Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0001
Mehak Vohra, Vijaylaxmi Sharma
Despite the significant growth in the Indian economy and the expansion of the primary sector, farmers continue to live in extreme poverty and their hopelessness has been on the rise. Improving farmers’ conditions is crucial because there is no way to avoid the agrarian crisis or their dilemma. Over the years, the government has implemented several reforms despite farmers generally opposing these attempts. It goes without saying that the government must continue to develop the industry if it is to ensure the farmers in India continue to profit. The agricultural market system which is predominantly guided by the agricultural produce marketing legislations, has major flaws, which raises significant challenges in achieving a strong position for a farmer. The policies around price assurance have led to acute interventions, which have been attributed to fragmentation. On the one hand, government intervention is necessary, but on the other hand, too much of it will lead to negative effects. It calls for regulatory reform of the whole system using a balanced approach. This study has analysed the present-day structural problems in the marketing sector with relevance to the historical background of the reforms and suggested a few policy changes for a better future for the farmers.
{"title":"An analysis of the legal regime for agricultural marketing in India","authors":"Mehak Vohra, Vijaylaxmi Sharma","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite the significant growth in the Indian economy and the expansion of the primary sector, farmers continue to live in extreme poverty and their hopelessness has been on the rise. Improving farmers’ conditions is crucial because there is no way to avoid the agrarian crisis or their dilemma. Over the years, the government has implemented several reforms despite farmers generally opposing these attempts. It goes without saying that the government must continue to develop the industry if it is to ensure the farmers in India continue to profit. The agricultural market system which is predominantly guided by the agricultural produce marketing legislations, has major flaws, which raises significant challenges in achieving a strong position for a farmer. The policies around price assurance have led to acute interventions, which have been attributed to fragmentation. On the one hand, government intervention is necessary, but on the other hand, too much of it will lead to negative effects. It calls for regulatory reform of the whole system using a balanced approach. This study has analysed the present-day structural problems in the marketing sector with relevance to the historical background of the reforms and suggested a few policy changes for a better future for the farmers.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139625169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0050
S. Parthiban, P. Raja, M. Parthiban, C. Yamini
Globally, African swine fever (ASF) is the most feared swine viral disease, associated with a mortality rate of up to 100%. More than half of the world’s swine population is located in Asia. ASF outbreaks in Asia have a significant impact on the global pig industry. Pig industry’s economic losses have been huge because of ASF outbreaks. Swine husbandry in India is in a flourishing phase to meet food security demands, but the losses associated with ASF greatly hamper its expansion. ASF in India can be controlled and eradicated through strict biosecurity measures and vaccination. Development of penside point-of-care (POC) rapid diagnostics and effective indigenous vaccines are prerequisites to tackle ASF in India. Sensitization of veterinary professionals, researchers, and pig farmers about disease pathogenesis, transmission, and impact are crucial part of ASF control. This review presents the status of ASF in India in comparison to other parts of the world, and current approaches in India to deal with ASF. Further roadmap to combat this calamitous swine infection in India.
{"title":"Tackling African swine fever in India","authors":"S. Parthiban, P. Raja, M. Parthiban, C. Yamini","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Globally, African swine fever (ASF) is the most feared swine viral disease, associated with a mortality rate of up to 100%. More than half of the world’s swine population is located in Asia. ASF outbreaks in Asia have a significant impact on the global pig industry. Pig industry’s economic losses have been huge because of ASF outbreaks. Swine husbandry in India is in a flourishing phase to meet food security demands, but the losses associated with ASF greatly hamper its expansion. ASF in India can be controlled and eradicated through strict biosecurity measures and vaccination. Development of penside point-of-care (POC) rapid diagnostics and effective indigenous vaccines are prerequisites to tackle ASF in India. Sensitization of veterinary professionals, researchers, and pig farmers about disease pathogenesis, transmission, and impact are crucial part of ASF control. This review presents the status of ASF in India in comparison to other parts of the world, and current approaches in India to deal with ASF. Further roadmap to combat this calamitous swine infection in India.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0048
Christopher W. Simmons, Faye Duan, Maurice E. Pitesky, Yanhong Liu, Zachary Tobar
Food wastage represents the loss of both economic and resource investments. Incorporation of recovered food and food scraps, defined as the potentially edible organic matter left over from the preparation, sale, and consumption of food, into animal feed is a potential strategy to reduce food wastage and recover some of the embedded resources within the residual food material. There is a need to align recovered food and food scraps’ nutritional quality, chemical and biological safety with scalable and feasible processing requirements that dovetail with the nutritional requirements of food animals. This review examines the feasibility of incorporating treated post-consumer food scraps into poultry feed, which currently represent the most consumed animal protein on the planet. The review summarizes the broad nutritional composition of post-consumer food scraps, toxicological considerations associated with incorporating food scraps into poultry feed, food scrap pre-treatments related to feed applications and feeding studies that incorporated post-consumer food scraps into animal feed rations. Research appears to indicate that sterilization through heat treatment is sufficient to control pathogenic microorganism contamination in recovered food. Other contaminants such as mycotoxins, heavy metals, microplastics, biogenic amines, antinutritional factors cannot always be removed from recovered food and subsequently, infrastructure to survey levels of contamination in recovered food to be used in concert with developing technologies to better remove these contaminants is recommended. Subsequently, the review illustrates that pre-treatments in concert with surveillance of incoming recovered food and food scraps may be used to ensure the safety of incorporating such material into poultry feed. Studies show large variability in the nutritional composition of consumer food scraps, but on average, lipid and fiber levels are higher in recovered food scraps compared to maize and soybean meal, while protein levels are higher than in maize and lower than in soybean meal. Feeding studies suggest an incorporation level of up to approximately 20% is associated with positive or neutral impacts on growth performance indicators
