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Stress and Peer Support among Nonprofit Workers 非营利性工作者的压力和同伴支持
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-27 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420982902
April McClure, Melanie Moore
Stress among nonprofit workers is well documented. Methods for reducing that stress are not well understood. Specifically, little research examines the value of peer support in reducing stress among those engaged in compassionate care work. In this study, 93 workers from 15 nonprofit organizations completed a Qualtrics survey about their work-related stress, personal relationships with coworkers, perceptions about the value of coworker relationships in mitigating work stress, and efforts by their workplaces to promote positive relationships among their employees. Results indicate that most experience work-related stress, have close and important relationships with coworkers, are likely to confide in coworkers about work stressors, and believe that feeling close to coworkers helps to relieve stress at work. The implications of these findings are explored.
非营利组织工作人员的压力是有据可查的。减少这种压力的方法还没有得到很好的理解。具体来说,很少有研究考察同伴支持在减轻从事同情护理工作的人的压力方面的价值。在这项研究中,来自15个非营利组织的93名员工完成了一项Qualtrics调查,内容涉及他们的工作压力、与同事的个人关系、对同事关系在缓解工作压力方面的价值的看法,以及他们的工作场所为促进员工之间的积极关系所做的努力。结果表明,大多数人都经历过与工作有关的压力,与同事有着密切而重要的关系,可能会向同事吐露工作压力,并相信与同事亲近有助于缓解工作压力。对这些发现的含义进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 3
An Exploration of Five Stages in Faculty Retirement Decision Making 教师退休决策的五个阶段探讨
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-24 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420982987
Beverlee B. Anderson, J. Jeffries, Janet E. McDaniel
Humans make thousands of decisions each day. Most of the decisions we make are trivial or relatively unimportant in possible consequences. However, there are a few decisions we make in life that are lifechanging; one of those is the decision to retire from the professoriate. Voluntarily deciding to leave a profession where one has spent a substantial portion of one’s working life is one of life’s major decisions. This qualitative research looks at the various influences, actions, and feelings through the process of deciding to retire. Using a five-stage cognitive decision-process model as a framework, this paper reports on the reflections of 20 recent retirees over the five stages of the decision process from when first seriously considering the decision to postretirement activities and feelings. The results show that while all faculty progressed through the five stages, the timeframe, influences, feelings, and actions were unique to each individual.
人类每天要做成千上万的决定。我们所做的大多数决定在可能的后果中都是微不足道或相对不重要的。然而,我们在生活中做出的一些决定会改变我们的一生;其中之一就是决定从教授职位上退休。自愿决定离开一个已经花费了相当一部分工作时间的职业是人生的重大决定之一。这项定性研究着眼于在决定退休的过程中各种各样的影响、行为和感受。本文以认知决策过程五阶段模型为框架,报告了20位近期退休人员从第一次认真考虑决策到退休后活动和感受的五个阶段决策过程的反思。结果表明,虽然所有教师都经历了五个阶段,但时间框架、影响、感受和行动对每个人来说都是独一无二的。
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引用次数: 1
Book Review: Documentary Research in the Social Sciences by Malcolm Tight 书评:马尔科姆·斯泰的《社会科学中的纪录片研究》
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420982992
Marc R. H. Kosciejew
Documentary research is ubiquitous within the social sciences. Most social research, whether qualitative or quantitative, involves documents, coupled with practices with those documents, during its unfolding. Endemic within the social sciences, documentary research “differs from other forms of research in that the objects of research (the data) exist already (in the form of documents). However, the processes involved in carrying out documentary research are analogous to, and should be just as rigorous as, those employed in other forms of social research” (Tight, 2019, p. 19). There are, in fact, many forms of social research and practices that depend heavily or exclusively on documentary research, such as library and archival science, historical research, policy research and analysis, literature and systematic reviews, secondary data analysis, and meta-analyses. Recognition of documentary research, however, remains seemingly underacknowledged, even taken for