Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0017
E. Guillemi, M. Farber
Bovine babesiosis is caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoans Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The diagnosis of these tick-borne pathogens may represent a challenge due to the low parasitaemias usually found in Babesia persistent infections and also in acute cases. Additionally, the correct determination of the epidemiological status of a herd is a key point for further diagnostic interpretations. In this regard, in this work, we review the available diagnostic tools and suggest algorithms facing different epidemiological scenarios. Finally, we highlight the need for new sensitive and accurate point-of-care diagnostic tools for field babesiosis detection. The development of an international shared database for epidemiological data recompilation would be beneficial for the further design of diagnostic tools and vaccines.
{"title":"Bovine babesiosis diagnostic toolbox: Diverse targets for meaningful outcomes","authors":"E. Guillemi, M. Farber","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Bovine babesiosis is caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoans\u0000 Babesia bovis\u0000 and\u0000 Babesia bigemina\u0000 in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The diagnosis of these tick-borne pathogens may represent a challenge due to the low parasitaemias usually found in\u0000 Babesia\u0000 persistent infections and also in acute cases. Additionally, the correct determination of the epidemiological status of a herd is a key point for further diagnostic interpretations. In this regard, in this work, we review the available diagnostic tools and suggest algorithms facing different epidemiological scenarios. Finally, we highlight the need for new sensitive and accurate point-of-care diagnostic tools for field babesiosis detection. The development of an international shared database for epidemiological data recompilation would be beneficial for the further design of diagnostic tools and vaccines.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131418443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0001
Bekele Gelena Kelbessa, M. Dubey, V. Catara, Farideh Ghadamgahi, R. Ortiz, R. Vetukuri
Abiotic and biotic stresses negatively affect the growth and yield of crops worldwide. It is estimated that abiotic and biotic stresses account for global food crop losses of 50% and 30%, respectively. With the rapidly growing world population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, the issue of food security is becoming a global concern. Climate change, which has its roots in industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities, further exacerbates food crop losses. Various innovative agricultural technologies, such as stress-tolerant varieties, smart irrigation systems, and shifting cropping calendars, have been used to both increase crop productivity and mitigate the effects of various stresses, but most of these strategies are time-intensive and costly. Therefore, strategies that are both sustainable and environmentally friendly, as well as economical, are required to face the challenge of providing the world’s human population with adequate food. In this context, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have the potential to increase crop productivity by mitigating the effects of various abiotic and biotic stresses associated with climate change. This approach can also improve the sustainability of agroecosystems by reducing the use of unsustainable agrochemicals, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. This review presents current information on how PGPR can mitigate the impacts of abiotic and biotic stresses, associated with climate change, food security, as well as the mechanisms underlying PGPR-induced tolerance to these stresses.
{"title":"Potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to improve crop productivity and adaptation to a changing climate","authors":"Bekele Gelena Kelbessa, M. Dubey, V. Catara, Farideh Ghadamgahi, R. Ortiz, R. Vetukuri","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Abiotic and biotic stresses negatively affect the growth and yield of crops worldwide. It is estimated that abiotic and biotic stresses account for global food crop losses of 50% and 30%, respectively. With the rapidly growing world population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, the issue of food security is becoming a global concern. Climate change, which has its roots in industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities, further exacerbates food crop losses. Various innovative agricultural technologies, such as stress-tolerant varieties, smart irrigation systems, and shifting cropping calendars, have been used to both increase crop productivity and mitigate the effects of various stresses, but most of these strategies are time-intensive and costly. Therefore, strategies that are both sustainable and environmentally friendly, as well as economical, are required to face the challenge of providing the world’s human population with adequate food. In this context, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have the potential to increase crop productivity by mitigating the effects of various abiotic and biotic stresses associated with climate change. This approach can also improve the sustainability of agroecosystems by reducing the use of unsustainable agrochemicals, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. This review presents current information on how PGPR can mitigate the impacts of abiotic and biotic stresses, associated with climate change, food security, as well as the mechanisms underlying PGPR-induced tolerance to these stresses.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127248754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0019
M. Poli, Maria Valeria Donzelli, M. E. Caffaro, M. A. Raschia, J. P. Mazzucco, U. A. Rossi
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection is the most common disease affecting sheep production systems throughout the world, causing significant productive and economic losses. The control of these parasites was traditionally based on the use of anthelmintic drugs. However, continuous, extensive, and indiscriminate use of these drugs has led to the emergence and spread of strains of parasites resistant to the major chemical compounds used. This situation has led to considering alternative strategies for worm control. One of them is the selection of individuals for greater resistance to GINs. A number of phenotypic traits have been reported in the bibliography, including parasitological, biochemical, hematological, and immunological traits, but fecal egg count (FEC) is considered the primary and most practical measure of resistance. Genomic studies have reported polymorphisms associated with GIN resistance traits on almost all sheep chromosomes. Among other loci, FEC has been associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) through quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This review covers the principal aspects reported in the literature on several parameters considered to evaluate the resistance status of sheep to nematodes, mainly Haemonchus contortus , the correlation between resistance markers with economically important production traits, and the main genomic regions identified as relevant in determining the phenotype for resistance or susceptibility to GINs.
