Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0010
F. Blanco, J. Sabio y García, F. Bigi
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis that mainly affects cattle. The traditional bTB control strategy is to slaughter animals positive for the official diagnostic test. This method, however, may not be economically feasible in developing countries and is less effective when cattle are in contact with wildlife reservoirs of infection. In these scenarios, cattle vaccination could be an important strategy to control bTB. In this review, we describe the diversified vaccine development against bTB and identify gaps in current knowledge. We discuss progress made in live attenuated (including BCG), inactivated and subunit vaccines tested in preclinical models and field trials. We also provide an overview of existing knowledge in the correlates and biomarkers of protection after vaccination against bTB, as well as the most recent advances in the understanding of the protective immune response against tuberculosis. The similarities between the mechanisms of the immune protection elicited by humans and cattle against TB and bTB, respectively, make any advance in human TB and bTB vaccines mutually beneficial. In accordance with the One Health concept, this mutual benefit is expected to progress in the future.
{"title":"Tuberculosis Vaccines for Cattle","authors":"F. Blanco, J. Sabio y García, F. Bigi","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by\u0000 Mycobacterium bovis\u0000 that mainly affects cattle. The traditional bTB control strategy is to slaughter animals positive for the official diagnostic test. This method, however, may not be economically feasible in developing countries and is less effective when cattle are in contact with wildlife reservoirs of infection. In these scenarios, cattle vaccination could be an important strategy to control bTB.\u0000 \u0000 In this review, we describe the diversified vaccine development against bTB and identify gaps in current knowledge. We discuss progress made in live attenuated (including BCG), inactivated and subunit vaccines tested in preclinical models and field trials. We also provide an overview of existing knowledge in the correlates and biomarkers of protection after vaccination against bTB, as well as the most recent advances in the understanding of the protective immune response against tuberculosis.\u0000 The similarities between the mechanisms of the immune protection elicited by humans and cattle against TB and bTB, respectively, make any advance in human TB and bTB vaccines mutually beneficial. In accordance with the One Health concept, this mutual benefit is expected to progress in the future.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134559328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0018
V. Lebot, B. Komolong, J. Labouisse, F. Lawac, J. Kaoh, L. Waqainabete, A. Sukal, Grahame Jackson
The Pacific Islands (Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia) were the last region in the world to be colonized by modern humans. In their migrations, they dispersed asexually propagated food plants that were first domesticated in Melanesia and exposed them to further selection in diverse insular environments. Later, staple food crops were introduced from South America. In our search for research on genetic resources characterization and breeding conducted between 1950 and 2022, we retrieved 338 references on 13 crop species. All studies were examined, and a review is presented here. Relatively few were on genetic improvement (92 references) compared to those on morphological diversity (246 references). The paradox is that the Pacific is considered a region exposed to the climatic crisis, perhaps more vulnerable than any other region in the world. This paradox is surprising when we consider that most people in the Pacific are growing staple food crops, for household use and/or for local markets, and occasionally for export. In some countries, it involves more than 75% of the population with a considerable contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). Plant breeding has not been considered a priority to mitigate against forthcoming changes in climate, which is likely to be detrimental to crops with a narrow genetic base. We suggest several possible reasons and that conventional plant breeding should be given high priority based on new approaches that include geographical distribution of allelic diversity.
