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Operational radiation protection for human space flight: the flight surgeon's perspective. 人类太空飞行的操作辐射防护:飞行外科医生的观点。
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-11-10 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320966570
U Straube
Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space in 1961 almost 60 years ago. Eight years later Neil Armstrong left his footprints on the Moon – the first human on the surface of a celestial body other than Earth. By now long-duration missions of up to 1 year have become a reality for humans in space. Nearly 19 years of continuous human presence at the International Space Station (ISS) have provided a unique insight into human life in space. Humans are reaching out for more – targeting missions to take us outside the protective hull of low earth orbit into deep space. The challenges to human health and well-being remain significant and increase with distance and time from Earth. The lack of gravity, the ubiquitous ionising radiation, remoteness, and confinement are just some examples of the hostile environment of space. More hurdles have to be overcome prior to the human endeavour of reaching out into deep space and radiation is one such primary and inevitable factor that is key to crew health, safety and overall mission success. This presentation will provide an introduction into operational space medicine and radiation protection for humans in space as executed on ISS, in low earth orbit and in preparation for the scenarios ‘beyond’.
大约60年前的1961年,尤里·加加林成为第一个进入太空的人。八年后,尼尔·阿姆斯特朗在月球上留下了他的脚印,这是人类第一个在地球以外的天体表面上留下脚印的人。到目前为止,长达1年的长期太空任务已经成为人类在太空中的现实。人类在国际空间站(ISS)连续存在了近19年,为人类在太空中的生活提供了独特的视角。人类正在寻求更多目标明确的任务,将我们带出低地球轨道的保护外壳,进入深空。人类健康和福祉面临的挑战仍然很大,并且随着离地球的距离和时间的增加而增加。缺乏重力、无处不在的电离辐射、偏远和禁闭只是太空恶劣环境的一些例子。在人类努力进入深空之前,还需要克服更多的障碍,辐射是其中一个主要和不可避免的因素,是机组人员健康、安全和整个任务成功的关键。本报告将介绍在国际空间站、近地轨道和为“未来”情况做准备时为人类提供的空间医学和辐射防护。
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引用次数: 1
ICRP recommendations on radon. ICRP对氡的建议。
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320931974
J D Harrison, J W Marsh

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publishes guidance on protection from radon in homes and workplaces, and dose coefficients for use in assessments of exposure for protection purposes. ICRP Publication 126 recommends an upper reference level for exposures in homes and workplaces of 300 Bq m-3. In general, protection can be optimised using measurements of air concentrations directly, without considering radiation doses. However, dose estimates are required for workers when radon is considered as an occupational exposure (e.g. in mines), and for higher exposures in other workplaces (e.g. offices) when the reference level is exceeded persistently. ICRP Publication 137 recommends a dose coefficient of 3 mSv per mJ h m-3 (approximately 10 mSv per working level month) for most circumstances of exposure in workplaces, equivalent to 6.7 nSv per Bq h m-3 using an equilibrium factor of 0.4. Using this dose coefficient, annual exposure of workers to 300 Bq m-3 corresponds to 4 mSv. For comparison, using the same coefficient for exposures in homes, 300 Bq m-3 corresponds to 14 mSv. If circumstances of occupational exposure warrant more detailed consideration and reliable alternative data are available, site-specific doses can be assessed using methodology provided in ICRP Publication 137.

国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)出版了关于在家庭和工作场所预防氡的指南,以及用于评估为保护目的而进行的照射的剂量系数。ICRP第126号出版物建议,家庭和工作场所暴露的最高参考水平为300 Bq m-3。一般来说,可以通过直接测量空气浓度来优化防护,而无需考虑辐射剂量。但是,当氡被认为是一种职业接触时(例如在矿井中),以及当持续超过参考水平时在其他工作场所(例如办公室)的较高接触时,需要对工人进行剂量估计。ICRP第137号出版物建议,对于工作场所的大多数暴露情况,剂量系数为每mJ h m-3 3毫西弗(每个工作水平月约10毫西弗),按平衡系数0.4计算,相当于每Bq h m-3 6.7毫西弗。使用这个剂量系数,工人每年接触300 Bq - m-3相当于4毫西弗。相比之下,在家庭中使用相同的暴露系数,300 Bq m-3相当于14毫西弗。如果职业接触的情况需要更详细的考虑,并且有可靠的替代数据,则可以使用ICRP第137号出版物中提供的方法评估特定地点剂量。
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引用次数: 14
Australian action to reduce health risks from radon. 澳大利亚为减少氡对健康的危害而采取的行动。
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320931983
S A Long, R A Tinker

