Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300380
A. Siewers
“Landscapes of Conversion: Guthlac’s Mound and Grendel’s Mere as Expressions of Anglo-Saxon Nation-Building.” Scholars have long noted differences in treatments of nature between Anglo-Saxon and ot...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300393
A. Cobban
“Polydore Vergil Reconsidered: The Anglia Historia and the English Universities.” This article reassesses the caliber of Polydore Vergil as a historian in the light of an analysis of the data on the English Universities scattered throughout the Anglica Historia, a study that has not hitherto been attempted. Although Vergil had ready access to the relevant information, his depiction of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is most inadequate, even by the standards of the early sixteenth century. His evaluation of their origins, development, and collegiate foundations is marred by so many shortcomings, inaccuracies, omissions, eulogies, and superficial or careless research that this area of Vergil’s Anglica Historia is hard to reconcile with his eminence as a historian who did much to introduce to the English literary scene the advanced critical standards of historiography that were generated by the Renaissance. The fact that Vergil, with one or two exceptions, is so often adrift when commenting upon Eng...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300383
B. Whalen
“Joachim of Fiore and the Division of Christendom.” Modern scholarship, including notably the work of R. I. Moore, generally portrays medieval Latin attitudes toward Greek Christians as marked by growing intolerance, hatred, and alienation. This article examines the representation of Latin and Greek difference as found in the writings of the famous Calabrian abbot Joachim of Fiore (1135–1202). Through his concordance of biblical and post-biblical history, Joachim came to the conclusion that the division of Christendom was a providential event, imparting to Latin Christians a place of primacy in God’s dispensation that was formerly reserved for the Jews and then for the Greeks. The abbot’s eschatological speculations, however, also lead him to foresee the peaceful reunion of the two churches through the efforts of a spiritual order of Latin monks, whose own religious tradition could be traced back to the Eastern Church. This influential vision of the divergence between the two Christian peoples calls on us...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300382
Fiona Griffiths
“Brides and Dominae: Abelard’s Cura Monialium at the Augustinian Monastery of Marbach.” This article explores the use of Peter Abelard’s sermon On alms for the nuns of the Paraclete (sermon 30) in the Guta-Sintram Codex (ca. 1154), a work of collaboration between Guta, an Augustinian canoness from Schwartzenthann, and Sintram, a canon from the nearby community at Marbach. Focusing on interactions between the men and women of the two communities, from their shared beginnings during the reform enthusiasm of the late eleventh century to the more cautious spiritual climate of the latter half of the twelfth century, the article reveals the ways in which Marbach’s commitment to the cura monialium, the pastoral care of women, was influenced by Abelard’s belief in the dignity of women. That Marbach viewed the cura monialium as an integral, and even obligatory, part of its active ministry is most clearly expressed in Beati pauperes, an extract from Abelard’s sermon 30 that was included in the Guta-Sintram Codex. T...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300389
L. M. Clopper
“Is the Tretise of Miraclis Pleyinge a Lollard Tract against Devotional Drama?” The essay argues that the Tretise is neither a Lollard text nor one that attacks devotional drama (biblical plays or liturgical representationes). The essay opens with a list of reasons terminological, dialectal, regional, and historical—for being skeptical that the Tretise is a Lollard tract or an attack on the devotional drama. There is a more detailed discussion of terminology “miraclis pleyinge,” theatrica, and related terms—before turning to the manuscript context of the Tretise. The arguments for Lollard authorship and ideology of the text that have been presented by Nicholas Davis and Ruth Nisse are critiqued. The analysis suggests that the writer of the tract was using a Dominican preaching manual for the construction of the argument and that the Tretise is directed against ludic indiscretions similar to those condemned by Innocent III, English synods, and English bishops. John Bromyard’s Summa Predicantium contains gr...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300388
Chris Jones