{"title":"Conventional breeding of Pacific Island staple crops: A paradox","authors":"V. Lebot, B. Komolong, J. Labouisse, F. Lawac, J. Kaoh, L. Waqainabete, A. Sukal, Grahame Jackson","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Pacific Islands (Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia) were the last region in the world to be colonized by modern humans. In their migrations, they dispersed asexually propagated food plants that were first domesticated in Melanesia and exposed them to further selection in diverse insular environments. Later, staple food crops were introduced from South America. In our search for research on genetic resources characterization and breeding conducted between 1950 and 2022, we retrieved 338 references on 13 crop species. All studies were examined, and a review is presented here. Relatively few were on genetic improvement (92 references) compared to those on morphological diversity (246 references). The paradox is that the Pacific is considered a region exposed to the climatic crisis, perhaps more vulnerable than any other region in the world. This paradox is surprising when we consider that most people in the Pacific are growing staple food crops, for household use and/or for local markets, and occasionally for export. In some countries, it involves more than 75% of the population with a considerable contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). Plant breeding has not been considered a priority to mitigate against forthcoming changes in climate, which is likely to be detrimental to crops with a narrow genetic base. We suggest several possible reasons and that conventional plant breeding should be given high priority based on new approaches that include geographical distribution of allelic diversity.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123533762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0015
C. McCabe, H. M. mashad, F. Mitloehner
In recent years, dairy farms have come under scrutiny with pressure to curb their environmental impacts. Since 1950, the California dairy industry has made strides in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per kilogram of milk produced. However, total GHG emissions have remained near constant over the past 15 years. Most on-farm dairy production emissions are in the form of methane (CH 4 ) emissions produced via enteric fermentation, where CH 4 is produced as a byproduct of feed digestion, and manure management. Methane is a powerful but short-lived GHG. Historically, GWP100 has been utilized to describe a GHG emission’s warming impact over a 100-year time span. To better characterize the impact of CH 4 on atmospheric warming, a relatively new accounting system named global warming potential star (GWP*) has been proposed to consider the production and degradation of this short-living GHG. Characterizing greenhouse gases by how they warm our atmosphere instead of the number of emissions produced is a better metric for the true impact of the emissions on atmospheric warming. The goal of this research is to use GWP* to analyze the impact of potential GHG emissions scenarios from California dairy and the impact of those scenarios on atmospheric warming. Utilizing GWP* can help discern when an industry or sector has achieved climate neutrality or no annual warming contributions from industry. This paper also investigates the necessary amount of CH 4 reduction needed and the time point at which the dairy sector can achieve climate neutrality. The scenarios are business-as-usual (BAU), 40% reduction in manure CH 4 emissions (40 MAN) by applying anaerobic digestion and its alternative technologies, and 40 MAN along with a 10.6% reduction in enteric fermentation CH 4 emissions via 1/3 of California’s cows fed the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (40 MAN+EF). Under GWP100 in 2030, carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 e) for the 40 MAN and the 40 MAN + EF scenarios were reduced by 18 and 22%, respectively compared to the BAU. For all three scenarios, the relative warming impact of the industry decreased over time due to constant herd sizes and total annual emissions. By aggressively decreasing CH 4 emissions under the 40 MAN and 40 MAN+EF scenarios, there is the possibility for the California dairy industry to reach climate neutrality by the year 2027. These scenarios have more CH 4 naturally removed in the atmosphere than is emitted, thus lowering atmospheric contributions from the industry. These scenarios could be adopted by dairies in other states and countries to help the global dairy industry to achieve climate goals through persistent CH 4 mitigation.
{"title":"The path to climate neutrality for California dairies","authors":"C. McCabe, H. M. mashad, F. Mitloehner","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In recent years, dairy farms have come under scrutiny with pressure to curb their environmental impacts. Since 1950, the California dairy industry has made strides in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per kilogram of milk produced. However, total GHG emissions have remained near constant over the past 15 years. Most on-farm dairy production emissions are in the form of methane (CH\u0000 4\u0000 ) emissions produced via enteric fermentation, where CH\u0000 4\u0000 is produced as a byproduct of feed digestion, and manure management. Methane is a powerful but short-lived GHG. Historically, GWP100 has been utilized to describe a GHG emission’s warming impact over a 100-year time span. To better characterize the impact of CH\u0000 4\u0000 on atmospheric warming, a relatively new accounting system named global warming potential star (GWP*) has been proposed to consider the production and degradation of this short-living GHG. Characterizing greenhouse gases by how they warm our atmosphere instead of the number of emissions produced is a better metric for the true impact of the emissions on atmospheric warming.