granted, in most discussions concerning social science and its variegated research projects and possibilities. In Documentary Research in the Social Sciences, Malcolm Tight—a professor of higher education studies with expertise in explorations into the complex nature of research—calls for greater attention to the importance of documentary research within the social sciences. Specifically, documentary research is indagation that, in one way or another, creates, concentrates on, or otherwise deals with or employs documents; or, put differently, it is research involving sundry work with heterogeneous documents. Conventional documents—namely, articles, assignments, books, chronicles, circulars, journals newspapers, reports, and so on—tend to be the principal objects of focus for most documentary research; however, documentary research also extends to and embraces wide-ranging and cross-disciplinary kinds of documents, such as drawings, pictures, films, maps, augmented and virtual reality, digital platforms, and software applications. Investigations involving documents do not necessarily create new data but, instead, analyze existing data instantiated within myriad documents. Claiming that “documents need to be treated with care,” Tight (2019, p. 18) argues that “undertaking research into documents . . . requires an appreciation and understanding of their purpose(s) and usage(s). No document should be treated as an objective tabula rasa or ‘tablet of stone’; rather, they have all been created by highly subjective and interested individuals such as you and me.” This appreciation and understanding can be developed by reflecting on four main questions (Tight, 2019, p. 18) while working with documents during one’s research activities, namely:
文献研究在社会科学中无处不在。大多数社会研究,无论是定性的还是定量的,在展开过程中都涉及到文件,以及与这些文件相关的实践。在社会科学中,文献研究“不同于其他形式的研究,因为研究对象(数据)已经存在(以文件的形式)。”然而,进行文献研究所涉及的过程类似于,也应该和其他形式的社会研究一样严格”(Tight, 2019,第19页)。事实上,有许多形式的社会研究和实践在很大程度上或完全依赖于文献研究,如图书馆和档案学、历史研究、政策研究和分析、文献和系统综述、二手数据分析和元分析。然而,在大多数关于社会科学及其多样化的研究项目和可能性的讨论中,对文献研究的认可似乎仍然没有得到充分承认,甚至被认为是理所当然的。在《社会科学中的纪实研究》一书中,高等教育研究教授马尔科姆•泰特(Malcolm tight)——他擅长探究研究的复杂性——呼吁人们更加关注纪实研究在社会科学中的重要性。具体来说,文献研究是指以这样或那样的方式创造、关注或以其他方式处理或使用文献的研究;或者,换句话说,它是一种涉及各种各样的文档的研究。传统文献——即文章、作业、书籍、编年史、通告、期刊、报纸、报告等——往往是大多数文献研究的主要关注对象;然而,文献研究也延伸并涵盖了广泛的、跨学科的文献类型,如图纸、图片、电影、地图、增强现实和虚拟现实、数字平台和软件应用。涉及文档的调查不一定创建新数据,而是分析在无数文档中实例化的现有数据。Tight(2019年,第18页)声称“需要谨慎对待文件”,他认为“对文件进行研究……需要欣赏和理解它们的目的和用法。任何文件都不应被视为客观的白板或“石碑”;相反,它们都是由高度主观和感兴趣的个人创造的,比如你和我。”这种欣赏和理解可以通过在研究活动中处理文件时反思四个主要问题来发展(Tight, 2019,第18页),即:
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引用次数: 0
The Culture of Driving under the Influence of Cannabis and Alcohol in Washington State 华盛顿州大麻和酒精影响下的驾驶文化
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420980405
Jay Otto, N. Ward, Kari Finley, S. Baldwin, Darrin Grondel
Traffic crashes are a significant public health concern killing more than 37,000 people each year in the U.S. Poly-drug impaired driving is a growing factor in many fatal crashes. Research has shown that cannabis and alcohol (separately and combined) impair driving ability and increase crash risk. Washington State legalized recreational cannabis in 2014 and has since seen a steady increase in adult use of cannabis, and relatedly, drivers testing positive for compounds associated with cannabis. This study examined the behaviors and culture (e.g., shared values and beliefs) associated with driving under the influence of cannabis and alcohol of a representative sample of adults in Washington State. Most adults (91%) reported they did not drive within 2 hr of consuming cannabis and alcohol, had a negative attitude about that behavior (81%), and believed it was unacceptable (83%). Those drivers who reported they did drive within 2 hr of consuming cannabis and alcohol had different beliefs, for example that using cannabis after having too much to drink would calm them down and sober them up. This study examined the relationship between attitudes, behavioral beliefs, perceived injunctive and descriptive norms, perceived control beliefs, values, and assumptions and driving within 2 hr of consuming cannabis and alcohol.
