Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217047
Xinyuan Shi, Ashley C. Conway-Anderson
As the negative effects of conventional agricultural practices on ecosystems intensify, discourse is turning to more sustainable production systems. Silvopasture, an agroecological practice involving the integration of trees, forage, and livestock, has been proposed as one option to enhance agroecological and community resiliency in the face of climate change. Considerable research has been published on silvopasture systems but attempts to summarize the ecological, productive, and social trade-offs of these systems in review format are few or limited to one dimension of sustainability. In order to fill this gap, a systematic review was carried out, and 267 peer-reviewed publications on silvopasture and other integrated pastoral systems were compiled. Although definitions of sustainability vary, the findings from those publications are summarized according to the three broadest categories: environmental impacts, economics and performance, and social implications for the longevity of these systems. We hope that the information presented in this article will deepen the discourse around silvopasture sustainability, highlight gaps in our understanding, and call attention to endangered traditional silvopasture systems across the globe.
{"title":"Assessing the sustainability of silvopasture systems","authors":"Xinyuan Shi, Ashley C. Conway-Anderson","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the negative effects of conventional agricultural practices on ecosystems intensify, discourse is turning to more sustainable production systems. Silvopasture, an agroecological practice involving the integration of trees, forage, and livestock, has been proposed as one option to enhance agroecological and community resiliency in the face of climate change. Considerable research has been published on silvopasture systems but attempts to summarize the ecological, productive, and social trade-offs of these systems in review format are few or limited to one dimension of sustainability. In order to fill this gap, a systematic review was carried out, and 267 peer-reviewed publications on silvopasture and other integrated pastoral systems were compiled. Although definitions of sustainability vary, the findings from those publications are summarized according to the three broadest categories: environmental impacts, economics and performance, and social implications for the longevity of these systems. We hope that the information presented in this article will deepen the discourse around silvopasture sustainability, highlight gaps in our understanding, and call attention to endangered traditional silvopasture systems across the globe.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130897665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217048
L. Núñez-Muñoz, Berenice Calderón-Pérez, R. Ruiz-Medrano, B. Xoconostle‐Cazares
Drought is by far one of the main agricultural problems affecting crop production worldwide, generating even more economic losses than all biotic factors combined. Humankind has pursued the improvement of crops to enhance plant productivity under water-limiting conditions since the dawn of agriculture, initially through conventional breeding and more recently, using tools such as transgenesis and gene editing. Among gene editing techniques, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system has seen a boom in plant breeding, thus, contributing to improve tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review provides a broad view of drought tolerance mechanisms. The molecular factors mediating this complex quantitative trait and biochemical mechanisms related to drought-tolerant phenotypes are described. Likewise, gene editing tools to confer drought tolerance, limitations, and further direction of gene editing technique with CRISPR/Cas are discussed. Considerations about epigenetics of drought tolerance are mentioned as a new emerging mechanism to understand memory to stress and its possible application to obtain stress-tolerant crops via genome editing.
{"title":"Gene editing to improve drought tolerance","authors":"L. Núñez-Muñoz, Berenice Calderón-Pérez, R. Ruiz-Medrano, B. Xoconostle‐Cazares","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drought is by far one of the main agricultural problems affecting crop production worldwide, generating even more economic losses than all biotic factors combined. Humankind has pursued the improvement of crops to enhance plant productivity under water-limiting conditions since the dawn of agriculture, initially through conventional breeding and more recently, using tools such as transgenesis and gene editing. Among gene editing techniques, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system has seen a boom in plant breeding, thus, contributing to improve tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This review provides a broad view of drought tolerance mechanisms. The molecular factors mediating this complex quantitative trait and biochemical mechanisms related to drought-tolerant phenotypes are described. Likewise, gene editing tools to confer drought tolerance, limitations, and further direction of gene editing technique with CRISPR/Cas are discussed. Considerations about epigenetics of drought tolerance are mentioned as a new emerging mechanism to understand memory to stress and its possible application to obtain stress-tolerant crops via genome editing.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124215325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217049
Jae-Won Oh
Climate change represents a massive threat to global health that could affect many disease factors in the twenty-first century. The influence of a changing climate on allergic disease has generated interest among the public and the scientific community. Climate change is a continuing process that affects allergy, and there are multiple potential consequences of climatic change on plant phenology. Impacts on pollen may be one of the most important consequences of climate change on human health. A growing number of people are contracting allergic diseases caused by pollen. Airborne pollen is one of the common causatives and triggering agents of respiratory allergy in a changing climate. Moreover, allergenic plants grow in soil disturbed by human activities and deforestation with air pollution, and it is impossible to avoid plants that cause allergies because pollen can travel many kilometers on the wind. Weather conditions may alter pollen concentrations. A number of studies have shown that increased CO 2 concentration and atmospheric temperature increase pollen concentration. Hence, most works on the impact of climate change on aeroallergens include its impact on the amount and allergenicity of pollen. It is as yet unknown what complex interactions between pollens, meteorological variables and air pollutants occur as a result of climate change. Considering the effect of climate change on long-term trends in pollen levels and emerging viral infections, it is crucial to report and forecast the associated risk for future human health.
