Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law最新文献

英文中文

Extremely urgent public procurement under Directive 2014/24/EU and the COVID-19 pandemic. 根据指令2014/24/EU和新冠肺炎大流行，极为紧急的公共采购

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221077006

Pedro Telles

The COVID-19 pandemic swept throughout the European Union swiftly and led to significant changes in how we live and operate. Some of those changes occurred in public procurement as well, with Member States struggling to react to the dissemination of the virus. The purpose of this paper is to assess what scope the EU's public procurement legal framework provides to deal with a crisis, and how the rules should be interpreted. This paper will show how the EU public procurement legal framework deals with extreme urgency situations and how it has been intentionally designed to allow Member States flexibility within very clearly defined boundaries. This means that the path to award contracts without competition on the grounds of extreme urgency is narrow due to Article 32(2)(c) of Directive 2014/24/EU and the case law from the CJEU. The narrowness of this path is due to the exceptional nature of procedure and the obligation for the contracting authority to discharge the tight grounds for use in full for every contract. Therefore, this paper concludes that the view exposed by the European Commission on its guidance from April 2020 that the pandemic is a single unforeseeable event amounts to an incorrect reading on how the grounds for the use of Article 32(2)(c) operate. If such interpretation was already too broad in April 2020, it certainly is no longer in line with the transition from an unfolding crisis into a new and more permanent equilibrium. In the context of COVID-19, particularly the need for the crisis to be unforeseeable and the extreme urgency not being attributable to the contracting authority raise significant difficulties for some contracting authorities to discharge the grounds for use of the negotiated procedure without prior notice. This is particularly the case in those situations where governments centralized pandemic-related procurement. As such, the paper concludes that existing substantive rules for extremely urgent procurement are adequate and, albeit sufficient to respond to crisis situations, that does not entail that the wholesale use of the negotiated procedure without prior notice is necessarily legal.

新冠肺炎疫情迅速席卷整个欧盟，并导致我们的生活和运营方式发生重大变化。其中一些变化也发生在公共采购中，会员国正在努力应对病毒的传播。本文的目的是评估欧盟公共采购法律框架为应对危机提供了多大范围，以及应如何解释这些规则。本文将展示欧盟公共采购法律框架如何应对极端紧急情况，以及它是如何有意设计的，以允许成员国在非常明确的边界内具有灵活性。这意味着，由于2014/24/EU1号指令第32（2）（c）条和欧盟法院的判例法，以极端紧急为由在没有竞争的情况下授予合同的途径很窄。这条道路之所以狭窄，是因为程序的特殊性，以及订约当局有义务为每份合同充分利用紧张的理由。因此，本文得出结论，欧盟委员会在2020年4月的指导意见中暴露出的观点，即疫情是一个单一的不可预见事件，相当于对使用第32条第（2）款第（c）项的理由的错误解读。如果这种解释在2020年4月已经过于宽泛，那么它肯定不再符合从一场正在展开的危机向一个新的、更持久的平衡的过渡。在新冠肺炎的背景下，特别是危机不可预见的必要性和不可归因于订约当局的极端紧迫性，给一些订约当局在未事先通知的情况下履行使用谈判程序的理由带来了重大困难。在政府集中进行疫情相关采购的情况下尤其如此。因此，该文件的结论是，关于极紧急采购的现有实质性规则是充分的，尽管足以应对危机局势，但这并不意味着在没有事先通知的情况下大规模使用谈判程序必然是合法的。

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引用次数: 0

Why passive? Exploring national judges’ motives for not requesting preliminary rulings 为什么被动?探析国家法官不申请初审裁决的动机

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221091768

K. Leijon, Monika Glavina

This article explores why national judges remain passive on EU legal integration by examining judges’ reasons for not requesting preliminary rulings from the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The article combines insights from social psychology and literature on the role of national courts in European integration to formulate expectations regarding what type of motives guide national judges’ behaviours. Drawing on interviews held with Croatian, Slovenian and Swedish judges, our results reveal three shared reasons judges remain passive: referrals are not required by the formal rules (procedural normative motivation), referrals are not made to protect the parties to the case (substantive normative motivation) and referrals are not made to protect judges’ reputations (instrumental motivation). In addition, we unveil motives that are shared by only judges from one or two Member States, such as not referring cases to uphold the capacity of the preliminary ruling procedure (Swedish judges) and not referring cases due to a fear of sanctions and a lack of knowledge and resources (Croatian and Slovenian judges). We discuss these similarities and divergences in light of the theoretical discussion on the role of courts as active or passive actors in EU legal integration.