“‘... mais tot por le servise Deu’? Philippe III le Hardi, Charles d’Anjou, and the 1273/74 Imperial Candidature.” The 1273 imperial candidature of the French king Philippe III le Hardi (1270–1285) has long been regarded as little more than a curiosity, a trivial footnote in the attempts of the king’s uncle, Charles d’Anjou, to establish his ascendancy over the Italian peninsula. This article sets out to question the veracity of this judgment. It seeks to demonstrate that both Philippe and Charles pursued the proposal that Philippe should become ruler of the western Empire extremely seriously, to the extent that both were willing to waive their rights over a sizeable and important region, the Comtat-Venaissin, in order to obtain this end. It proposes that the reasons for this lay in concerns associated with the successful prosecution of a future crusade and that the candidature reflected a view of the proper ordering of Christian society which for both Philippe and Charles incorporated the existence of a ...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300387
John S. Langdon
“Twilight of the Byzantine Lascarid Basileia in Anatolian Exile, 1254–1258: Continuity and Change in Imperial Geopolitical Strategy.” In 1254 the new basileus Theodore II Lascaris inherited the relentlessly coherent geopolitical strategy of his warrior predecessor John III for the restoration of the Byzantine oecumene from her Anatolian exile. In the last year of his reign John III had for a second time come tantalizingly close to reaping the ultimate prize of Latin-controlled Constantinople—despite the many regional geopolitical currents buffeting his waxing empire—only to be forestalled yet again by the renewed advent of the dreaded Mongol storm. The aim of the current essay is to assess Theodore’s success in revising his predecessor’s policies so as to continue the dynasty’s grand strategies—as he coped with a debilitating terminal illness and the growing unrest of key Byzantine aristocrats. Theodore’s regional policies vis-a-vis Turks, Franks, Bulgars, and Epirotes are framed within the context of the...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300381
J. Eldevik
“Ecclesiastical Lordship and the Politics of Submitting Tithes in Medieval Germany: The Thuringian Tithe Dispute in Social Context.” The ecclesiastical tithe in the Middle Ages was an important source of income for the church, but could serve in certain contexts as a profound symbol of episcopal power. In the mid-eleventh century, a number of German bishops began to reassemble their rights to ecclesiastical tithes which had previously been in the possession of monasteries or laymen. While this trend has been cast traditionally as part of the broader church reform movement of the eleventh century—an attempt to bring episcopal administration into line with canonical norms—it can be better understood as a strategy that responded to new political conditions in the Salian period. By examining a famous dispute between Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz (1060–1088) and the monasteries of Hersfeld and Fulda, the author shows how Siegfried’s extended campaign to recoup tithes from the monasteries and laymen in Thuringi...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300394
D. Cressy
“God’s Time, Rome’s Time, and the Calendar of the English Protestant Regime.” This paper examines calendar compulsion and calendar contest in English religious culture in the century following the Reformation. Using legal, liturgical, literary, and folkloric sources, it exposes the tensions between authority and custom, power and choice, as governments regulated the year for religious and political purposes. It shows how the liturgical calendar remained a work in progress in Protestant England, how saints’ days suppressed under the Tudors had a vestigial half-life under the Stuarts, and how the national Protestant dynastic state created time-markers of its own providential deliverances and political anniversaries. The calendar provided prompts to memory, aids to devotion, and stimuli to expressions of allegiance. Involving clergy and laity, traditionalists and reformers, governors and governed, England’s early modern calendar remained a zone of controversy and enduring contest over the marking and managem...
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Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300385
M. Bayless
“The Story of the Fallen Jew and the Iconography of Jewish Unbelief.” Medieval Christian thought on the Jews often took the form of popular tales, miniature allegories that drew on symbols of sin and corruption. This article discusses one such story, a tale of a Jew who falls in a sewer and refuses to be helped out. The tale circulated from the twelfth century to the seventeenth, in both verse and prose. In its trappings of historicity and use of symbols, it claims to represent a larger truth about Jewish corruption and backwardness. The symbolic system of this story, which highlights excrement as the earthly manifestation of sin, was shared with many other medieval stories about Jews, as well as with exegesis and the Bible. As a whole, the story presents Jews as the icons of earthly sinners, and seeks to express and define popular ideas about Jewish unrighteousness.
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