{"title":"Climate change and allergy-related impacts on humans","authors":"Jae-Won Oh","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Climate change represents a massive threat to global health that could affect many disease factors in the twenty-first century. The influence of a changing climate on allergic disease has generated interest among the public and the scientific community. Climate change is a continuing process that affects allergy, and there are multiple potential consequences of climatic change on plant phenology. Impacts on pollen may be one of the most important consequences of climate change on human health. A growing number of people are contracting allergic diseases caused by pollen. Airborne pollen is one of the common causatives and triggering agents of respiratory allergy in a changing climate. Moreover, allergenic plants grow in soil disturbed by human activities and deforestation with air pollution, and it is impossible to avoid plants that cause allergies because pollen can travel many kilometers on the wind. Weather conditions may alter pollen concentrations. A number of studies have shown that increased CO\u0000 2\u0000 concentration and atmospheric temperature increase pollen concentration. Hence, most works on the impact of climate change on aeroallergens include its impact on the amount and allergenicity of pollen. It is as yet unknown what complex interactions between pollens, meteorological variables and air pollutants occur as a result of climate change. Considering the effect of climate change on long-term trends in pollen levels and emerging viral infections, it is crucial to report and forecast the associated risk for future human health.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114758887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217050
M. Dhanoa, R. Sanderson, L. Cárdenas, A. Shepherd, D. Chadwick, C. Powell, J. Ellis, S. López, J. France
The application of the Mitscherlich-Baule equation to fertiliser response data from an extant experiment conducted in New Zealand is further investigated. An estimate of the relevant soil nutrient is obtained as a function of the fitted parameter values using a full model. Estimates of the Baule units are given. These also depend on the fitted parameters. Additionally, predicted estimates of asymptotes are compared with their fitted estimates. Thus, our primary purpose is to describe additional facets of using a Mitscherlich response function to fit crop yield data. We believe the extra results obtained enhance the value of crop growth experiments.
{"title":"On the application of the Mitscherlich-Baule equation to fertiliser response data","authors":"M. Dhanoa, R. Sanderson, L. Cárdenas, A. Shepherd, D. Chadwick, C. Powell, J. Ellis, S. López, J. France","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The application of the Mitscherlich-Baule equation to fertiliser response data from an extant experiment conducted in New Zealand is further investigated. An estimate of the relevant soil nutrient is obtained as a function of the fitted parameter values using a full model. Estimates of the Baule units are given. These also depend on the fitted parameters. Additionally, predicted estimates of asymptotes are compared with their fitted estimates. Thus, our primary purpose is to describe additional facets of using a Mitscherlich response function to fit crop yield data. We believe the extra results obtained enhance the value of crop growth experiments.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120962149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217051
A. Badigannavar, Suvendu Mondal, P. Suprasanna
Improvement of crop plants relies on the availability of plant genetic variation. There are several approaches for enhancing genetic variability and for breeding better genotypes to achieve high productivity to meet the demands of food security. India is an agrarian country, whose economic development is vastly dependent on sustained growth and achievements in the agriculture sector amid the raising population, shrinking arable land and adverse effects of climate change. Current and future challenges in agriculture will require a synergistic blend of conventional and advanced methodologies in crop improvement, crop production and crop protection which would holistically contribute to agricultural research for achieving national food and nutritional security. Crop improvement through mutation breeding, among various breeding methodologies, has played an important role in inducing novel genetic variability, improving existing popular varieties and developing promising superior varieties in different crop plants. Induced mutants and their utilization in recombination breeding have contributed to the development and release of more than 458 mutant and mutant-derived varieties in India covering cereals, food legumes, oilseeds, ornamentals, medicinal and aromatic plants and other crops for varied agro-ecologies. These varieties were improved for various agronomic traits, seed yield, nutritional traits, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Mutant varieties are now widely accepted and extensively cultivated by the farming community, which enabled in enhancing productivity in turn farm income across the country.
