Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300005
Courtney M. Booker
In this article, evidence is put forward for a new editorial prologue by the ninth-century scholar and poet Walafrid Strabo. Long thought to be a short preface composed and printed by the sixteenth-century French jurist Pierre Pithou, the text’s appearance in a manuscript from 1508 (Wroclaw, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka Akc. 1949/397) demonstrates an earlier origin. Through a close examination of this manuscript’s contents, together with independent evidence provided by marginalia from Pithou himself, the text is shown to have come from Walafrid’s pen. Written as a didactic prologue to the Episcoporum de poenitentia ... relatio Compendiensis, the two texts were conjoined with Thegan’s Gesta Hludowici in 841–842 both to expose the fraudulence of the rebellion against Emperor Louis the Pious in 833, and to underscore the cruel cunning of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims. This small compilation by Walafrid was incorporated soon thereafter by the famous librarian of Reichenau, Reginbert, within a larger compilation of hi...
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300009
I. Resnick
Many twelfth-century Christian theologians reexamined original sin and its corrupting influence upon the soul. At the same time, some theologians investigated the consequences of Adam’s sin for the human body, considered as a proper subject for natural science in general and medicine in particular. This latter discussion applied medical concepts from Galenic humoralism to determine that, in addition to the corruption introduced to the soul, Adam’s sin also resulted in an imbalance in the humoral complexion of the human body. This imbalance will be treated as the root cause of all illness and disease and, ultimately, the reason for the death of the body. This paper shows that Petrus Alfonsi’s Dialogue against the Jews provides an important early twelfth-century source for this discussion (which will expand greatly in the thirteenth century) and one which served as a conduit too for medical and scientific knowledge mediated by Arab culture.
许多十二世纪的基督教神学家重新审视了原罪及其对灵魂的腐蚀影响。与此同时，一些神学家调查了亚当的罪对人体的影响，认为这是自然科学，特别是医学的适当主题。后一种讨论运用盖伦体液论的医学概念来确定，除了引入灵魂的腐败之外，亚当的罪还导致了人体体液肤色的不平衡。这种不平衡将被视为所有疾病和疾病的根源，并最终成为身体死亡的原因。本文表明，彼得鲁斯·阿方西(Petrus Alfonsi)的《反犹太人对话》(Dialogue against the Jews)为这一讨论提供了一个重要的12世纪早期来源(这一讨论将在13世纪大大扩展)，也是阿拉伯文化介导的医学和科学知识的渠道。
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300012
J. Aurell
From Genealogies to Chronicles: The Power of the Form in Medieval Catalan Historiography. JAUME AURELL. The article compares two historical texts of medieval Catalonia, the genealogical and formulaic Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium (1162–1184) and the chivalric narratives of Llibre dels Fets del Rei en Jaume (1244–1276), in order to read the changes of both content and form of the two texts. These texts were inscribed in very different historical contexts: the first, at the moment when the counts of Barcelona become kings of Aragon and needed to legitimize their new status in the late-twelfth century; the second, in the foundations of the Catalan Mediterranean expansion organized by Jaume I el Conqueridor in the mid-thirteenth century. Using the epistemological referents of modern historiography, the author establishes to what extent certain mutations in literary genres result from or reflect changes in historical contexts, and how they contributed to modify it. These texts are analyzed from both literary an...
从家谱到编年史:中世纪加泰罗尼亚史学中形式的力量。JAUME AURELL。本文比较了中世纪加泰罗尼亚的两篇历史文本——《Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium》(1162-1184)和《Llibre dels Fets del Rei en Jaume》(1244-1276)的骑士叙事，以解读这两篇文本内容和形式的变化。这些文本是在非常不同的历史背景下写的:第一，在巴塞罗那伯爵成为阿拉贡国王的时刻，他们需要在12世纪后期合法化他们的新地位;第二，在13世纪中叶，征服者乔梅一世组织的加泰罗尼亚地中海扩张的基础上。作者运用现代史学的认识论参照物，确定了文学体裁的某些突变在多大程度上源于或反映了历史语境的变化，以及它们如何促成了历史语境的变化。本文从文学和文学两个方面对这些文本进行了分析。
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300015
M. Bacci
In their exploration of the Mongol Empire during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Western merchants and missionaries experienced for the first time the contact with peoples and cultural traditions which had been almost completely unknown in the times past. Unexpectedly, some features of the Hindu, Buddhist, and Taoist use of religious images proved to look quite similar to Western practices and contributed to suggest a feeling of affinity between European and Far Eastern devotional habits. Such a feeling relied on at least three important issues: first of all, the widespread use of three-dimensional statues (instead of icons, as in the Christian East) caught the Westerners’ imagination; second, they were struck by the complex and highly developed iconographic code employed by the religions of the Far East; third, they understood that the “idolaters” of Asia shared the Christian conception of the sacred image as a reproduction of a much older archetype, being an authentic, original, or even “acheir...
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300006
S. Ambrose
The Collectio Canonum Hibernensis is an eighth-century Hiberno-Latin compilation of patristic florilegia that was brought to England by Breton ecclesiastics and employed by Anglo-Saxon reformers as a canonical resource. This article addresses the Hibernensis as an Irish product that was subsumed into the corpus of continental regulatory materials which then circulated throughout the Anglo-Saxon centers and assisted in the articulation of the ideological framework for the English Benedictine Reform in the tenth and eleventh centuries. This discussion delineates the ways in which the Hibernensis was transmitted throughout the English centers, in company with Anglo-Saxon and continental regulatory materials alike (including the Amalarian liber officialis, the Regularis Concordia and Wulfstan’s Canon Law Collection), and shows that the Hiberno-Latin text was employed in the regulatory scholarship of Oda of Canterbury (the Constitutiones), AElfric of Eynsham (the Letter to Brother Edward), and Wulfstan of York ...