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The goal of this research is to use GWP* to analyze the impact of potential GHG emissions scenarios from California dairy and the impact of those scenarios on atmospheric warming. Utilizing GWP* can help discern when an industry or sector has achieved climate neutrality or no annual warming contributions from industry. This paper also investigates the necessary amount of CH\u0000 4\u0000 reduction needed and the time point at which the dairy sector can achieve climate neutrality. The scenarios are business-as-usual (BAU), 40% reduction in manure CH\u0000 4\u0000 emissions (40 MAN) by applying anaerobic digestion and its alternative technologies, and 40 MAN along with a 10.6% reduction in enteric fermentation CH\u0000 4\u0000 emissions via 1/3 of California’s cows fed the feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (40 MAN+EF). Under GWP100 in 2030, carbon dioxide equivalents (CO\u0000 2\u0000 e) for the 40 MAN and the 40 MAN + EF scenarios were reduced by 18 and 22%, respectively compared to the BAU. For all three scenarios, the relative warming impact of the industry decreased over time due to constant herd sizes and total annual emissions. By aggressively decreasing CH\u0000 4\u0000 emissions under the 40 MAN and 40 MAN+EF scenarios, there is the possibility for the California dairy industry to reach climate neutrality by the year 2027. These scenarios have more CH\u0000 4\u0000 naturally removed in the atmosphere than is emitted, thus lowering atmospheric contributions from the industry. These scenarios could be adopted by dairies in other states and countries to help the global dairy industry to achieve climate goals through persistent CH\u0000 4\u0000 mitigation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122580909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0013
L. Calvinho, B. E. Dallard
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causes of mastitis in dairy cows worldwide. The most common form of the disease is characterized by chronic subclinical infection with sporadic clinical episodes that can persist throughout the life of the animal. Once infection evolves to chronicity, the bacteriological cure rate following classic antibiotic therapy is low and persistently infected cows become the main reservoir of the organism in a dairy herd. The establishment and persistence of S. aureus intramammary infection (IMI) has been associated with certain characteristics of the pathogen that induce an impaired immune response unable to eliminate the pathogen. In a related review, the most relevant pathogen factors associated with the establishment and chronicity of S. aureus IMI were covered. This review summarizes current knowledge about the most relevant components of the host’s innate and adaptive immune response that are associated with the establishment and chronicity of S. aureus IMI. A better understanding of these factors will allow the development of intervention strategies aimed at improving different aspects of the control of this disease, including diagnostic methods, therapeutics and modulation of the host immune response.
{"title":"Host immune response factors associated with\u0000 Staphylococcus aureus\u0000 chronic intramammary infections","authors":"L. Calvinho, B. E. Dallard","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Staphylococcus aureus\u0000 is one of the main causes of mastitis in dairy cows worldwide. The most common form of the disease is characterized by chronic subclinical infection with sporadic clinical episodes that can persist throughout the life of the animal. Once infection evolves to chronicity, the bacteriological cure rate following classic antibiotic therapy is low and persistently infected cows become the main reservoir of the organism in a dairy herd. The establishment and persistence of\u0000 S. aureus\u0000 intramammary infection (IMI) has been associated with certain characteristics of the pathogen that induce an impaired immune response unable to eliminate the pathogen. In a related review, the most relevant pathogen factors associated with the establishment and chronicity of\u0000 S. aureus\u0000 IMI were covered. This review summarizes current knowledge about the most relevant components of the host’s innate and adaptive immune response that are associated with the establishment and chronicity of\u0000 S. aureus\u0000 IMI. A better understanding of these factors will allow the development of intervention strategies aimed at improving different aspects of the control of this disease, including diagnostic methods, therapeutics and modulation of the host immune response.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126021659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0021
Jonathan W. Coppess
Reauthorization of the Farm Bill is scheduled for 2023 and the agenda of the 118th Congress (2023–2024) elected in the 2022 midterms. The Farm Bill is the main legislative vehicle for American farm and food policy. The Farm Bill was last reauthorized by the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, but the years since that time have featured four programs that made direct payments to farmers but were not authorized by Congress in the Farm Bill, commonly referred to as ad hoc assistance. In addition, the 117th Congress (2021–2022) enacted the Inflation Reduction Act which invested an additional US$18 billion into farm conservation programs over multiple years. This article reviews the ad hoc assistance and Inflation Reduction Act with comparisons to previous instances of ad hoc assistance, applying some lessons from history and seeking to gauge the extent to which the non-farm bill efforts provide leading indicators or signals about changes to, or a transition in, American farm policy.