{"title":"Genetic resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep","authors":"M. Poli, Maria Valeria Donzelli, M. E. Caffaro, M. A. Raschia, J. P. Mazzucco, U. A. Rossi","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection is the most common disease affecting sheep production systems throughout the world, causing significant productive and economic losses. The control of these parasites was traditionally based on the use of anthelmintic drugs. However, continuous, extensive, and indiscriminate use of these drugs has led to the emergence and spread of strains of parasites resistant to the major chemical compounds used. This situation has led to considering alternative strategies for worm control. One of them is the selection of individuals for greater resistance to GINs. A number of phenotypic traits have been reported in the bibliography, including parasitological, biochemical, hematological, and immunological traits, but fecal egg count (FEC) is considered the primary and most practical measure of resistance. Genomic studies have reported polymorphisms associated with GIN resistance traits on almost all sheep chromosomes. Among other loci, FEC has been associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) through quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This review covers the principal aspects reported in the literature on several parameters considered to evaluate the resistance status of sheep to nematodes, mainly\u0000 Haemonchus contortus\u0000 , the correlation between resistance markers with economically important production traits, and the main genomic regions identified as relevant in determining the phenotype for resistance or susceptibility to GINs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125612089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0008
Valeria Oliveira Nizolli, Victoria Freitas de Oliveira, L. D. da Maia, C. Pegoraro, A. C. de Oliveira
Rice is one of the most consumed cereals worldwide and feeds about 3 billion people. However, the occurrence of climate changes has influenced abiotic and biotic stresses and consequently affected the production and quality of rice grains. The development of new, higher yielding cultivars is necessary to ensure global food security. Although great progress has already been achieved by conventional breeding, biotechnological tools, such as transgenics and genome editing, can aid in meeting future demands. Gene editing is characterized by cutting and modifying target genes. Among the genome editing techniques, CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas), has been proposed because of its ease of manipulation. Variants such as multiple Cas proteins, base editing and prime editing, which aim to increase editing efficiency have also been proposed. Edited plants are more accepted because they are transgene-free. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe the different gene editing techniques and their respective applications in rice breeding. It was observed that the CRISPR/Cas tool was efficient in gene editing in studies related to yield, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and rice grain quality. However, the impact of this approach in breeding programs depends on the cultivation of edited plants on a large scale in the field. Based on the progress made so far, it is believed that rice breeders can bet on CRISPR/Cas and its variants to help face the current and future challenges of climate change and high food demand.
