家参与制定管理受核事故污染地区的战略的重要性现在已得到充分认识。1986年切尔诺贝利事故之后,最初的重点是减少对受影响人口的剂量的技术方面,这是完全可以理解的。随后,在英国和欧洲其他地方开展的工作着眼于保护措施对农业、环境和社会的更广泛影响。从1997年开始,一组来自学术界、政府和非政府组织的专家定期在英国开会讨论这些问题。其中一项产出包括2005年出版的第一版《联合王国辐射事故恢复手册》。在英国集团成功的基础上,建立了一个欧洲专家网络,并于2009年开发了欧洲手册。英国的手册是活的文件,根据专家的实质性投入定期更新。
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引用次数: 0
Fukushima Daiichi decontamination and decommissioning: current status and challenges. 福岛第一核电站的净化和退役:现状和挑战。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211010865
Akira Ono

It has been nearly 10 years since the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. With the cooperation of those involved, the site, which was once in a crisis situation, has improved to the point where it is possible to look ahead and proceed with work on schedule. In the off-site area, conditions for returning home have been progressed, and evacuation orders for some areas have been lifted by the Japanese Government. This article describes, in respect of the various efforts being made on site at the moment, the current status of fuel removal from the spent fuel pools, preparations for fuel debris retrieval, improvement of the working environment, and future plans. Removal of fuel from the spent fuel pool for Unit 4 was completed in December 2014, and work is continuing with Unit 3 in order to complete by March 2021. The decision was made to install a large cover in advance for Unit 1 in consideration of the risk of dust scattering, and to conduct fuel removal for Unit 2 from the south side without dismantling the existing upper section of the building. The target is for fuel removal from the pools, including Units 5 and 6, to be complete by 2031. Regarding fuel debris retrieval, progress in various investigations has made it possible to grasp the distribution of debris in the reactor containment vessels of Units 1-3 to a certain extent, and it was decided that the first retrieval will start with the most-investigated unit (Unit 2). A robot arm will be used for retrieval; initially, a trial retrieval will be started, and once the retrieval method has been verified and confirmed, the scale of retrieval will be expanded in stages using a device with the same mechanism. The working environment of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has also improved. By reducing the stirring up of radioactive materials due to facing (paving), etc., it became possible to reduce the degree of protective clothing needed, and the area in which people can work with simple clothing such as general work clothes now represents 96% of the entire site. Due to various reduction measures, the effective dose of workers is currently approximately 0.2-0.4 mSv month-1 on average per person. The work environment will continue to be improved steadily in the future. Finally, I would like to briefly mention the direction of future decommissioning efforts. The decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and contaminated water management are being implemented based on the national Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap. The latest edition (5th revision) sets out the milestones until 2031, and we are on target to achieve the goals set forth here and the goals set forth in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's risk map. To that end, the Mid-and-Long-Term Decommissioning Action Plan 2020, which shows the main work processes of the decommissioning, was announced. This will enable us to proceed with decommissioning work more systematically in the future while looking a