{"title":"Role of induced mutagenesis and improved crop varieties in food security: impact in the Indian context","authors":"A. Badigannavar, Suvendu Mondal, P. Suprasanna","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Improvement of crop plants relies on the availability of plant genetic variation. There are several approaches for enhancing genetic variability and for breeding better genotypes to achieve high productivity to meet the demands of food security. India is an agrarian country, whose economic development is vastly dependent on sustained growth and achievements in the agriculture sector amid the raising population, shrinking arable land and adverse effects of climate change. Current and future challenges in agriculture will require a synergistic blend of conventional and advanced methodologies in crop improvement, crop production and crop protection which would holistically contribute to agricultural research for achieving national food and nutritional security. Crop improvement through mutation breeding, among various breeding methodologies, has played an important role in inducing novel genetic variability, improving existing popular varieties and developing promising superior varieties in different crop plants. Induced mutants and their utilization in recombination breeding have contributed to the development and release of more than 458 mutant and mutant-derived varieties in India covering cereals, food legumes, oilseeds, ornamentals, medicinal and aromatic plants and other crops for varied agro-ecologies. These varieties were improved for various agronomic traits, seed yield, nutritional traits, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Mutant varieties are now widely accepted and extensively cultivated by the farming community, which enabled in enhancing productivity in turn farm income across the country.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117291579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217038
H. Makkar, V. Heuzé, G. Tran
Locusts may cause massive destruction of crops and pastures and adversely affect livelihoods and food security of farmers and pastoralists. Like other insects, locusts and grasshoppers are rich in protein (50–65% in dry matter) and their essential amino acid composition is good. In the diets of poultry, pigs and fish, replacement of up to 25% of the conventional protein-rich feed resources such as soymeal and fishmeal is possible with these insects. The main constraint in their use as animal feed is the presence of insecticides, sprayed for controlling outbreaks. Insecticide-free locusts and grasshoppers must only be used as a feed. Locusts and grasshoppers rearing techniques have not been upscaled and hence their mass rearing for use as animal feed is not possible currently; however, several harvesting approaches are available, which have been discussed. These approaches could be adapted for mass harvesting of locusts and grasshoppers for use as animal feed. The opportunity of using these field-harvested insects has been ignored so far by various agencies. An integrated approach that strategically uses insecticides and employs mass harvesting techniques must be considered to control these pests and to use them as animal feed and human food. The insecticide-sprayed locusts and grasshoppers could be composted for use as a fertilizer. Other industrial uses of locusts and grasshoppers are also presented. The information contained in this paper would enhance knowledge of government and non-government agencies on the use of locusts and grasshoppers (not sprayed with pesticide) as animal feed and safe human food.
{"title":"Locusts and grasshoppers: nutritional value, harvesting and rearing for animal feed, and other applications","authors":"H. Makkar, V. Heuzé, G. Tran","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Locusts may cause massive destruction of crops and pastures and adversely affect livelihoods and food security of farmers and pastoralists. Like other insects, locusts and grasshoppers are rich in protein (50–65% in dry matter) and their essential amino acid composition is good. In the diets of poultry, pigs and fish, replacement of up to 25% of the conventional protein-rich feed resources such as soymeal and fishmeal is possible with these insects. The main constraint in their use as animal feed is the presence of insecticides, sprayed for controlling outbreaks. Insecticide-free locusts and grasshoppers must only be used as a feed. Locusts and grasshoppers rearing techniques have not been upscaled and hence their mass rearing for use as animal feed is not possible currently; however, several harvesting approaches are available, which have been discussed. These approaches could be adapted for mass harvesting of locusts and grasshoppers for use as animal feed. The opportunity of using these field-harvested insects has been ignored so far by various agencies. An integrated approach that strategically uses insecticides and employs mass harvesting techniques must be considered to control these pests and to use them as animal feed and human food. The insecticide-sprayed locusts and grasshoppers could be composted for use as a fertilizer. Other industrial uses of locusts and grasshoppers are also presented. The information contained in this paper would enhance knowledge of government and non-government agencies on the use of locusts and grasshoppers (not sprayed with pesticide) as animal feed and safe human food.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132696977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217033
S. Azarpajouh, S. Weimer, J. A. Calderón Díaz, H. Taheri
The growing world population has increased the demand for meat production and has led to a rapid growth in the scale of broiler enterprises globally. Poultry producers need to implement several changes in their production systems to supply the increasing demand for poultry products while considering farming sustainability and ensuring high standards of animal welfare. The recent advancement in technology and engineering tools and materials, such as advanced sensors and sensing devices, data processing, and machine learning methods, provides effective tools for the broiler industry to monitor broiler welfare indicators. This review paper will (a) explain smart broiler farming, (b) describe on-farm broiler welfare assessment, and (c) explore on-farm applications of smart technologies that can be used as animal-based welfare assessment tools.
