Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1177/01466453211027672
{"title":"Presentations and presenters.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01466453211027672","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01466453211027672","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453211027672"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39110930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.1177/01466453211013964
{"title":"Corrigenda.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01466453211013964","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01466453211013964","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453211013964"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39074983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.1177/01466453211016658
{"title":"Corrigenda.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01466453211016658","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01466453211016658","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453211016658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39074051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.1177/01466453211000254
{"title":"CORRIGENDUM.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01466453211000254","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01466453211000254","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453211000254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25525209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-23DOI: 10.1177/01466453211000206
{"title":"CORRIGENDUM.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01466453211000206","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01466453211000206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453211000206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25508807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-19DOI: 10.1177/01466453211000252
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01466453211000252","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01466453211000252","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":" ","pages":"1466453211000252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25495317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645319896548
K Higley, A Real, D Chambers
{"title":"ICRP Publication 148: Radiation Weighting for Reference Animals and Plants.","authors":"K Higley, A Real, D Chambers","doi":"10.1177/0146645319896548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645319896548","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"50 2","pages":"9-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645319896548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38992392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645320931044
Richard John Jan Pentreath
One of the first issues to arise in the development of a set of Reference Animals and Plants by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was that of allowing for factors such as relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in considerations of estimates of dose (ICRP, 2003, 2008). The issue was not a new one. The need to consider such factors had been widely recognised for many years, and for several reasons. Firstly, RBE obviously applies to animals other than humans; indeed, much of the RBE information used in human radiological protection had been derived from both in-vivo and in-vitro animal studies. It thus seemed reasonable that allowance should be made for such information in assessments of the relationship between dose and effects for those same animals in the context of their exposures to radiation in an environmental context. Secondly, it was known that many animals and plants can accumulate concentrations of naturally occurring alpha-particle-emitting nuclides within their tissues to very high levels, and thus there had been arguments for the use of ‘weighting factors’ to normalise assessments of comparative radiation background dose rates amongst different types of fauna and flora. Finally, because of the presence of alpha-particle-emitting nuclides (and, in some cases, tritium) in many environmental areas, as a result of different exposure situations, there had been concerns that their potential effects on wildlife would be underestimated if allowances for RBE were not taken into account.
{"title":"Sensible Advice for Making More Realistic Assessments of Dose for Biota Under Different Exposure Situations.","authors":"Richard John Jan Pentreath","doi":"10.1177/0146645320931044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320931044","url":null,"abstract":"One of the first issues to arise in the development of a set of Reference Animals and Plants by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was that of allowing for factors such as relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in considerations of estimates of dose (ICRP, 2003, 2008). The issue was not a new one. The need to consider such factors had been widely recognised for many years, and for several reasons. Firstly, RBE obviously applies to animals other than humans; indeed, much of the RBE information used in human radiological protection had been derived from both in-vivo and in-vitro animal studies. It thus seemed reasonable that allowance should be made for such information in assessments of the relationship between dose and effects for those same animals in the context of their exposures to radiation in an environmental context. Secondly, it was known that many animals and plants can accumulate concentrations of naturally occurring alpha-particle-emitting nuclides within their tissues to very high levels, and thus there had been arguments for the use of ‘weighting factors’ to normalise assessments of comparative radiation background dose rates amongst different types of fauna and flora. Finally, because of the presence of alpha-particle-emitting nuclides (and, in some cases, tritium) in many environmental areas, as a result of different exposure situations, there had been concerns that their potential effects on wildlife would be underestimated if allowances for RBE were not taken into account.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"50 2","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320931044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38992393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645320911864
J D Harrison, M Balonov, F Bochud, C Martin, H-G Menzel, P Ortiz-Lopez, R Smith-Bindman, J R Simmonds, R Wakeford
The central dose quantities used in radiological protection are absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. The concept of effective dose was developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) as a riskadjusted dosimetric quantity for the management of protection against stochastic effects, principally cancer, enabling comparison of estimated doses with dose limits, dose constraints, and reference levels expressed in the same quantity. Its use allows all radiation exposures from external and internal sources to be considered together and summed, relying on the assumptions of a linear non-threshold dose–response relationship, equivalence of acute and chronic exposures at low doses or low dose rates, and equivalence of external and internal exposures. ICRP Publication 103 provides detailed explanation of the purpose and use of effective dose and equivalent dose to individual organs and tissues. This publication provides further guidance on the scientific basis for the control of radiation risks using dose quantities, and discusses occupational, public, and medical applications. It is recognised that best estimates of risk to individuals will use organ/tissue doses and specific dose risk models. Although doses incurred at low levels of exposure may be measured or assessed with reasonable accuracy, the associated risks are increasingly uncertain at lower doses. Bearing in mind the uncertainties associated with risk projection to low doses or low dose rates, it is concluded that effective dose may be considered as an approximate indicator of possible risk, recognising also that lifetime cancer risks vary with age at exposure, sex, and population group. A further conclusion is that equivalent dose is not required as a protection quantity. It will be more appropriate for limits for the avoidance of tissue reactions for the skin, hands and feet, and lens of the eye to be set in terms of absorbed dose rather than equivalent dose. 2021 ICRP. Published by SAGE.