福岛第一核电站事故已经过去近10年了。在相关人员的合作下,曾经处于危机状态的现场已经改善到可以展望未来并按计划进行工作的程度。在非现场地区,返回家园的条件已经取得进展,日本政府已经取消了一些地区的疏散命令。本文介绍了目前现场正在进行的各种努力,乏燃料池燃料清除的现状,燃料碎片回收的准备工作,工作环境的改善以及未来的计划。2014年12月完成了4号机组乏燃料池的燃料清除工作,3号机组的工作仍在继续,以便在2021年3月完成。考虑到粉尘扩散的危险,决定提前在1号机组上安装大型防护罩,并在不拆除现有上部建筑的情况下,从南面拆除2号机组的燃料。目标是从包括5号和6号反应堆在内的乏燃料池中移除燃料,到2031年完成。在燃料碎片回收方面,各项调查的进展使得在一定程度上掌握1-3号机组反应堆安全壳内碎片的分布情况成为可能,决定从调查最多的机组(2号机组)开始首次回收。使用机械臂进行回收;首先进行试检索,一旦检索方法得到验证和确认,将使用具有相同机制的设备分阶段扩大检索规模。福岛第一核电站的工作环境也有所改善。通过减少因饰面(铺装)等引起的放射性物质的搅动,可以减少防护服的需要程度,人们可以穿着普通工作服等简单服装工作的区域现在占整个场地的96%。由于采取了各种减少措施,工人的有效剂量目前平均为每人每月约0.2-0.4毫西弗。未来的工作环境将继续稳步改善。最后,我想简单提一下未来退役工作的方向。福岛第一核电站的退役和污水管理工作正在根据国家中长期路线图实施。最新版本(第五版)设定了到2031年的里程碑,我们正在按计划实现本文和核管理委员会风险图中设定的目标。为此,宣布了《2020年中长期退役行动计划》,其中显示了退役的主要工作流程。这将使我们能够在未来更系统地进行退役工作。有时担心福岛第一核电站风险的当地居民可能会在救援中具体掌握未来的工作计划,并可以考虑参与退役工作。关键在于我们如何通过福岛第一核电站的退役为福岛的重建做出贡献,我们将按照“重建与退役平衡”的原则,继续承担核电站退役和污水管理的责任。
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引用次数: 0
Status of research and development conducted by the International Research Institute for Nuclear Decommissioning. 国际核退役研究所进行的研究和发展的现状。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-22 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211006811
Toyoaki Yamauchi

Since the International Research Institute for Nuclear Decommissioning (IRID) was established as a technology research association in August 2013, it has been engaged in research and development (R&D) for decommissioning the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, which is currently an urgent issue, to strengthen the platform for decommissioning technology for the future. The work of IRID R&D is classified into three main pillars: removal of spent nuclear fuel from the pool; retrieval of fuel debris; and technological development for treatment and disposal of solid radioactive waste. This article describes an overview of R&D as of the first half of the fiscal year 2020, mainly focusing on investigation inside primary containment vessels and retrieval of fuel debris.

国际核退役研究所(IRID)自2013年8月作为技术研究协会成立以来,一直致力于福岛第一核电站退役这一当前亟待解决的问题的研究与开发(R&D),以加强未来退役技术的平台。核能研究所的研发工作分为三个主要支柱:从池中取出乏核燃料;燃料碎片的回收;放射性固体废物处理处置技术发展。本文概述了截至2020财年上半年的研发概况,主要集中在初级安全壳内部的调查和燃料碎片的回收上。
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引用次数: 5
Feedback assessment from the audience as part of health literacy training for health professionals: a case from Fukushima after the nuclear accident. 作为卫生专业人员卫生素养培训一部分的听众反馈评估:核事故后福岛的一个案例。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211010919
A Goto, Y Yumiya, K Ueda

Following the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011, a series of health literacy training workshops for local health workers was developed and implemented. This study aimed to analyse who among the intended audience gained the greatest benefit from the training. Nine health workers attended a workshop consisting of classroom training and a follow-up feedback assessment of materials they created in the workshop. The materials were assessed by a total of 131 intended readers. Using Sakai's tool, those items asking readers to rate the accessibility of written information were used to compare the materials before and after revision. The total score for Sakai's measure showed a significant improvement, and the elderly and those without regular doctor visits were more likely to notice improvements after revision. Such health literacy training could serve as a model programme to prevent inequity in access to health information in the face of a regional health crisis.

2011年福岛第一核电站发生事故后,为当地卫生工作者制定并实施了一系列卫生知识普及培训讲习班。本研究旨在分析目标受众中谁从培训中获益最大。9名卫生工作者参加了一个讲习班,包括课堂培训和对他们在讲习班上编写的材料进行后续反馈评估。这些材料由131名预期读者进行评估。使用酒井的工具,那些要求读者评价书面信息可及性的项目被用来比较修订前后的材料。酒井井的测量总分显示出显著的改善,老年人和没有定期看医生的人更有可能在修订后注意到改善。这种卫生知识普及培训可以作为一种示范方案,防止在面临区域卫生危机时在获取卫生信息方面出现不平等现象。
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引用次数: 1
The institutional structure for decommissioning Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. 福岛第一核电站退役的制度结构。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211015396
Hajimu Yamana

This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.This article describes the institutional structure established for decommissioning Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. To deal with the aftermath of the unprecedented nuclear accident in Fukushima, several responsible institutions such as Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) have worked together at the initiative of the Government of Japan. In this structure, Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings (TEPCO) implements the decommissioning due to its legal responsibility, while the essential direction and milestones are set by the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters of the Government of Japan. Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation, a government-affiliated organisation, oversees and facilitates the decommissioning by TEPCO, and the Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safety from an independent standpoint. The main basic elements essential for the success of this long-term project have been developed, such as the technical strategy, financial system, and organisational capability. Decommissioning is making progress.