{"title":"A view of American farm policy in transition","authors":"Jonathan W. Coppess","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Reauthorization of the Farm Bill is scheduled for 2023 and the agenda of the 118th Congress (2023–2024) elected in the 2022 midterms. The Farm Bill is the main legislative vehicle for American farm and food policy. The Farm Bill was last reauthorized by the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, but the years since that time have featured four programs that made direct payments to farmers but were not authorized by Congress in the Farm Bill, commonly referred to as ad hoc assistance. In addition, the 117th Congress (2021–2022) enacted the Inflation Reduction Act which invested an additional US$18 billion into farm conservation programs over multiple years. This article reviews the ad hoc assistance and Inflation Reduction Act with comparisons to previous instances of ad hoc assistance, applying some lessons from history and seeking to gauge the extent to which the non-farm bill efforts provide leading indicators or signals about changes to, or a transition in, American farm policy.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121852539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0012
A. Fuseini
The rules governing halal slaughter are derived from the Quran, Hadith and Sunnah. These rules stipulate that at the time of neck cutting and exsanguination, animals must be alive. As a result, many practicing Muslims do not accept pre-slaughter stunning because they believe it can result in the death of animals before bleeding. Those who accept stunning insist that it must be none-lethal, electrical head-only stunning is the only method that has been scientifically validated to be fully reversible (non-lethal). Due to its full reversibility, electrical head-only stunning is widely used and accepted for the halal slaughter of small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats), however, it is not widely approved for the slaughter of cattle. This is due to the size of cattle and the bone structure of their heads, electrical head-only stunning in cattle induces a relatively short duration of unconsciousness which presents a risk of cattle recovering during the period they are bled out. Animals will experience the pain of the neck cut if they recover from consciousness during bleeding (due to the short duration of unconsciousness). Due to this animal welfare concern, most cattle are stunned with a penetrative captive bolt, this is, however, not fully reversible, hence many Muslims do not recognise it as a halal-compliant method of stunning. Opponents of halal stunning hold a belief that all forms of stunning are inconsistent with the rules of halal meat production, while proponents interpret the rules to mean that stunning is permissible for halal slaughter on condition that animals remain alive prior to neck cutting and bleeding. This paper considers the main methods of stunning used for cattle and discusses the lack of acceptability of some methods of stunning and how this hinders the growth of the halal beef market. The paper further discusses ongoing research into developing animal welfare-friendly and halal compatible beef stunning methods.
{"title":"Halal Slaughter of Cattle: To Stun or Not to Stun?","authors":"A. Fuseini","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rules governing halal slaughter are derived from the Quran, Hadith and Sunnah. These rules stipulate that at the time of neck cutting and exsanguination, animals must be alive. As a result, many practicing Muslims do not accept pre-slaughter stunning because they believe it can result in the death of animals before bleeding. Those who accept stunning insist that it must be none-lethal, electrical head-only stunning is the only method that has been scientifically validated to be fully reversible (non-lethal). Due to its full reversibility, electrical head-only stunning is widely used and accepted for the halal slaughter of small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats), however, it is not widely approved for the slaughter of cattle. This is due to the size of cattle and the bone structure of their heads, electrical head-only stunning in cattle induces a relatively short duration of unconsciousness which presents a risk of cattle recovering during the period they are bled out. Animals will experience the pain of the neck cut if they recover from consciousness during bleeding (due to the short duration of unconsciousness). Due to this animal welfare concern, most cattle are stunned with a penetrative captive bolt, this is, however, not fully reversible, hence many Muslims do not recognise it as a halal-compliant method of stunning.\u0000 Opponents of halal stunning hold a belief that all forms of stunning are inconsistent with the rules of halal meat production, while proponents interpret the rules to mean that stunning is permissible for halal slaughter on condition that animals remain alive prior to neck cutting and bleeding. This paper considers the main methods of stunning used for cattle and discusses the lack of acceptability of some methods of stunning and how this hinders the growth of the halal beef market. The paper further discusses ongoing research into developing animal welfare-friendly and halal compatible beef stunning methods.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129987196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0007
L. Calvinho, B. E. Dallard
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causes of mastitis in dairy cows worldwide. The most common form of the disease is characterized by chronic subclinical infection with sporadic clinical episodes that can persist throughout the life of the animal. Once infection evolves to chronicity, the bacteriological cure rate following classic antibiotic therapy is low and persistently infected cows become the main reservoir of the organism in a dairy herd. The establishment and persistence of S. aureus intramammary infection (IMI) has been associated with certain characteristics of the pathogen that allow it to evade the immune response or induce a deficient immune response that is unable to eliminate the pathogen. The main pathogen characteristics that have been suggested to be linked to S. aureus persistence in the bovine mammary gland (MG), include the capacity to invade cells and/or survive intracellularly and to form biofilms, the capsular polysaccharides (CP) production, the ability to form small colony variants (SCVs), the accessory gene regulator ( agr ) type of the strain and the capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about the most relevant pathogen-specific characteristics that are associated with the establishment and chronicity of S. aureus IMI. A better understanding of these pathogen characteristics will allow for the development of intervention strategies aimed at improving different aspects of the control of this disease, including diagnostic methods, therapeutics and modulation of the host immune response.