交通事故是一个重大的公共健康问题,在美国,每年有超过37,000人死于服药后驾驶,这是许多致命车祸的一个日益增长的因素。研究表明,大麻和酒精(分别或混合使用)会损害驾驶能力,增加撞车风险。华盛顿州于2014年将休闲大麻合法化,此后成人大麻使用量稳步增长,与此相关的是,司机的大麻相关化合物检测呈阳性。本研究调查了华盛顿州一个具有代表性的成年人样本中与大麻和酒精影响下驾驶有关的行为和文化(例如,共同的价值观和信仰)。大多数成年人(91%)报告说,他们在吸食大麻和酒精后2小时内没有开车,对这种行为持消极态度(81%),并认为这是不可接受的(83%)。那些报告说他们在吸食大麻和酒精后两小时内开车的司机有不同的想法,例如,在喝太多酒后使用大麻会让他们冷静下来,清醒过来。本研究考察了态度、行为信念、感知到的禁令和描述性规范、感知到的控制信念、价值观和假设与吸食大麻和酒精后2小时内驾驶之间的关系。
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引用次数: 3
Analysis of the Formal/Informal Wage Inequalities in Colombia: A Semiparametric Approach 哥伦比亚正式/非正式工资不平等分析:半参数方法
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420975343
Josefa Ramoni-Perazzi, Giampaolo Orlandoni-Merli
Informality is a common problem in Colombia, with almost 50 percent of the workers employed in this sector. This may be a solution for unemployment, but it is a lose/lose game unless the individuals have a comparative advantage in the informal sector. This article uses information from the Colombian Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) to analyze the wage gap between formal and informal urban sectors in two different periods, 2008:4 and 2017:4, using a semiparametric approach. Kernel density functions by groups are estimated; counterfactuals are generated by weighting wages of informal sector workers by their probability of working in the formal sector, to estimate how much an informal sector worker could make if treated as formal, according to his characteristics. The results indicate that only some groups (self-employed and some entrepreneurs) are better off if formalized.
非正规是哥伦比亚的一个普遍问题,几乎有50%的工人受雇于该部门。这可能是解决失业问题的办法,但除非个人在非正规部门具有比较优势,否则这是一场输/输的游戏。本文利用哥伦比亚大综合家庭调查(GIHS)的信息,采用半参数方法分析了2008年4月和2017年4月两个不同时期城市正规部门和非正规部门之间的工资差距。按群估计核密度函数;反事实是通过将非正式部门工人的工资与他们在正式部门工作的概率加权来产生的,以估计一个非正式部门工人如果被视为正式工人,根据他的特点可以赚多少钱。结果表明,只有一些群体(个体户和一些企业家)在正规化后会过得更好。
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引用次数: 1
“People Have to Comply with the Measures”: Covid-19 in “Risk Society” “人们必须遵守措施”:“风险社会”中的新冠肺炎
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420980374
Costas S. Constantinou
Covid-19 is managed by many countries with the help of experts provided that people comply with the measures. This paper relies on the basic tenets of Beck’s theory of risk society to explain the production, distribution, and management of Covid-19 and makes suggestions for the management of future pandemics.
许多国家在专家的帮助下对Covid-19进行了管理,前提是人们遵守这些措施。本文根据贝克风险社会理论的基本原理,解释了新冠肺炎的产生、分布和管理,并对未来大流行的管理提出了建议。
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引用次数: 10
In Their Words: What Undergraduate Sociology Students Say about Community-Engaged Learning 用他们的话说:社会学本科生对社区参与学习的看法
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420975460
Ashley A. Berard, Bruce Ravelli
Community-engaged learning (CEL) is becoming increasingly popular across university and college campuses and sociology provides an ideal space for this type of learning to occur. While increased faculty workloads and the benefit of CEL for students are well documented, less is known about what individual students say about their CEL course experience. This paper provides a student perspective from an inaugural fourth-year sociology seminar course in CEL at the University of Victoria. The course gave students first-hand experience applying their sociological skills while reflecting on their positionality as students, peers, and researchers. Students cocreated and completed semester-long projects to aid their nonprofit community partners. To assess students’ experiences in the course, reflective journals were analyzed to explore what they said when they left the comfort of the classroom.
社区参与式学习(Community-engaged learning, CEL)在大学校园中越来越流行,社会学为这种学习提供了理想的空间。虽然教师工作量的增加和CEL对学生的好处都得到了很好的证明,但对于个别学生对他们的CEL课程体验的看法却知之甚少。这篇论文提供了一个学生的视角,从第一个四年级社会学研讨会课程在维多利亚大学CEL。本课程为学生提供了应用社会学技能的第一手经验,同时反思了他们作为学生、同龄人和研究人员的地位。学生们共同创造并完成了一个学期的项目,以帮助他们的非营利社区合作伙伴。为了评估学生在课程中的体验,研究人员分析了反思日志,以探究他们离开舒适的教室时所说的话。
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引用次数: 5
Exploring Perspectives on Public Land Management in Rural Montana and Idaho 探索蒙大拿州和爱达荷州农村公共土地管理的观点
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-17 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420980410
Rebecca Rasch
This exploratory analysis focuses on current perspectives of rural publics on public land management and posits that demographic shifts in the rural West may be reshaping relationships between rural publics and land managers. Focusing on rural residents in Montana and Idaho (i.e., those living outside of metropolitan or micropolitan counties), this work finds that younger generations and newer residents hold more favorable views of public land managers, compared with the views of older and long-time residents. Interestingly, both support for increasing environmental protections and a history of exposure to vegetation management projects positively predict more favorable views of public land managers. Even for those who favor more preservation of designated Wilderness, exposure to timber harvesting does not negatively affect their views of public land managers, suggesting that rural individuals in the West may now embody a mosaic of values, combining elements of a spiritual preservationist ethic with a pragmatic conservationist approach. This blend of values should provide hope for more fruitful collaborative land management approaches in the future.