In Australia, worker exposure to radon in underground uranium mines has been a focus of policy makers and regulators, and has been well controlled in the industry sector. That cannot be said for public exposure to radon. Radon exposure studies in the late 1980s and early 1990s demonstrated that the levels of radon in Australian homes were some of the lowest in the world. The International Basic Safety Standards, published by the International Atomic Energy Agency, requires the government to establish and implement an action plan for controlling public exposure due to radon indoors. When considering different policy options, it is important to develop radon prevention and mitigation programmes reflecting elements that are unique to the region or country. The Australian Radon Action Plan is being considered at a national level, and presents a long-range strategy designed to reduce radon-induced lung cancer in Australia, as well as the individual risk for people living with high concentrations of radon. In Australia, workers who are not currently designated as occupationally exposed are also considered as members of the public. In the Australian context, there are only a limited set of scenarios that might give rise to sufficiently high radon concentrations that warrant mitigation. These include highly energy efficient buildings in areas of high radon potential, underground workplaces, workplaces with elevated radon concentrations (e.g. spas using natural spring waters), and enclosed workspaces with limited ventilation. The key elements for a successful plan will rely on collaboration between government sectors and other health promotion programmes, cooperative efforts involving technical and communication experts, and partnering with building professionals and other stakeholders involved in the implementation of radon prevention and mitigation.

在澳大利亚,工人在地下铀矿中接触氡一直是决策者和监管机构关注的焦点,并在工业部门得到了很好的控制。但对于公众暴露于氡的情况就不是这样了。20世纪80年代末和90年代初的氡接触研究表明,澳大利亚家庭中的氡水平是世界上最低的。国际原子能机构发布的《国际基本安全标准》要求政府制定并实施一项行动计划,以控制公众在室内接触氡。在考虑不同的政策选择时,重要的是要制定反映该区域或国家特有因素的氡预防和缓解方案。目前正在国家一级审议《澳大利亚氡行动计划》,该计划提出了一项长期战略,旨在减少澳大利亚氡诱发的肺癌,以及生活在高浓度氡环境中的人的个人风险。在澳大利亚,目前未被指定为职业暴露的工人也被视为公众成员。在澳大利亚的情况下,只有一组有限的情景可能产生足够高的氡浓度,需要采取缓解措施。这些措施包括高氡潜势地区的高能效建筑、地下工作场所、氡浓度升高的工作场所(例如使用天然泉水的水疗中心)以及通风有限的封闭工作空间。一项成功计划的关键要素将取决于政府部门与其他健康促进规划之间的协作、技术和传播专家的合作努力,以及与建筑专业人员和参与实施预防和缓解氡的其他利益攸关方结成伙伴关系。
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引用次数: 1
Trend of strengthening clearance regulation in Japan and concerns about its worldwide effects on regulations for natural and artificial radionuclides. 日本加强清理管制的趋势及其对自然和人工放射性核素管制的全球影响的关切。
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320956518
T Hattori

The Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) of Japan invited comments from the public on a revised guide on measurement and evaluation for clearance in 2019, which included a strict decision on how to treat uncertainties in the measurement and the nuclide vector. To resolve the issue on the uncertainty in clearance, a probabilistic approach had been established previously in the Atomic Energy Society of Japan Standard and incorporated into International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Report No. 67. NRA's new decision on the uncertainty in clearance was up to 10 times stricter than the probabilistic approach. This issue has been discussed at an international level in the framework of the ongoing revision of IAEA Safety Guide RS-G-1.7. This discussion on the uncertainty in clearance has raised serious concerns about its effects on other radiological protection regulations worldwide. This is because if we need strict treatment for the uncertainty in clearance, the same or even stricter treatment for conformity assessment may have to be applied to other radiological protection criteria for doses exceeding 10 µSv year-1. Radiological protection experts including regulators, professionals, and operators should be aware of the essential meaning of the radiological protection criteria by considering the background scientific basis on which they were established.