《hiberensis合集》是一本八世纪的hibero - latin教父花谱汇编，由布列塔尼教会带到英格兰，并被盎格鲁-撒克逊改革者用作规范资源。这篇文章将《冬眠》作为爱尔兰的产物，被纳入大陆法规材料的语料中，然后在整个盎格鲁-撒克逊中心传播，并协助阐明了10世纪和11世纪英国本笃会改革的意识形态框架。这个讨论描绘了Hibernensis在整个英国中心传播的方式，与盎格鲁-撒克逊和大陆的监管材料一样(包括Amalarian liber official, Regularis Concordia和Wulfstan的教会法合集)，并表明hibernon - latin文本被用于坎特伯雷的Oda(宪法)，Eynsham的AElfric(给兄弟爱德华的信)和约克的Wulfstan的监管奖学金……
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300020
D. Strickland
This study seeks to restore the visual dimension of the late medieval experience of Marco Polo's Divisament dou monde by examining the two most famous and lavishly illustrated copies, Bodley 264 and French 2810, both executed in the fifteenth century for courtly patrons. Although the images in these manuscripts differ stylistically and iconographically in significant ways, it is suggested that they accomplish the same ideological objectives of making Eastern court culture coherent to a Western audience, upholding traditional conceptions of the exotic East, and eliciting wonder. Particular importance is attached to portrayals of the Great Khan, the Tartars, and Mongolian cities, for which artists supplied models that often contradicted the text. It is argued that these artistic contradictions were necessary in order to meet patrons' demands for the marvelous, and that their ultimate effect was to encourage ambivalent attitudes towards the East that comprised a fundamental aspect of medieval Orientalism.
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300004
I. Garipzanov
This article presents a departure from traditional diplomatics with its concentration on rulers’ perceptions of, as well as statements about, their authority. The author states that early medieval intitulature also described the relationships involved in the creation of authority and was visibly affected by the subjects’ visions of their ruler’s authority. He argues that the reception of official Carolingian titles was not a passive unilateral process: some elements were accepted by local audiences; some were omitted as insignificant; and some were consciously rejected. Consequently, Carolingian aristocrats, especially clerics, frequently gave different names to authority in their correspondence with the ruler and the court, because they saw the mutual bonds of power and submission from a different perspective. To study the development of these views in the eighth and ninth centuries, the paper focuses on the addressing line in the letters sent from and to Carolingian rulers and the title legend on Caroli...
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300018
Matthew Giancarlo
This article analyzes John Gower’s Mirour de l’Omme, a major Anglo-French poem from the later fourteenth century. The analysis focuses on three points: 1) the poet’s involvement in a parliamentary law dispute about land purchasing in 1365–1366; 2) the parliamentary allegory (the “parliament of the devils” in Part I), extensive legal diction, and the condemnation of “purchasing” in the poem; and 3) the significance these elements have for understanding the Mirour as a complex social and ethical allegory. This article argues that Gower’s poetical ambivalence about “the common voice” is reflected in the work’s parliamentary form, its powerful but also subtly defensive condemnation of legal manipulation, and in the problems of representation—both political and artistic—that these elements raise. This analysis thus reevaluates the Mirour as an important early work in Gower’s oeuvre demonstrating engagement with many of the same issues arising in his later verse.
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300002
Barbara Baert
This article deals with developments at the site of the Piscina Probatica near Saint Anne’s church in Jerusalem (John 5.1–9) from the fourth until the fifteenth century, on the basis of archeological evidence and literary sources such as pilgrims’ accounts and liturgical sources. The Piscina Probatica combines topographical symbolism and commemoration of the miraculous cure of the cripple, the meeting between Anna and Joachim, the birth of Mary, and the discovery of the wood of the true cross. The author argues that these functions infiltrated different levels of cultural history, and treats the little-known iconographical tradition of the Piscina Probatica in miniatures, wall paintings, and tapestry. It is noteworthy that the pool becomes “purified” from its rich typological symbolism at the dawn of the Renaissance: thus the literary and iconographical phenomenon of the Piscina Probatica adds to the debate concerning the “caesura” between the Middle Ages and the early modern period.
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Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300003
I. Garipzanov, Andrew Rabin
Found in 245 manuscripts, Bede’s De temporum ratione (725 A.D.) was the most widely circulated of his scientific texts. In this article, the author considers this text in order to understand its popularity among Bede’s contemporaries and their continental successors. Bede locates the experience of his fellow Northumbrians at the center of the Christian historical narrative and, in so doing, provides other marginal peoples with a model for understanding their own place in Western Christianity. In particular, Bede introduces a new vocabulary of computus based on the language theory articulated by Augustine in De doctrina Christiana. Reading De temporum ratione in this way helps to explain its wide popularity, while providing further insight into Bede’s notions of English and Christian history. Ultimately, the text functions less as an exercise in objective or scientific history than as an attempt to introduce uniquely English concerns into the previously closed narrative of Western Christian history.
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