{"title":"Smart Farming: A Review of Animal-Based Measuring Technologies for Broiler Welfare Assessment","authors":"S. Azarpajouh, S. Weimer, J. A. Calderón Díaz, H. Taheri","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The growing world population has increased the demand for meat production and has led to a rapid growth in the scale of broiler enterprises globally. Poultry producers need to implement several changes in their production systems to supply the increasing demand for poultry products while considering farming sustainability and ensuring high standards of animal welfare. The recent advancement in technology and engineering tools and materials, such as advanced sensors and sensing devices, data processing, and machine learning methods, provides effective tools for the broiler industry to monitor broiler welfare indicators. This review paper will (a) explain smart broiler farming, (b) describe on-farm broiler welfare assessment, and (c) explore on-farm applications of smart technologies that can be used as animal-based welfare assessment tools.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123996528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217032
D. Aryal
Grazing lands cover more than one-third of the terrestrial land surface and are still expanding. The intensity of grazing is also growing with time due to the increase in the number of animals per unit of land or the duration of herbivory. Changes in grazing intensity exert strong pressure on ecosystem functioning, including carbon (C) sequestration. Grazing response to ecosystem C retention can be explained by the changes in biogeochemical processes that regulate C fluxes. Here, we summarized the ecosystem functional properties that affect C storage in grasslands as a result of changing grazing intensities. We synthesized 151 published studies globally and discussed the changes in different ecosystem functional property responses to grazing. High-intensity grazing mostly decreased C storage while light- to moderate-intensity grazing optimized the trade-offs between C sequestration and animal production. The synthesis showed that 86% of the studies reported either an increase or no change in SOC stocks under light grazing while under heavy grazing, 74% of the studies reported a significant decrease in SOC stocks. We also discussed the changes in ecosystem functional properties whereby grazing affects C sequestration. Some of them include: the changes in net primary productivity, soil organisms, enzymatic activity, soil respiration, and the complex interactions of these processes with climate change. Grassland management practices should be ecosystem-specific to ensure optimum production and enhance C sequestration. It is also important to understand the time factor (hysteresis), especially on how long it takes to sequester a certain amount of C from grassland management practices.
{"title":"Grazing intensity in grassland ecosystems: implications for carbon storage and functional properties","authors":"D. Aryal","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Grazing lands cover more than one-third of the terrestrial land surface and are still expanding. The intensity of grazing is also growing with time due to the increase in the number of animals per unit of land or the duration of herbivory. Changes in grazing intensity exert strong pressure on ecosystem functioning, including carbon (C) sequestration. Grazing response to ecosystem C retention can be explained by the changes in biogeochemical processes that regulate C fluxes. Here, we summarized the ecosystem functional properties that affect C storage in grasslands as a result of changing grazing intensities. We synthesized 151 published studies globally and discussed the changes in different ecosystem functional property responses to grazing. High-intensity grazing mostly decreased C storage while light- to moderate-intensity grazing optimized the trade-offs between C sequestration and animal production. The synthesis showed that 86% of the studies reported either an increase or no change in SOC stocks under light grazing while under heavy grazing, 74% of the studies reported a significant decrease in SOC stocks. We also discussed the changes in ecosystem functional properties whereby grazing affects C sequestration. Some of them include: the changes in net primary productivity, soil organisms, enzymatic activity, soil respiration, and the complex interactions of these processes with climate change. Grassland management practices should be ecosystem-specific to ensure optimum production and enhance C sequestration. It is also important to understand the time factor (hysteresis), especially on how long it takes to sequester a certain amount of C from grassland management practices.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123176180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217034
Jiao Li, Taiyan Chen, Yan Zeng, Jiangang Yang, Yan Men, Yuanxia Sun
The excessive dietary consumption of sugars is currently one of the key factors that have been associated with the development of the global obesity pandemic. To avoid high sugar intake, alternative sweeteners are of increasing interest and play an important role in food and beverage industry. Among sweeteners, natural sugar substitutes, which possess low/no calorie or intense sweetness, and various biological activities, provide ideal alternatives to caloric sugars such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup. Therefore, this review focuses on several representative natural sweeteners: low-calorie carbohydrates (e.g., erythritol, l -arabinose, d -allulose, and d -tagatose) and high-potency sweet-tasting compounds (e.g., steviol glycosides, mogrosides, glycyrrhizin, and thaumatin). A comprehensive review of sugar substitutes is presented, including their characteristics and practical applications as well as a discussion on their effect on the obesity issue and emerging technologies that offer an alternative biosynthesis pathway to the traditional extraction method.