{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus\u0000 chronic intramammary infections in dairy cows: Pathogen-specific characteristics","authors":"L. Calvinho, B. E. Dallard","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Staphylococcus aureus\u0000 is one of the main causes of mastitis in dairy cows worldwide. The most common form of the disease is characterized by chronic subclinical infection with sporadic clinical episodes that can persist throughout the life of the animal. Once infection evolves to chronicity, the bacteriological cure rate following classic antibiotic therapy is low and persistently infected cows become the main reservoir of the organism in a dairy herd. The establishment and persistence of\u0000 S. aureus\u0000 intramammary infection (IMI) has been associated with certain characteristics of the pathogen that allow it to evade the immune response or induce a deficient immune response that is unable to eliminate the pathogen. The main pathogen characteristics that have been suggested to be linked to\u0000 S. aureus\u0000 persistence in the bovine mammary gland (MG), include the capacity to invade cells and/or survive intracellularly and to form biofilms, the capsular polysaccharides (CP) production, the ability to form small colony variants (SCVs), the accessory gene regulator (\u0000 agr\u0000 ) type of the strain and the capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about the most relevant pathogen-specific characteristics that are associated with the establishment and chronicity of\u0000 S. aureus\u0000 IMI. A better understanding of these pathogen characteristics will allow for the development of intervention strategies aimed at improving different aspects of the control of this disease, including diagnostic methods, therapeutics and modulation of the host immune response.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125358633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0016
Misganaw Aytenfsu, H. Terefe
Angular leaf spot (ALS), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora griseola , is one of the most economically important diseases that limits the productivity of common beans. P. griseola has great variability which explains the large number of existing races and the complexity of genetic resistance. This review was carried out to discuss and document on the diversity of P. griseola in Africa , and the pathogenic variability of pathotypes against different bean varieties and lines. Diversified pathotypes were identified from different common bean-growing countries. About 12 pathotypes were identified from 45 isolates in Uganda. Similarly, about 44 pathotypes were characterized from 100 isolates in Kenya. Pathotypes 61:63 and 63:63 were the most aggressive identified pathotypes in different African countries. Many reports indicated that Andean isolates infect mostly Andean genotypes, while Mesoamerican isolates infect both Andean and Mesoamerican genotypes. The resistances of major commercial varieties and bean lines are breaking down and were found to be susceptible. Hence, multiple resistance breeding should be done for broken commercial varieties and bean lines using the potential identified gene source of landraces U00292, U0074, U351 and U1–9 from Uganda, genotype KKR IL05/Red 40 from Kenya and variety SER125/SER119 from Ethiopia.