本文通过审查法官不要求欧洲法院（ECJ）作出初步裁决的原因，探讨了为什么国家法官在欧盟法律一体化问题上仍然被动。这篇文章结合了社会心理学和文献中关于国家法院在欧洲一体化中作用的见解，以制定关于国家法官行为的动机类型的期望。根据对克罗地亚、斯洛文尼亚和瑞典法官的访谈，我们的结果揭示了法官保持被动的三个共同原因：正式规则不要求转介（程序规范动机），转介不是为了保护案件当事人（实质规范动机）和转介不是为保护法官声誉（工具动机）。此外，我们揭示了只有一两个会员国法官的共同动机，例如不移交案件以维护初步裁决程序的能力（瑞典法官），以及由于担心制裁和缺乏知识和资源而不移交案件（克罗地亚和斯洛文尼亚法官）。我们根据关于法院在欧盟法律一体化中作为主动或被动行为者的作用的理论讨论，讨论了这些相似之处和差异。

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引用次数: 0

Jurisdiction and choice of law rules over electronic consumer contracts: The nexus between the concluded contract and the targeting activity 电子消费者合同的管辖与法律规则选择:订立的合同与定向行为之间的关系

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221090352

Zhen Chen

A foreign business is subject to the jurisdiction of a consumer’s domiciled country and the law of the consumer’s habitual residence, provided that the business has targeted at the consumer’s home country and the consumer contract falls within the scope of such targeting activities under Brussels Ibis and Rome I Regulations. However, it is unclear whether the contract must be concluded from a distance and has a causal link with the targeting activity. The CJEU concludes that the contract does not have to be concluded at a distance or have a causal connection with the targeting activity. This is also the case in China in which consumer choice of law rules, while not requiring a causal link, adopt a lower threshold by examining the dis-targeting test. By contrast, American jurisdiction rules over consumer contracts adopt a higher threshold, which requires a casual connection between the consumer’s claim and the business’s contact with the consumer’s state. Although the EU, USA and China have different private international law rules over consumer contracts, commonalities do exist in certain aspects. Based on a comparative study, this article argues that the fact that a contract is concluded at a distance or has a nexus with the targeting activity is a relevant factor, among other factors, to determine the targeting test. In this regard, Brussels Ibis and Rome I need a minor amendment.

外国业务受消费者住所国和消费者经常居住地法律的管辖，前提是该业务以消费者原籍国为目标，且该消费者合同属于布鲁塞尔宜必思条例和罗马一条例所规定的此类目标活动的范围。但是，尚不清楚合同是否必须远距离订立，是否必须与目标活动有因果关系。欧洲法院的结论是，合同不必在一定距离之外订立，也不必与目标活动有因果关系。中国的情况也是如此，消费者选择法规则虽然不要求因果关系，但通过检验非定向测试采用了较低的门槛。相比之下，美国对消费者合同的管辖权规则采用了更高的门槛，这要求消费者的索赔与企业与消费者所在州的联系之间存在偶然的联系。尽管欧盟、美国和中国在消费者合同方面有不同的国际私法规则，但在某些方面确实存在共同点。在比较研究的基础上，本文认为合同的订立距离或与标的行为的关联是确定标的检验标准的相关因素之一。在这方面，布鲁塞尔宜必思和罗马我需要一个小小的修改。

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引用次数: 1

Setting out the boundaries of jobseekers’ residence status and beyond: Case C-710/19 G.M.A. v État belge 确定求职者居留身份的界限及其以外:案例C-710/19 gma诉État belge