{"title":"Review of natural sugar substitutes and comparing their potential impacts on obesity issue","authors":"Jiao Li, Taiyan Chen, Yan Zeng, Jiangang Yang, Yan Men, Yuanxia Sun","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The excessive dietary consumption of sugars is currently one of the key factors that have been associated with the development of the global obesity pandemic. To avoid high sugar intake, alternative sweeteners are of increasing interest and play an important role in food and beverage industry. Among sweeteners, natural sugar substitutes, which possess low/no calorie or intense sweetness, and various biological activities, provide ideal alternatives to caloric sugars such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup. Therefore, this review focuses on several representative natural sweeteners: low-calorie carbohydrates (e.g., erythritol,\u0000 l\u0000 -arabinose,\u0000 d\u0000 -allulose, and\u0000 d\u0000 -tagatose) and high-potency sweet-tasting compounds (e.g., steviol glycosides, mogrosides, glycyrrhizin, and thaumatin). A comprehensive review of sugar substitutes is presented, including their characteristics and practical applications as well as a discussion on their effect on the obesity issue and emerging technologies that offer an alternative biosynthesis pathway to the traditional extraction method.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124988819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217031
C. Cockel, F. Guzzon, M. Gianella, J. Müller
Climate change is widely acknowledged to have severe implications for global food production and therefore food security. Utilising crop wild relatives (CWR) to help build resilience in domesticated crops is seen as part of the solution assuming that important genetic traits can be transferred to domesticated crops and that the resulting improved crop varieties can be farmed on a sufficiently large scale. CWR can be exploited as a valuable source of alleles related to adaptive traits to counter abiotic and biotic stresses resulting from climate change, and to improve yield and nutrition. This review aims to critically analyse the degree to which CWR have been utilised by crop breeders and researchers and will draw conclusions about the importance of CWR in preparing agriculture for climate change. Examples for CWR-derived improved varieties of nine major crops and at different plant development stages are presented. However, working with CWR is often seen as ‘marginal’. It is problematic due to the complex processes involved and length of time needed for traditional crop breeding, shortage of funds, the limited availability of CWR germplasm, overcoming risk aversion among farmers, and a reluctance by the wider agricultural community to appreciate the scale of the problem and to embrace the potential benefits that could derive from using CWR in crop breeding. Given the observed lack of availability the observed lack of availability of CWR in accessible germplasm collections, additional resources must be directed towards ensuring CWR are protected in situ and conserved ex situ so they can be made available to researchers.
{"title":"The importance of conserving crop wild relatives in preparing agriculture for climate change","authors":"C. Cockel, F. Guzzon, M. Gianella, J. Müller","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews202217031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Climate change is widely acknowledged to have severe implications for global food production and therefore food security. Utilising crop wild relatives (CWR) to help build resilience in domesticated crops is seen as part of the solution assuming that important genetic traits can be transferred to domesticated crops and that the resulting improved crop varieties can be farmed on a sufficiently large scale. CWR can be exploited as a valuable source of alleles related to adaptive traits to counter abiotic and biotic stresses resulting from climate change, and to improve yield and nutrition. This review aims to critically analyse the degree to which CWR have been utilised by crop breeders and researchers and will draw conclusions about the importance of CWR in preparing agriculture for climate change. Examples for CWR-derived improved varieties of nine major crops and at different plant development stages are presented. However, working with CWR is often seen as ‘marginal’. It is problematic due to the complex processes involved and length of time needed for traditional crop breeding, shortage of funds, the limited availability of CWR germplasm, overcoming risk aversion among farmers, and a reluctance by the wider agricultural community to appreciate the scale of the problem and to embrace the potential benefits that could derive from using CWR in crop breeding. Given the observed lack of availability the observed lack of availability of CWR in accessible germplasm collections, additional resources must be directed towards ensuring CWR are protected\u0000 in situ\u0000 and conserved\u0000 ex situ\u0000 so they can be made available to researchers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116093560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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