{"title":"Genome editing in rice: New paths for an old crop","authors":"Valeria Oliveira Nizolli, Victoria Freitas de Oliveira, L. D. da Maia, C. Pegoraro, A. C. de Oliveira","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Rice is one of the most consumed cereals worldwide and feeds about 3 billion people. However, the occurrence of climate changes has influenced abiotic and biotic stresses and consequently affected the production and quality of rice grains. The development of new, higher yielding cultivars is necessary to ensure global food security. Although great progress has already been achieved by conventional breeding, biotechnological tools, such as transgenics and genome editing, can aid in meeting future demands. Gene editing is characterized by cutting and modifying target genes. Among the genome editing techniques, CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas), has been proposed because of its ease of manipulation. Variants such as multiple Cas proteins, base editing and prime editing, which aim to increase editing efficiency have also been proposed. Edited plants are more accepted because they are transgene-free. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe the different gene editing techniques and their respective applications in rice breeding. It was observed that the CRISPR/Cas tool was efficient in gene editing in studies related to yield, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and rice grain quality. However, the impact of this approach in breeding programs depends on the cultivation of edited plants on a large scale in the field. Based on the progress made so far, it is believed that rice breeders can bet on CRISPR/Cas and its variants to help face the current and future challenges of climate change and high food demand.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132228890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0003
A. Ratnadass, S. Sarter
We conducted a comprehensive literature review with a global geographic scope, of interactions between agricultural crop production practices (excluding crop protection practices) and biological human health hazards. The majority of relevant references dealt with bacterial contaminations and infections, largely due to the important public health issue of antibiotic resistance. Indicator coliforms were particularly significant (only a minority mentioned harmful Escherichia coli strains), followed by species belonging to Salmonella , Campylobacter , Clostridia , Pseudomonas , and Listeria genera. Protozoan Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., and helminthic Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. dominated the references to parasites. Enteric viruses largely dominated the references to viruses (particularly noroviruses and rotaviruses). Very few references mentioned human fungal pathogens. Fresh vegetables were the most commonly mentioned crops, particularly leafy greens and those eaten raw, due to the use of wastewater for irrigation, and fertilization with livestock manure and human excreta/sewage sludge, potentially unsafe practices. While earlier literature reviews have shown that crop protection practices are central to the One Health concept, this review shows that other agricultural practices can also contribute to human and environmental health via different pathways, including better soil health, water quality, better food safety, and human nutrition. Our review underlines that besides tradeoffs, synergies should be sought, between, on the one hand, saving/preserving freshwater and organic waste recycling (affecting environmental health and some aspects of human health), and health hazards associated with the use of potentially contaminated waste on the other (affecting other aspects of human health), from both agroecological and One Health perspectives.
{"title":"How agricultural practices affect the risk of human contamination by infectious pathogens: the need for a ‘One Health’ perspective","authors":"A. Ratnadass, S. Sarter","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 We conducted a comprehensive literature review with a global geographic scope, of interactions between agricultural crop production practices (excluding crop protection practices) and biological human health hazards. The majority of relevant references dealt with bacterial contaminations and infections, largely due to the important public health issue of antibiotic resistance. Indicator coliforms were particularly significant (only a minority mentioned harmful\u0000 Escherichia coli\u0000 strains), followed by species belonging to\u0000 Salmonella\u0000 ,\u0000 Campylobacter\u0000 ,\u0000 Clostridia\u0000 ,\u0000 Pseudomonas\u0000 , and\u0000 Listeria\u0000 genera. Protozoan\u0000 Cryptosporidium\u0000 spp. and\u0000 Giardia\u0000 spp., and helminthic\u0000 Ascaris\u0000 spp. and\u0000 Trichuris\u0000 spp. dominated the references to parasites. Enteric viruses largely dominated the references to viruses (particularly noroviruses and rotaviruses). Very few references mentioned human fungal pathogens. Fresh vegetables were the most commonly mentioned crops, particularly leafy greens and those eaten raw, due to the use of wastewater for irrigation, and fertilization with livestock manure and human excreta/sewage sludge, potentially unsafe practices. While earlier literature reviews have shown that crop protection practices are central to the One Health concept, this review shows that other agricultural practices can also contribute to human and environmental health\u0000 via\u0000 different pathways, including better soil health, water quality, better food safety, and human nutrition. Our review underlines that besides tradeoffs, synergies should be sought, between, on the one hand, saving/preserving freshwater and organic waste recycling (affecting environmental health and some aspects of human health), and health hazards associated with the use of potentially contaminated waste on the other (affecting other aspects of human health), from both agroecological and One Health perspectives.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115079689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0002
C. Eastwood, J. Turner, A. Romera, D. Selbie, Roxanne J. T. Henwood, M. Espig, M. Wever
The use of digital technologies in agriculture has received significant attention in the last decade. There is increasing interest in the potential opportunities for digitalization at a broader bioeconomy scale; however, there is limited knowledge of the potential barriers to a digital bioeconomy. This chapter reviews current knowledge on barriers to digital agriculture and uses a case study to relate these barriers to the bioeconomy scale. We found that adoption barriers are not just technical, but include economic, social, and institutional dimensions, and occur at multiple scales involving technology design, farm systems (including supply chains), the agricultural innovation system, and society. Additionally, these barriers can be highly interconnected. For example technical issues around data interoperability cannot be addressed independently of social issues at the farm scale related to perceptions around privacy and transparent use of farmer data. Examining these multi-dimensional and multi-scale issues through a bioeconomy lens highlights the need for directionality in digital bioeconomy innovation and alignment of national policies and initiatives. Rather than assuming that greater use of digital tools is inherently positive for a national bioeconomy, nations should purposely assess and anticipate the potential implications of digitalization. Our review highlights three opportunities for directionality in the digital bioeconomy. The first is for technology design and development to directly respond to and address societal (not only end-user) needs and barriers to uptake. The second is to design and develop data governance, business models, and standards for data, which are transparent, inspire trust, and share benefits of digital technologies among supply chain stakeholders. The third is to considerably broaden the assessment of societal value from digital agriculture. Addressing the adoption barriers to the digital bioeconomy will come from integrated applications of digitalization that are purpose or ‘mission’ led, rather than inherently techno-centric.