{"title":"A review of\u0000 Pseudocercospora griseola\u0000 in common bean (\u0000 Phaseolus vulgaris\u0000 L.) in Africa","authors":"Misganaw Aytenfsu, H. Terefe","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Angular leaf spot (ALS), caused by the fungus\u0000 Pseudocercospora griseola\u0000 , is one of the most economically important diseases that limits the productivity of common beans.\u0000 P. griseola\u0000 has great variability which explains the large number of existing races and the complexity of genetic resistance. This review was carried out to discuss and document on the diversity of\u0000 P. griseola\u0000 in Africa\u0000 ,\u0000 and the pathogenic variability of pathotypes against different bean varieties and lines. Diversified pathotypes were identified from different common bean-growing countries. About 12 pathotypes were identified from 45 isolates in Uganda. Similarly, about 44 pathotypes were characterized from 100 isolates in Kenya. Pathotypes 61:63 and 63:63 were the most aggressive identified pathotypes in different African countries. Many reports indicated that Andean isolates infect mostly Andean genotypes, while Mesoamerican isolates infect both Andean and Mesoamerican genotypes. The resistances of major commercial varieties and bean lines are breaking down and were found to be susceptible. Hence, multiple resistance breeding should be done for broken commercial varieties and bean lines using the potential identified gene source of landraces U00292, U0074, U351 and U1–9 from Uganda, genotype KKR IL05/Red 40 from Kenya and variety SER125/SER119 from Ethiopia.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126886091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0014
Bokon Alexis Akakpo, G. C. Akabassi, E. Padonou
Assessment of ecosystem services (ES) is vital for environmental sustainability and human wellbeing. A number of approaches are used to map the ES of a range of the types of ecosystems in various scope scales around the world. With a view of facilitating the scientific background to address the relevant methods of ES assessment, this review aims to highlight the characteristics of the studies carried out in Africa and make an idea on the recent approaches used for ES mapping. In total, 503 abstracts were reviewed to identify the relevant publications from which 48 publications were used for the review. Model-based mapping, Proxy indicators-based mapping, Remote sensing (RS) and GIS-based mapping and Expert-based mapping approaches have been found to be applied to map ES in Africa. The approach of RS and GIS basis technics was generally predominated (56.25%) where studies on wetlands and mangrove ecosystems (44.44%) and at the local scale (70.37%) were mostly documented. The domain of ES dynamics (52.94%), ES supply (41.18%) and environmental change (34.29%) were largely addressed. Excluding articles because of 10-year publications could reduce some information related to the purpose of the review. However, the evidence provided in this document represents a significant step forward in ES mapping and conservation efforts to improve the sustainability of ES in Africa.
{"title":"Mapping approach of ecosystem services for land-use decision planning in Africa","authors":"Bokon Alexis Akakpo, G. C. Akabassi, E. Padonou","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Assessment of ecosystem services (ES) is vital for environmental sustainability and human wellbeing. A number of approaches are used to map the ES of a range of the types of ecosystems in various scope scales around the world. With a view of facilitating the scientific background to address the relevant methods of ES assessment, this review aims to highlight the characteristics of the studies carried out in Africa and make an idea on the recent approaches used for ES mapping. In total, 503 abstracts were reviewed to identify the relevant publications from which 48 publications were used for the review. Model-based mapping, Proxy indicators-based mapping, Remote sensing (RS) and GIS-based mapping and Expert-based mapping approaches have been found to be applied to map ES in Africa. The approach of RS and GIS basis technics was generally predominated (56.25%) where studies on wetlands and mangrove ecosystems (44.44%) and at the local scale (70.37%) were mostly documented. The domain of ES dynamics (52.94%), ES supply (41.18%) and environmental change (34.29%) were largely addressed. Excluding articles because of 10-year publications could reduce some information related to the purpose of the review. However, the evidence provided in this document represents a significant step forward in ES mapping and conservation efforts to improve the sustainability of ES in Africa.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121945732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0009
M. Dhanoa, R. Sanderson, J. Ellis, C. Powell, S. López, A. Shepherd, L. Cardenas, J. France
Any geo-position on Earth will have its own seasonal pattern of maximum day temperatures. Climate change driven extreme temperature episodes may disturb such patterns and create temperature range changes. The significance of such changes can be tested statistically by maximum temperature range data analysis using the distribution of the ratio of range to standard deviation. Structural pattern trends, percentiles and kurtosis summaries bring out more details of seasonal temperatures.
{"title":"Statistical testing of range-size change as affected by the extremes of seasonal maximum temperatures","authors":"M. Dhanoa, R. Sanderson, J. Ellis, C. Powell, S. López, A. Shepherd, L. Cardenas, J. France","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Any geo-position on Earth will have its own seasonal pattern of maximum day temperatures. Climate change driven extreme temperature episodes may disturb such patterns and create temperature range changes. The significance of such changes can be tested statistically by maximum temperature range data analysis using the distribution of the ratio of range to standard deviation. Structural pattern trends, percentiles and kurtosis summaries bring out more details of seasonal temperatures.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125445390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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