{"title":"ICRP Publication 147: Use of Dose Quantities in Radiological Protection.","authors":"J D Harrison, M Balonov, F Bochud, C Martin, H-G Menzel, P Ortiz-Lopez, R Smith-Bindman, J R Simmonds, R Wakeford","doi":"10.1177/0146645320911864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645320911864","url":null,"abstract":"The central dose quantities used in radiological protection are absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. The concept of effective dose was developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) as a riskadjusted dosimetric quantity for the management of protection against stochastic effects, principally cancer, enabling comparison of estimated doses with dose limits, dose constraints, and reference levels expressed in the same quantity. Its use allows all radiation exposures from external and internal sources to be considered together and summed, relying on the assumptions of a linear non-threshold dose–response relationship, equivalence of acute and chronic exposures at low doses or low dose rates, and equivalence of external and internal exposures. ICRP Publication 103 provides detailed explanation of the purpose and use of effective dose and equivalent dose to individual organs and tissues. This publication provides further guidance on the scientific basis for the control of radiation risks using dose quantities, and discusses occupational, public, and medical applications. It is recognised that best estimates of risk to individuals will use organ/tissue doses and specific dose risk models. Although doses incurred at low levels of exposure may be measured or assessed with reasonable accuracy, the associated risks are increasingly uncertain at lower doses. Bearing in mind the uncertainties associated with risk projection to low doses or low dose rates, it is concluded that effective dose may be considered as an approximate indicator of possible risk, recognising also that lifetime cancer risks vary with age at exposure, sex, and population group. A further conclusion is that equivalent dose is not required as a protection quantity. It will be more appropriate for limits for the avoidance of tissue reactions for the skin, hands and feet, and lens of the eye to be set in terms of absorbed dose rather than equivalent dose. 2021 ICRP. Published by SAGE.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"50 1","pages":"9-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645320911864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25423087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0146645321994213
Dominique Laurier, Christopher Clement
The system of radiological protection for humans currently uses three dose quantities: absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. Absorbed dose to organs and tissues is the fundamental scientific quantity and starting point for calculation of the other risk-adjusted quantities. Equivalent dose to organs and tissues enables the summation of doses from different radiation types, and is currently used to set limits to prevent harmful tissue reactions. Effective dose combines equivalent doses for protection from stochastic effects.
{"title":"Dose and risk: science and protection.","authors":"Dominique Laurier, Christopher Clement","doi":"10.1177/0146645321994213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146645321994213","url":null,"abstract":"The system of radiological protection for humans currently uses three dose quantities: absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. Absorbed dose to organs and tissues is the fundamental scientific quantity and starting point for calculation of the other risk-adjusted quantities. Equivalent dose to organs and tissues enables the summation of doses from different radiation types, and is currently used to set limits to prevent harmful tissue reactions. Effective dose combines equivalent doses for protection from stochastic effects.","PeriodicalId":39551,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the ICRP","volume":"50 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0146645321994213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25423086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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