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221078127

Rufat Babayev

This contribution examines the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered in Case C-710/19 G.M.A. v État belge. It is argued that this ruling brings some degree of certainty and transparency to the nature and extent of residence rights guaranteed to jobseekers, considering the fragmented and dispersed outline of their status within the framework of Directive 2004/38. G.M.A. v État belge can also be viewed as a possible catalyst for recasting Directive 2004/38 to provide a clear and systematic layout of jobseekers’ residence status in host Member States. However, it is questionable whether this would, in fact, provide an enhanced protection of jobseekers, since this ruling to suggests that the Court's methodology to ascertain the residence rights of Union citizens varies based on the explicit wording of Union secondary law.

这篇文章审查了欧洲联盟法院在C-710/19 G.M.A.诉État belge案中作出的判决。有人认为，考虑到2004/38号指令框架内求职者身份的支离破碎和分散，这一裁决在一定程度上为保障求职者居住权的性质和范围带来了确定性和透明度。gma v État比利时也可以被视为可能的催化剂，以重新制定第2004/38号指令，明确和系统地安排求职者在东道国的居留身份。然而，这是否会在事实上加强对求职者的保护是值得怀疑的，因为这项裁决表明，法院确定联盟公民居留权的方法因联盟二级法的明确措辞而有所不同。

引用次数: 0

Headscarves and the CJEU: Protecting fundamental rights and pandering to prejudice, the CJEU does both 头巾和欧洲法院:保护基本权利和迎合偏见，欧洲法院两者兼而有之

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221080557

Erica Howard

The CJEU judgment in the two latest Islamic headscarf cases was handed down in July 2021. The judgment allows employers to ban the wearing of religious and other symbols by employees, but it does specify under what conditions this can be done. This article builds on a previous article on the opinion of AG Rantos and the Shadow Opinion of former AG Sharpston and analyses the judgment in detail. It argues that the judgment is an improvement on the previous CJEU headscarf judgments in that it provides more protection for fundamental human rights. However, the CJEU also appears to allow employers to a certain extent to pander to the prejudicial wishes of their customers. The article concludes that the judgment presents a small glimmer of hope that the CJEU might be moving – albeit very slowly - towards more protection of Muslim women who want to wear headscarves at work for religious reasons.

欧盟法院对最近两起伊斯兰头巾案件的判决于2021年7月作出。该判决允许雇主禁止员工佩戴宗教和其他标志，但它确实规定了在什么条件下可以这样做。本文在前一篇关于AG Rantos的观点和前AG Sharpston的影子观点的文章的基础上，详细分析了这一判断。它认为，这一判决是对欧盟法院先前头巾判决的改进，因为它为基本人权提供了更多的保护。然而，CJEU似乎也在一定程度上允许雇主迎合客户的偏见。文章的结论是，这一判决为欧盟委员会提供了一线希望，即欧盟委员会可能会朝着更多保护因宗教原因想在工作中戴头巾的穆斯林女性的方向前进，尽管速度非常缓慢。

引用次数: 1

Give art market regulation a chance 给艺术品市场监管一个机会吧

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221082509

Anna Mosna

The article discusses the extension by Directive (EU) 2018/834 of new compliance obligations to art market participants against the background of a criminological examination of different types of laundering operations occurring in the art market. It highlights how this sector is a potential hub for ‘traditional’ money laundering operations as well as the target of antiquities trafficking which potentially finances other illicit activities such as terrorism. The relevance of an often-overlooked laundering phenomenon – cleansing operations of illegally sourced art that can be defined as art laundering – is stressed. In assessing whether introducing an anti-money laundering and counterterrorism financing regime into the art market can be considered a proportionate intervention, the burden on stakeholders due to compliance obligations, on the one hand, and the need to protect values endangered by laundering and trafficking involving art, on the other is evaluated. In light of the incidence of art crimes, in particular of art laundering, and of the potential for the new rules to effectively prevent these activities due to a relatively low risk of displacement, the conclusion reached is that the interests of supra-individual values, including that of cultural heritage, outweigh the economic concerns of art market actors.