日本核管理委员会(NRA)就2019年批准的修订后的测量和评估指南征求公众意见,其中包括关于如何处理测量和核素矢量中的不确定性的严格决定。为了解决关于许可不确定的问题,日本原子能学会以前的标准中已经确定了一种概率方法,并纳入了国际原子能机构(原子能机构)第67号安全报告。NRA对许可不确定性的新决定比概率方法严格10倍。在国际一级正在修订的原子能机构安全指南RS-G-1.7的框架内讨论了这个问题。关于清除不确定性的讨论引起了人们对其对全世界其他辐射防护条例的影响的严重关切。这是因为如果我们需要对清除的不确定性进行严格处理,那么对于超过10 μ Sv年的剂量,可能必须对其他放射防护标准进行相同或更严格的合格评定。辐射防护专家,包括监管机构、专业人员和操作人员,应该通过考虑制定辐射防护标准的背景科学基础,了解辐射防护标准的基本含义。
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引用次数: 5
Olympic Dam: BHP thinking big about the future. 奥运大坝:必和必拓放眼未来。
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320960681
P Cuthbert

Olympic Dam is one of the world's most significant polymetallic orebodies producing copper, uranium, gold, and silver in remote South Australia. The polymetallic deposit is located 520 km north-northwest of Adelaide, South Australia and has an inferred resource of 2660 Mt at 1.2% Cu, 1.4 kg t-1 U3Os, and 0.5 g t-1 Au. Ore is mined from the underground operation at a rate of approximately 10 mt year-1, and is processed on site through a concentrator and hydrometallurgical facility, smelter, and electrolytic refinery. Olympic Dam is one of the only sites in the world to claim the 'mine to market' title. Protection of the workforce and the environment has been a primary focus for the operations through its 30+ year life and will continue to be into the future. Broken Hill Propriety Company (BHP) believes that its most important asset is its people. With such a large orebody and a very long potential mine life, it is important to think strategically about the future to ensure the viability of the operation. This requires development of mine and surface processing facilities in a staged manner. Importantly, it also involves the development of people. This presentation provides an overview of BHP's work at Olympic Dam and outlines development plans for Olympic Dam into the future.© 2020 ICRP. Published by SAGE.

奥林匹克大坝是世界上最重要的多金属矿体之一,位于偏远的南澳大利亚,生产铜、铀、金和银。该多金属矿床位于南澳大利亚州阿德莱德西北偏北520公里处,推断资源量为2660公吨,含1.2% Cu、1.4 kg t-1 u30和0.5 g t-1 Au。矿石以每年约1000万吨的速度从地下开采,并通过选矿厂和湿法冶金设施、冶炼厂和电解精炼厂在现场进行加工。奥林匹克大坝是世界上仅有的几个拥有“矿山到市场”称号的地点之一。在其30多年的生命周期中,对劳动力和环境的保护一直是运营的主要关注点,并将持续到未来。必和必拓认为,公司最重要的资产是员工。如此大的矿体和很长的潜在矿山寿命,重要的是战略性地考虑未来,以确保作业的可行性。这就要求分阶段发展矿山和地面加工设施。重要的是,它还涉及人的发展。本报告概述了必和必拓在奥林匹克大坝的工作,并概述了奥林匹克大坝未来的发展计划。©2020 icrp。SAGE出版。
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引用次数: 0
Ethical aspects in the use of radiation in medicine: update from ICRP Task Group 109. 医学放射应用中的伦理问题:ICRP第109工作组的最新情况。
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-08-11 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320929630
F Bochud, M C Cantone, K Applegate, M Coffey, J Damilakis, M Del Rosario Perez, F Fahey, M Jesudasan, C Kurihara-Saio, B Le Guen, J Malone, M Murphy, L Reid, F Zölzer