{"title":"A review of multi-scale barriers to transitioning from digital agriculture to a digital bioeconomy","authors":"C. Eastwood, J. Turner, A. Romera, D. Selbie, Roxanne J. T. Henwood, M. Espig, M. Wever","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The use of digital technologies in agriculture has received significant attention in the last decade. There is increasing interest in the potential opportunities for digitalization at a broader bioeconomy scale; however, there is limited knowledge of the potential barriers to a digital bioeconomy. This chapter reviews current knowledge on barriers to digital agriculture and uses a case study to relate these barriers to the bioeconomy scale. We found that adoption barriers are not just technical, but include economic, social, and institutional dimensions, and occur at multiple scales involving technology design, farm systems (including supply chains), the agricultural innovation system, and society. Additionally, these barriers can be highly interconnected. For example technical issues around data interoperability cannot be addressed independently of social issues at the farm scale related to perceptions around privacy and transparent use of farmer data. Examining these multi-dimensional and multi-scale issues through a bioeconomy lens highlights the need for directionality in digital bioeconomy innovation and alignment of national policies and initiatives. Rather than assuming that greater use of digital tools is inherently positive for a national bioeconomy, nations should purposely assess and anticipate the potential implications of digitalization. Our review highlights three opportunities for directionality in the digital bioeconomy. The first is for technology design and development to directly respond to and address societal (not only end-user) needs and barriers to uptake. The second is to design and develop data governance, business models, and standards for data, which are transparent, inspire trust, and share benefits of digital technologies among supply chain stakeholders. The third is to considerably broaden the assessment of societal value from digital agriculture. Addressing the adoption barriers to the digital bioeconomy will come from integrated applications of digitalization that are purpose or ‘mission’ led, rather than inherently techno-centric.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124857861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0011
B. Badu‐Apraku, M. Fakorede, Charles Nelimor, A. Osuman, Tégawendé O. Bonkoungou, Oyekunle Muhyideen, R. Akinwale
Drought, heat, and combined drought and heat are important abiotic stresses constraining the production and productivity of maize ( Zea mays L.) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In the face of climate change, these stresses are likely to occur simultaneously and put at risk food and economic security in SSA. This review describes maize breeding activities conducted by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in partnership with national scientists under the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) and Stress Tolerant Maize for Africa (STMA) projects, which together sought to develop and deploy multiple stress tolerant hybrids, and open-pollinated varieties. Emphasis was on (i) developing a reliable methodology for screening maize for tolerance to drought stress (DS), heat stress (HS), and combined drought and heat stress (CDHS) using key secondary traits and grain yield, (ii) use of appropriate breeding techniques for tailoring maize for tolerance to DS, HS and CDHS, (iii) exploring diverse sources of germplasm for genetic enhancement of maize, (iv) extensive multilocational evaluation to identify genotypes with stable performance under the stresses, and (v) application of genomic tools to accelerate genetic gains in maize breeding at IITA. At IITA, the performance of maize hybrids under stresses of DS, HS and CDHS have been improved using conventional breeding techniques/procedures. These techniques/ procedures have led to accelerated genetic gains in yield that were 26–49% higher than the best commercial hybrid checks under CDHS and DS. Additive gene action has been consistently found to be more important than the non-additive among early maize under DS and CDHS while both the additive and non-additive have been reported to be important for the extra-early maize. The most reliable secondary traits for selecting for improved grain yield under the stresses include anthesis-silking interval, ears per plant, and plant and ear aspects. Several early and extra-early landraces have been identified as potential sources of tolerance to DS, HS, and CDHS. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with grain yield and key secondary traits have been identified via genome-wide association studies in landraces and inbred lines. Those desirable QTLs, upon validation, could be invaluable for genomics-enabled breeding.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Breeding Maize for Drought, Heat and Combined Heat and Drought Stress Tolerance in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"B. Badu‐Apraku, M. Fakorede, Charles Nelimor, A. Osuman, Tégawendé O. Bonkoungou, Oyekunle Muhyideen, R. Akinwale","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Drought, heat, and combined drought and heat are important abiotic stresses constraining the production and productivity of maize (\u0000 Zea mays\u0000 L.) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In the face of climate change, these stresses are likely to occur simultaneously and put at risk food and economic security in SSA. This review describes maize breeding activities conducted by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in partnership with national scientists under the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) and Stress Tolerant Maize for Africa (STMA) projects, which together sought to develop and deploy multiple stress tolerant hybrids, and open-pollinated varieties. Emphasis was on (i) developing a reliable methodology for screening maize for tolerance to drought stress (DS), heat stress (HS), and combined drought and heat stress (CDHS) using key secondary traits and grain yield, (ii) use of appropriate breeding techniques for tailoring maize for tolerance to DS, HS and CDHS, (iii) exploring diverse sources of germplasm for genetic enhancement of maize, (iv) extensive multilocational evaluation to identify genotypes with stable performance under the stresses, and (v) application of genomic tools to accelerate genetic gains in maize breeding at IITA. At IITA, the performance of maize hybrids under stresses of DS, HS and CDHS have been improved using conventional breeding techniques/procedures. These techniques/ procedures have led to accelerated genetic gains in yield that were 26–49% higher than the best commercial hybrid checks under CDHS and DS. Additive gene action has been consistently found to be more important than the non-additive among early maize under DS and CDHS while both the additive and non-additive have been reported to be important for the extra-early maize. The most reliable secondary traits for selecting for improved grain yield under the stresses include anthesis-silking interval, ears per plant, and plant and ear aspects. Several early and extra-early landraces have been identified as potential sources of tolerance to DS, HS, and CDHS. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with grain yield and key secondary traits have been identified\u0000 via\u0000 genome-wide association studies in landraces and inbred lines. Those desirable QTLs, upon validation, could be invaluable for genomics-enabled breeding.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"459 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124345600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0023
Arnita Veliu
Organic agriculture is growing in the last few years in Western Balkans Countries, even though some of them have initiated their legal framework as early as 2004, the practical process of implementation has been slow. There are a number of reasons which are mentioned in different either country reports or international reports on Western Balkans organic production; however, the most evident one is the lack of know-how and the lack of well-established operation systems and value chains. This, however, has been improving over the years, which is also shown in the growth of organic producers in the Western Balkans countries. The data shows that most of the organic production in the Western Balkans countries is export-oriented, mainly in the EU countries and the USA. There is only a small percentage that is sold within their national territories, and this is mostly due to the low awareness of organic produce in terms of health, food safety, and environmental benefits. This, however, is expected to be change as more and more people are working toward healthier lifestyles, and at the same time are putting their attention to Climate Change, with a specific to environmental protection.
{"title":"Organic agriculture in the Western Balkans","authors":"Arnita Veliu","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Organic agriculture is growing in the last few years in Western Balkans Countries, even though some of them have initiated their legal framework as early as 2004, the practical process of implementation has been slow. There are a number of reasons which are mentioned in different either country reports or international reports on Western Balkans organic production; however, the most evident one is the lack of know-how and the lack of well-established operation systems and value chains. This, however, has been improving over the years, which is also shown in the growth of organic producers in the Western Balkans countries. The data shows that most of the organic production in the Western Balkans countries is export-oriented, mainly in the EU countries and the USA. There is only a small percentage that is sold within their national territories, and this is mostly due to the low awareness of organic produce in terms of health, food safety, and environmental benefits. This, however, is expected to be change as more and more people are working toward healthier lifestyles, and at the same time are putting their attention to Climate Change, with a specific to environmental protection.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121583350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0005
P. Gauba, Arushi Saxena
The discovery of antibiotics has led to a major development in providing treatment for different types of bacterial infections. Among the numerous types of antimicrobial agents used, fluoroquinolones have shown potential activity against various harmful pathogens, which cause various kinds of infections pertaining to skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract as well as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Among all classes of fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin is the most used and shows broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The pharmacokinetic profile is higher in comparison with other antibiotics. It inhibits DNA replication and transcription. Although the use of ciprofloxacin has helped in decreasing the death rate, its increased usage has caused escalated contamination in soil and water. This has severely affected humans, plants, animals, and microbes. As ciprofloxacin does not immediately biodegrade, therefore, it can easily be found in soil and water sources. The toxicity of ciprofloxacin causes the development of resistance and the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress among living organisms. It also impacts the reproductive system of fishes and amphibians and plant physiology. In order to remediate the antibiotics from the environment a recent technique, phytoremediation has attracted researchers, which may provide a method for the removal of antibiotics. The present review focuses on the physical and pharmacokinetics properties of ciprofloxacin, its action mechanism, its toxicological effects, effect on microbial community, and various other living organisms along with a discussion of remediation of ciprofloxacin.