本文讨论了在对艺术品市场中发生的不同类型的洗钱行为进行犯罪学审查的背景下，（欧盟）2018/834号指令将新的合规义务扩展到艺术品市场参与者。它强调了该部门是“传统”洗钱活动的潜在中心，也是文物贩运的目标，这些文物贩运可能为恐怖主义等其他非法活动提供资金。强调了一种经常被忽视的洗钱现象的相关性，即对可被定义为艺术品洗钱的非法来源艺术品的清洗行动。在评估将反洗钱和反恐融资制度引入艺术品市场是否可以被视为一种适度的干预时，一方面评估了合规义务给利益相关者带来的负担，另一方面也评估了保护因涉及艺术品的洗钱和贩运而危害的价值观的必要性。鉴于艺术品犯罪，特别是艺术品洗钱的发生率，以及由于流离失所风险相对较低，新规则有可能有效防止这些活动，得出的结论是，包括文化遗产在内的超个人价值观的利益超过了艺术品市场参与者的经济关切。

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引用次数: 1

Jurisdiction and personality rights – in which Member State should harmful online content be assessed? 管辖权和人格权——有害在线内容应在哪个成员国进行评估?

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221076392

S. Lindroos-Hovinheimo

Legal responses to online infringements are complex for many reasons. Law is put into action in courts, most of which are national. The territorial boundaries of their jurisdiction are ill-suited to deal with the borderless nature of the internet. This article concentrates on the difficulties of deciding jurisdiction when harm happens online. Specifically, it deals with infringements of personality rights. When an alleged infringement occurs on a webpage, in an online newspaper or on a social media platform, the question arises as to which Member State has jurisdiction. In this article, I will discuss the case law from the CJEU on jurisdiction concerning the protection of personality rights, such as privacy or personal reputation. The crucial provision is Article 7(2) of the Brussels Ia Regulation (henceforth ‘the Regulation’). Disputes concerning national jurisdiction are generally resolved with reference to the principle of predictability. This article asks, in essence, what it means – and what it should mean – in an online environment.

由于多种原因，对网络侵权行为的法律回应是复杂的。法律在法院付诸实施，其中大多数是全国性的。他们管辖的领土边界不适合处理互联网的无边界性质。这篇文章集中讨论了在网上发生伤害时决定管辖权的困难。具体而言，它涉及侵犯人格权的行为。当被指控的侵权行为发生在网页、在线报纸或社交媒体平台上时，就会出现哪个成员国拥有管辖权的问题。在这篇文章中，我将讨论欧盟法院关于隐私权或个人名誉权保护管辖权的判例法。关键条款是《布鲁塞尔Ia条例》（以下简称“条例”）第7（2）条。关于国家管辖权的争端通常参照可预测性原则解决。这篇文章从本质上问，在网络环境中，它意味着什么——以及它应该意味着什么。

引用次数: 0

Towards better working conditions for persons performing services through digital labour platforms 为通过数字劳工平台提供服务的人员创造更好的工作条件

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/1023263x221085234

C. Cauffman

Online platforms created new ways for people to make a living. Not only did they make it easier for small producers and resellers to ﬁ nd potential clients via online marketplaces; they also created online markets for the provision of services. The example that usually comes to mind when thinking of this latter type of online platforms is Uber, but there is an enormous number of such platforms, and they are active in very different ﬁ elds: passenger transport, food delivery, trans-lation, programming, proofreading, web design, etc. About 500 labour platforms appear to be active in the EU. These generally present themselves as mere intermediaries, offering a place where supply and demand for services can meet. They also stress the freedom of the service provider to organize its own work, to work when, where and as many hours as desired. In their view, this implies that the persons providing services via their platform are self-employed and not employees. Several studies indicated that 9 out 10 platforms classify their workers as self-employed. Another study found that most of these workers ‘ are genuinely autonomous in their work and can use platform work as a way to develop their entrepreneurial activities ’