Whereas scientific evidence is the basis for recommendations and guidance on radiological protection, professional ethics is critically important and should always guide professional behaviour. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) established Task Group 109 to advise medical professionals, patients, families, carers, the public, and authorities about the ethical aspects of radiological protection of patients in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of radiation in medicine. Occupational exposures and research-related exposures are not within the scope of this task group. Task Group 109 will produce a report that will be available to the different interested parties for consultation before publication. Presently, the report is at the stage of a working document that has benefitted from an international workshop organised on the topic by the World Health Organization. It presents the history of ethics in medicine in ICRP, and explains why this subject is important, and the benefits it can bring to the standard biomedical ethics. As risk is an essential part in decision-making and communication, a summary is included on what is known about the dose-effect relationship, with emphasis on the associated uncertainties. Once this theoretical framework has been presented, the report becomes resolutely more practical. First, it proposes an evaluation method to analyse specific situations from an ethical point of view. This method allows stakeholders to review a set of six ethical values and provides hints on how they could be balanced. Next, various situations (e.g. pregnancy, elderly, paediatric, end of life) are considered in two steps: first within a realistic, ethically challenging scenario on which the evaluation method is applied; and second within a more general context. Scenarios are presented and discussed with attention to specific patient circumstances, and on how and which reflections on ethical values can be of help in the decision-making process. Finally, two important related aspects are considered: how should we communicate with patients, family, and other stakeholders; and how should we incorporate ethics into the education and training of medical professionals?

尽管科学证据是关于放射防护的建议和指导的基础,但职业道德至关重要,并应始终指导职业行为。国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)设立了第109任务组,就医学放射诊断和治疗使用中对患者进行放射防护的伦理问题向医疗专业人员、患者、家属、护理人员、公众和当局提供咨询。职业暴露和与研究相关的暴露不在本任务组的范围内。第109工作组将编写一份报告,供各有关方面在出版前咨询。目前,该报告正处于工作文件阶段,这得益于世界卫生组织就该专题组织的一次国际讲习班。它介绍了ICRP中医学伦理学的历史,并解释了为什么这个主题很重要,以及它可以给标准生物医学伦理学带来的好处。由于风险是决策和沟通的一个重要组成部分,因此对已知的剂量-效应关系进行了总结,并强调了相关的不确定性。一旦提出了这个理论框架,报告就会变得更加实际。首先,提出了一种从伦理角度分析具体情况的评价方法。这种方法允许利益相关者审查一套六种道德价值观,并提供如何平衡它们的提示。接下来,将分两个步骤考虑各种情况(例如怀孕、老年、儿科、生命终结):首先,在应用评估方法的现实的、具有道德挑战性的情况下;第二,在更广泛的背景下。方案提出和讨论的关注具体的病人情况,以及如何和哪些反思道德价值观可以在决策过程中有所帮助。最后,考虑了两个重要的相关方面:我们应该如何与患者、家属和其他利益相关者沟通;我们应该如何将伦理道德融入到医疗专业人员的教育和培训中?
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引用次数: 12
What is the point of innovation in patient dose monitoring? 患者剂量监测创新的意义是什么?
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-08-25 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320927858
J Hislop-Jambrich

The Medical Futurist says that radiology is one of the fastest growing and developing areas of medicine, and therefore this might be the speciality in which we can expect to see the largest steps in development. So why do they think that, and does it apply to dose monitoring? The move from retrospective dose evaluation to a proactive dose management approach represents a serious area of research. Indeed, artificial intelligence and machine learning are consistently being integrated into best-in-class dose management software solutions. The development of clinical analytics and dashboards are already supporting operators in their decision-making, and these optimisations - if taken beyond a single machine, a single department, or a single health network - have the potential to drive real and lasting change. The question is for whom exactly are these innovations being developed? How can the patient know that their scan has been performed to the absolute best that the technology can deliver? Do they know or even care how much their lifetime risk for developing cancer has changed post examination? Do they want a personalised size-specific dose estimate or perhaps an individual organ dose assessment to share on Instagram? Let's get real about the clinical utility and regulatory application of dose monitoring, and shine a light on the shared responsibility in applying the technology and the associated innovations.