{"title":"Ciprofloxacin properties, impacts, and remediation","authors":"P. Gauba, Arushi Saxena","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The discovery of antibiotics has led to a major development in providing treatment for different types of bacterial infections. Among the numerous types of antimicrobial agents used, fluoroquinolones have shown potential activity against various harmful pathogens, which cause various kinds of infections pertaining to skin, urinary tract, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract as well as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Among all classes of fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin is the most used and shows broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The pharmacokinetic profile is higher in comparison with other antibiotics. It inhibits DNA replication and transcription. Although the use of ciprofloxacin has helped in decreasing the death rate, its increased usage has caused escalated contamination in soil and water. This has severely affected humans, plants, animals, and microbes. As ciprofloxacin does not immediately biodegrade, therefore, it can easily be found in soil and water sources. The toxicity of ciprofloxacin causes the development of resistance and the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress among living organisms. It also impacts the reproductive system of fishes and amphibians and plant physiology. In order to remediate the antibiotics from the environment a recent technique, phytoremediation has attracted researchers, which may provide a method for the removal of antibiotics. The present review focuses on the physical and pharmacokinetics properties of ciprofloxacin, its action mechanism, its toxicological effects, effect on microbial community, and various other living organisms along with a discussion of remediation of ciprofloxacin.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132563703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0022
Zhandos Taishykov, B. Tolysbayev, B. Kuantkan, A. Koichubayev, K. Baigabulova
In modern conditions in agriculture, the main priorities in development are scientific and technological progress and innovation, which, based on the achievements of science and technology, allow the renewal of production, and their implementation and management are the relevance of the theme of the study. The purpose of the work is to identify trends in theoretical and methodological foundations and opportunities for enhancing scientific and innovation processes, as well as priorities of prospective development in innovation management in agricultural production in Kazakhstan. The subject of the research is innovation activity in agriculture. A set of special and general scientific methods was used in the research process. The theoretical basis of the research conducted was provided by the endpoints, and the main conclusions and basic recommendations are presented and substantiated by the research of scientists, also, the works of researchers in the field of innovative development and management in the research of international economic relations problems. The results of the study established that the priority direction in the agrarian policy of Kazakhstan in the field of innovation is the development and introduction of modern knowledge and technologies in the sector of the economy, an increase of financing of agrarian science, production of new crop varieties, development of new animal breeds, improvement of quality and efficiency of veterinary care, a system of field irrigation and soil treatment, reduction of crop production costs, genomic breeding.
{"title":"Innovation management in agricultural production in Kazakhstan","authors":"Zhandos Taishykov, B. Tolysbayev, B. Kuantkan, A. Koichubayev, K. Baigabulova","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In modern conditions in agriculture, the main priorities in development are scientific and technological progress and innovation, which, based on the achievements of science and technology, allow the renewal of production, and their implementation and management are the relevance of the theme of the study. The purpose of the work is to identify trends in theoretical and methodological foundations and opportunities for enhancing scientific and innovation processes, as well as priorities of prospective development in innovation management in agricultural production in Kazakhstan. The subject of the research is innovation activity in agriculture. A set of special and general scientific methods was used in the research process. The theoretical basis of the research conducted was provided by the endpoints, and the main conclusions and basic recommendations are presented and substantiated by the research of scientists, also, the works of researchers in the field of innovative development and management in the research of international economic relations problems. The results of the study established that the priority direction in the agrarian policy of Kazakhstan in the field of innovation is the development and introduction of modern knowledge and technologies in the sector of the economy, an increase of financing of agrarian science, production of new crop varieties, development of new animal breeds, improvement of quality and efficiency of veterinary care, a system of field irrigation and soil treatment, reduction of crop production costs, genomic breeding.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131800676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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