在线平台为人们创造了新的谋生方式。它们不仅使小型生产商和经销商更容易通过在线市场找到潜在客户；他们还创建了提供服务的在线市场。当想到后一类在线平台时，通常会想到的例子是优步，但这类平台数量巨大，它们活跃在非常不同的领域：客运、送餐、翻译、编程、校对、网页设计等。大约有500个劳动力平台在欧盟活跃。这些机构通常只是中介机构，提供一个可以满足服务供需的地方。他们还强调服务提供商可以自由组织自己的工作，在何时何地工作，并根据需要工作多少小时。在他们看来，这意味着通过其平台提供服务的人是自营职业者，而不是雇员。几项研究表明，十分之九的平台将其员工归类为自营职业者。另一项研究发现，这些员工中的大多数“在工作中真正具有自主性，可以利用平台工作来发展他们的创业活动”

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引用次数: 0

The definitive impetus for access to justice: Mandatory consumer arbitration in Spain 诉诸司法的决定性动力：西班牙的强制性消费者仲裁

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X211073509

Mariló Gramunt Fombuena, Rosa Barceló Compte

The purpose of the following paper is to address the relevance of consumer arbitration as an effective procedural justice mechanism within the EU internal market. Thus, the article focuses on the possibility of introducing a mandatory consumer arbitration system in Spain that allows consumers to exercise their rights recognized by the rules in a fast, efficient and free way. For this purpose, the Portuguese consumer arbitration system and its evolution up to the establishment of a mandatory arbitration procedure for consumer disputes below a certain amount is also analysed.

以下文件的目的是探讨消费者仲裁作为欧盟内部市场中一种有效的程序正义机制的相关性。因此，本文重点讨论了在西班牙引入强制性消费者仲裁制度的可能性，该制度允许消费者以快速、高效和自由的方式行使规则承认的权利。为此，还分析了葡萄牙消费者仲裁制度及其演变过程，直至为低于一定金额的消费者纠纷建立强制性仲裁程序。

引用次数: 0

Water Law in Circular Economy: Ultra Vires Actions in Environmental Sector, or when Union Ambition Far Exceed its Abilities 循环经济中的水法：环境部门的超道德行为，或者当联盟的野心远远超出其能力时

Q2 Social Sciences

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

Pub Date : 2022-01-31 DOI: 10.1177/1023263X221076394

Antonio Di Marco

Water management has an important role to play in the circular economy transition, through the water treatment and reuse. Its optimal and coherent regulation is also of vital common interest, since water knows no borders or lines artificially set out by the States and the dramatic overconsumption and pollution of freshwater are threatening irreparable damage to the world's ecosystems. However, States are reluctant to common regulations, which would have important economic impacts. International and regional organizations face with the fundamental principle of permanent sovereignty of States over natural resources. By analysing the European environmental competence, this study examines the role of Union water law in green economic transition. By investigating the interdependent relationships between the several elements of the water management, the essay suggests that territory use and economic town and country planning would be drawn into the scope of Treaties because of the integrated nature of water services. The case of water reuse illustrates limits and perspectives of the European objective to promote rational utilization of natural resources and combat climate change, introducing the idea according to which freshwater is a European res communis on which the sovereign right of European Union Member States over their own natural resources could be lawfully limited.

通过水的处理和再利用，水管理在循环经济转型中发挥着重要作用。对水的最佳和连贯的管理也具有至关重要的共同利益，因为水没有国界或国家人为划定的界线，淡水的急剧过度消耗和污染正威胁着对世界生态系统造成无法弥补的破坏。但是，各国不愿意制定共同的规章，因为这将对经济产生重大影响。国际和区域组织面临着国家对自然资源拥有永久主权的基本原则。通过对欧洲环境能力的分析，本研究考察了欧盟水法在绿色经济转型中的作用。通过调查水管理的几个要素之间的相互依存关系，本文建议，由于供水服务的综合性质，领土使用和经济城镇和乡村规划将被纳入条约的范围。水再利用的例子说明了欧洲促进自然资源合理利用和应对气候变化的目标的局限性和前景，介绍了这样一种想法，即淡水是一种欧洲资源共同体，欧洲联盟成员国对其本国自然资源的主权权利可以在法律上受到限制。

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引用次数: 1

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