《医学未来学家》表示,放射学是医学中发展最快的领域之一,因此,这可能是我们可以期待看到最大发展步伐的专业。那么为什么他们会这么想,这是否适用于剂量监测?从回顾性剂量评估到主动剂量管理方法的转变是一个重要的研究领域。事实上,人工智能和机器学习一直被集成到一流的剂量管理软件解决方案中。临床分析和仪表板的发展已经为运营商的决策提供了支持,这些优化——如果应用到单个机器、单个部门或单个医疗网络之外——有可能推动真正和持久的变化。问题是,这些创新究竟是为谁开发的?病人怎么知道他们的扫描已经达到了技术所能提供的绝对最佳水平?他们知道或关心他们一生中患癌症的风险在检查后改变了多少吗?他们是想要一个个性化的特定尺寸剂量估计,还是想要一个单独的器官剂量评估,在Instagram上分享?让我们真正了解剂量监测的临床应用和监管应用,并阐明应用该技术和相关创新的共同责任。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum. 更正。
Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320966413
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引用次数: 0
ICRP Publication 144: Dose Coefficients for External Exposures to Environmental Sources. ICRP出版物144:环境源外部照射的剂量系数。
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320906277
N Petoussi-Henss, D Satoh, A Endo, K F Eckerman, W E Bolch, J Hunt, J T M Jansen, C H Kim, C Lee, K Saito, H Schlattl, Y S Yeom, S J Yoo
This publication presents radionuclide-specific organ and effective doserate coefficients for members of the public resulting from environmental external exposures to radionuclide emissions of both photons and electrons, calculated using computational phantoms representing the International Commission on Radiological Protection’s (ICRP) reference newborn, 1-year-old, 5-year-old, 10year-old, 15-year-old, and adult males and females. Environmental radiation fields of monoenergetic photon and electron sources were first computed using the Monte Carlo radiation transport code PHITS for source geometries representing environmental radionuclide exposures including planar sources on and within the ground at different depths (representing radionuclide ground contamination from fallout or naturally occurring terrestrial sources), volumetric sources in air (representing a radioactive cloud), and uniformly distributed sources in simulated contaminated water. For the above geometries, the exposed reference individual is considered to be completely within the radiation field. Organ equivalent dose-rate coefficients for monoenergetic photons and electrons were next computed employing the PHITS code, thus simulating photon and electron interactions within the tissues and organs of the exposed reference individual. For quality assurance purposes, further cross-check calculations were performed using GEANT4, EGSnrc, MCNPX, MCNP6, and the Visible Monte Carlo radiation transport codes. From the monoenergetic values, nuclide-specific effective and organ equivalent dose-rate coefficients were computed for 1252 radionuclides of 97 elements for the above environmental exposures using the nuclear decay data from ICRP Publication 107. The coefficients are given as dose-rates normalised to radionuclide concentrations in environmental media, such as radioactivity concentration (nSv h Bq m or nSv h Bq m), and can be renormalised to ambient dose equivalent (Sv Sv ) or air kerma free in air (SvGy ). The main text provides effective dose-rate coefficients for selected radionuclides; details including ageand sex-dependent organ dose-rate coefficients are provided as an electronic supplement to be downloaded from the ICRP and SAGE websites. The data show that, in general, the smaller the body mass of the
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引用次数: 22
Phantom Evolution. 幻影进化。
Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320919328
John D Harrison
The phantoms used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) are mathematical models of the anatomy of the human body, required for dosimetric calculations. The improvements made to these phantoms, particularly more recently, reflect considerable advances in scientific methodology and computing power, together with changing expectations that the best science will be used and will be communicated openly. The highly sophisticated models in this publication should ‘future-proof’ the Commission in readiness for anticipated requirements for new calculations.
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Annals of the ICRP
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