这篇论文不一定反映国际放射防护委员会的观点。本文描述了为福岛第一核电站退役而建立的制度结构。为了应对史无前例的福岛核事故的后果,在日本政府的倡议下,经济产业省(METI)、教育、文化、体育、科学技术省(MEXT)等几个负责机构共同努力。在这种结构中,东京电力公司(TEPCO)因其法律责任而实施退役,而日本政府核应急总部则确定了基本方向和里程碑。核损害赔偿和退役促进公司是一个政府附属机构,负责监督和促进东京电力公司的退役工作,而核监管机构则从独立的角度监管安全问题。这个长期项目成功的主要基本要素已经开发出来,比如技术战略、财务系统和组织能力。退役工作正在取得进展。
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引用次数: 0
Chornobyl exclusion zone: current status and challenges. 切尔诺贝利隔离区:现状与挑战。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-19 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211028032
Olena Pareniuk, Nakahiro Yasuda

Comparisons of the large nuclear accidents that occurred at the nuclear power plants in Chornobyl and Fukushima usually focus on the emission of radionuclides, the contamination area, doses to the public and liquidation workers, etc. However, little attention has been paid to various factors that affect decisions regarding the future development of these territories, such as the sociopolitical and economic situation in the countries during the accident and at the present time, the density and structure of the population, climate change, media coverage, and accessibility of information to the public. This article attempts to discuss the above factors, speculates about the paths for future development of both exclusion zones, and suggests the most promising areas for joint research in the future.

对发生在切尔诺贝利核电站和福岛核电站的大型核事故的比较通常集中在放射性核素的排放、污染区域、对公众和清理工作人员的剂量等方面。然而,很少有人注意到影响这些领土未来发展决策的各种因素,例如事故发生时和目前各国的社会政治和经济状况、人口密度和结构、气候变化、媒体报道以及公众获取信息的机会。本文试图对上述因素进行探讨,并对两个隔离区未来的发展路径进行推测,提出未来最有希望共同研究的领域。
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引用次数: 0
From a policy perspective: what is at stake? 从政策角度来看:什么是利害攸关的?
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211006817
N Ban

This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.What is at stake? It was one of the most frequently asked questions in a series of fora with concerned parties on the rehabilitation of living conditions in the aftermath of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. It was obvious that radioactive contamination was the source of the problem, and people were at a loss over how to cope with the situation. Various measures were taken under such circumstances, including detailed radiation monitoring, a decontamination programme to reduce the level of radiation in the living environment, and activities related to communication about radiation risk. Nevertheless, this question was asked repeatedly. Measures against radiation exposure were certainly necessary, but it is a reality that they were not enough to solve the difficulties experienced by people in the affected areas. This article presents the author's personal view of the underlying reasons for this, and discusses the way to facilitate recovery after a nuclear accident.

这篇论文不一定反映国际放射防护委员会的观点。这其中的利害关系是什么?在与有关各方就福岛第一核电站事故后生活条件的恢复问题举行的一系列论坛上,这是最常被问到的问题之一。很明显,放射性污染是问题的根源,人们不知道如何处理这种情况。在这种情况下采取了各种措施,包括详细的辐射监测、减少生活环境中的辐射水平的去污方案,以及关于辐射危险的宣传活动。然而,这个问题被反复提出。防止辐射暴露的措施当然是必要的,但现实是,这些措施不足以解决受影响地区人民所经历的困难。这篇文章提出了作者个人对这一潜在原因的看法,并讨论了促进核事故后恢复的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Activities to support individual dosimetry of children in Kawamata Town. 支持川俣镇儿童个体剂量测定的活动。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211010918
Hirokuni Yamanishi, Tetsuo Ito, Makoto Hosono