这一探索性分析侧重于农村公众对公共土地管理的当前看法,并假设西部农村的人口变化可能正在重塑农村公众与土地管理者之间的关系。关注蒙大拿州和爱达荷州的农村居民(即那些居住在大都市或小城市县以外的人),这项工作发现,与年长和长期居民相比,年轻一代和新居民对公共土地管理者的看法更为有利。有趣的是,对加强环境保护的支持和参与植被管理项目的历史都积极地预示着公共土地管理者对他们的看法更有利。即使对那些支持更多地保护指定荒野的人来说,暴露于木材采伐并不会对他们对公共土地管理者的看法产生负面影响,这表明西方农村的个人现在可能体现了一种价值观的马赛克,将精神保护主义伦理的元素与务实的保护主义方法相结合。这种价值观的融合应该为未来更富有成效的协同土地管理方法提供了希望。
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引用次数: 0
Sociology and the Sustainable Development Goals: Or, Do We Really Have a Role in Changing the World? 社会学与可持续发展目标:或者,我们真的能在改变世界中发挥作用吗?
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420947008
J. M. Billson
The Millennium Development Goals of 2000 to 2015 have been replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2015 to 2030. How can these global aspirations guide sociologists in bringing our knowledge, skills, and insights to achieve justice and equality of opportunity? This essay relates each of the SDGs to our fundamental expertise.
2000年至2015年的千年发展目标已被2015年至2030年的可持续发展目标所取代。这些全球性的愿望如何引导社会学家运用我们的知识、技能和见解来实现正义和平等的机会?本文将每个可持续发展目标与我们的基本专业知识联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
How Hybrid Institutional Logics Matter: The Importance of Trust and Embeddedness in Neighborhood Revitalization Collaborations 混合制度逻辑如何作用:信任与嵌入性在社区振兴合作中的重要性
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1936724420947012
H. Bohn, David J. Roelfs
This study applied an institutional logics framework to examine issues that challenged revitalization efforts in three distressed neighborhoods in an urban Midwest U.S. city. Specifically, it examined whether emergent hybrid (organizational) logics influenced multiple disconnected partnerships and collaborations. Thematic analyses were conducted on data from 39 semi-structured interviews conducted in two phases (n = 11 and n = 28, respectively). The interviewees were from the public, private, academia, and faith-based sectors and included interventions that impacted food insecurity, education, health, the built environment, crime, and substance and alcohol abuse. The findings showed the importance of trust as a hybrid logic impacting collaborations at multiple levels; we link this to additional findings on the level of structural embeddedness in the studied neighborhoods. The findings support the need for public health and community leaders to address gaps in trust/embeddedness in order to improve the success of community interventions. Practitioners and future researchers can apply the concept of hybrid institutional logics in the analysis of neighborhood collaborations, especially when there are multiple collaborations involving partners from different sectors.
本研究应用制度逻辑框架来考察美国中西部城市三个贫困社区的振兴工作所面临的问题。具体地说,它检查了紧急混合(组织)逻辑是否影响多个断开的伙伴关系和协作。对分两阶段(n = 11和n = 28)进行的39次半结构化访谈数据进行主题分析。受访者来自公共、私营、学术界和宗教部门,包括影响粮食不安全、教育、健康、建筑环境、犯罪、药物和酒精滥用的干预措施。研究结果表明,信任作为一种混合逻辑在多个层面上影响协作的重要性;我们将此与研究社区中结构嵌入水平的其他发现联系起来。调查结果支持公共卫生和社区领导人需要解决信任/嵌入性方面的差距,以提高社区干预措施的成功率。从业者和未来的研究者可以将混合制度逻辑的概念应用于邻里合作的分析,特别是当存在涉及不同部门合作伙伴的多重合作时。
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引用次数: 3
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Journal of Applied Social Science
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