This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.Kawamata Town in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture is located more than 30 km north-west of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, but on 22 April 2011, part of the Yamakiya District of Kawamata Town was designated as a planned evacuation area. The exposure of children was a concern in Kawamata Town. Based on the proposal of Kindai University, Kawamata Town Board of Education took the initiative to measure individual radiation doses with an integrated dosimeter (glass badge) for all kindergarten children, nursery school children, elementary school students, and junior high school students in the town. These measurements were continued for nearly 3 years from June 2011 until the end of March 2014. The total number of measurements was approximately 16,800 across 11-cycle measurement, with 3 months' accumulation taken as one-cycle measurement. Kindai University provided financial support for the glass badge measurement service, and cooperated in the analysis of measured values and the development of advice based on the results. The main body implementing the measurements was Kawamata Town Board of Education, and the data obtained belong to Kawamata Town. When measurements were starting to be taken, schools got involved in the collection and distribution of dosimeters after explanations were provided to principals and school nurses who were in charge of risk communication. Thanks to the efforts of the schools, the recovery rate exceeded 90%, increasing the reliability of the measurements. It was clear who needed the information - the children and their parents. Kawamata Town Board of Education summarised the cumulative dose results for each measurement and notified parents via personal reports. These were sent to parents with advice on measurement results prepared by Kindai University, and care was taken to ensure that people could understand the measured results. Further briefing sessions were held as appropriate. At the briefing sessions, at the request of Kawamata Town Board of Education, the faculty members of Kindai University explained the measurement results from a professional point of view, and a professor from the Faculty of Medicine provided individual health consultations. Kawamata Town took the lead in using specialists to gain peace of mind, and this was key to the project's success. The situation was managed by taking measurements by dosimetry, and asking experts to interpret the data and provide advice to help reassure the residents.

这篇论文不一定反映国际放射防护委员会的观点。福岛县Date区的Kawamata镇位于福岛第一核电站西北30多公里处,但在2011年4月22日,Kawamata镇Yamakiya区的一部分被指定为计划疏散区。儿童的暴露是川俣镇的一个问题。川俣市教育委员会根据近代大学的提议,在全镇所有幼儿园、幼儿园、小学、初中学生中,率先使用综合剂量计(玻璃胸牌)测量个人辐射剂量。从2011年6月到2014年3月底,这些测量持续了近3年。在11个周期的测量中,总测量次数约为16,800次,以3个月的积累作为一个周期的测量。近畿大学为玻璃徽章测量服务提供了资金支持,并合作分析测量值并根据结果制定建议。测量的实施主体为河俣镇教育局,所得数据归河俣镇所有。当开始测量时,学校在向负责风险沟通的校长和学校护士提供解释后,参与了剂量计的收集和分发。由于学校的努力,回收率超过90%,提高了测量的可靠性。很明显,谁需要这些信息——孩子们和他们的父母。河俣市教育委员会总结了每次测量的累积剂量结果,并通过个人报告通知了家长。这些信件连同由近畿大学准备的测量结果的建议一起发给了家长,并小心翼翼地确保人们能够理解测量结果。还酌情举行了进一步的情况介绍会。在简报会上,应川俣市教育委员会的要求,近台大学的教职员工从专业角度解释了测量结果,医学院的一位教授提供了个人健康咨询。Kawamata镇率先使用专家来获得内心的平静,这是项目成功的关键。这种情况是通过剂量测量来控制的,并请专家解释数据并提供建议,以帮助安抚居民。
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引用次数: 0
RECOVERY AFTER NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS. 核事故后的恢复。
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211020845
Christopher H Clement
Coincidentally, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) released Publication 111 ‘Application of the Commission’s recommendations to the protection of people living in long-term contaminated areas after a nuclear accident or a radiation emergency’ (ICRP, 2009), based largely on experience from the Chernobyl accident, just a year before the Fukushima accident occurred. One reason it took so long is that many people felt that the Chernobyl accident was an anomaly. In the decades since Chernobyl, progress had been made to prepare for the immediate emergency response to another large accident, but little consideration had been given to the aftermath.
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引用次数: 0
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Annals of the ICRP
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