{"title":"Incorporation of recovered food and food scraps into poultry feed: A systematic review","authors":"Christopher W. Simmons, Faye Duan, Maurice E. Pitesky, Yanhong Liu, Zachary Tobar","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Food wastage represents the loss of both economic and resource investments. Incorporation of recovered food and food scraps, defined as the potentially edible organic matter left over from the preparation, sale, and consumption of food, into animal feed is a potential strategy to reduce food wastage and recover some of the embedded resources within the residual food material. There is a need to align recovered food and food scraps’ nutritional quality, chemical and biological safety with scalable and feasible processing requirements that dovetail with the nutritional requirements of food animals. This review examines the feasibility of incorporating treated post-consumer food scraps into poultry feed, which currently represent the most consumed animal protein on the planet. The review summarizes the broad nutritional composition of post-consumer food scraps, toxicological considerations associated with incorporating food scraps into poultry feed, food scrap pre-treatments related to feed applications and feeding studies that incorporated post-consumer food scraps into animal feed rations. Research appears to indicate that sterilization through heat treatment is sufficient to control pathogenic microorganism contamination in recovered food. Other contaminants such as mycotoxins, heavy metals, microplastics, biogenic amines, antinutritional factors cannot always be removed from recovered food and subsequently, infrastructure to survey levels of contamination in recovered food to be used in concert with developing technologies to better remove these contaminants is recommended. Subsequently, the review illustrates that pre-treatments in concert with surveillance of incoming recovered food and food scraps may be used to ensure the safety of incorporating such material into poultry feed. Studies show large variability in the nutritional composition of consumer food scraps, but on average, lipid and fiber levels are higher in recovered food scraps compared to maize and soybean meal, while protein levels are higher than in maize and lower than in soybean meal. Feeding studies suggest an incorporation level of up to approximately 20% is associated with positive or neutral impacts on growth performance indicators","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"35 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138950024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0044
J. Behera, Millicent N. Ekwudo, Oviavo Remi Nohoesu, Aruna Kilaru
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the sweet wormwood plant ( Artemisia annua ), is a crucial component in the production of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), the most effective treatment for malaria. In recent years, metabolic engineering has emerged as a powerful tool to enhance the production of artemisinin, both in microbial and plant chasses. This review article provides an overview of the recent literature on the metabolic engineering strategies employed to optimize artemisinin production, highlighting breakthroughs, challenges, and future directions.
{"title":"Metabolic engineering of microbial and plant chasses to optimize artemisinin production","authors":"J. Behera, Millicent N. Ekwudo, Oviavo Remi Nohoesu, Aruna Kilaru","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the sweet wormwood plant (\u0000 Artemisia annua\u0000 ), is a crucial component in the production of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), the most effective treatment for malaria. In recent years, metabolic engineering has emerged as a powerful tool to enhance the production of artemisinin, both in microbial and plant chasses. This review article provides an overview of the recent literature on the metabolic engineering strategies employed to optimize artemisinin production, highlighting breakthroughs, challenges, and future directions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"117 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0046
Usman Muhammad, Maqsood Ahmad, Sohail Abbas, Muhammad Zahid Ehsan Arif, Misbah Jan, Muhammad Farhan Sarwar, Mariam Aziz, Aleena Alam, Ghulam Ahmad Khan Sumbal, Muhammad Salman Hameed
Worldwide, the dengue virus (DENV) is a common cause of infections. The disease can range from a minor flu-like illness to a serious complex ailment that kills the sufferer. Both the morbidity and fatality rates associated with dengue fever (DF) are high in Pakistan and other Asian nations. Through a mosquito bite, the DENV is spread. DENV was isolated to specific regions of the tropics and subtropics until the middle of the 20th century. Global distribution of DF is influenced by a number of variables, including changing climate, rising international travel and urban population, poor vector management techniques, lack of safe and effective antiviral medications and a lack of vaccines to prevent the disease. In over 100 nations, DF poses a major threat to the lives of over 2.5 billion people. Today, DF is endemic to the Caribbean, South America, Africa and Asia. In actuality, 40% of the world’s population currently resides in nations where there is a significant risk of DF transmission. It has grown to be a significant health issue in Pakistan and is predicted to get worse over the next few years. In Pakistan, dengue cases increase in the rainfall season, especially during monsoon season. In Pakistan, the mosquito species Aedes aegypti is the main carrier of this disease. This review article summarizes the epidemiology, clinical aspects of DF and DHF, diagnosis, prevention and management of disease in Pakistan.
{"title":"Dengue virus: Epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, prevention and management of disease in Pakistan: Review","authors":"Usman Muhammad, Maqsood Ahmad, Sohail Abbas, Muhammad Zahid Ehsan Arif, Misbah Jan, Muhammad Farhan Sarwar, Mariam Aziz, Aleena Alam, Ghulam Ahmad Khan Sumbal, Muhammad Salman Hameed","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Worldwide, the dengue virus (DENV) is a common cause of infections. The disease can range from a minor flu-like illness to a serious complex ailment that kills the sufferer. Both the morbidity and fatality rates associated with dengue fever (DF) are high in Pakistan and other Asian nations. Through a mosquito bite, the DENV is spread. DENV was isolated to specific regions of the tropics and subtropics until the middle of the 20th century. Global distribution of DF is influenced by a number of variables, including changing climate, rising international travel and urban population, poor vector management techniques, lack of safe and effective antiviral medications and a lack of vaccines to prevent the disease. In over 100 nations, DF poses a major threat to the lives of over 2.5 billion people. Today, DF is endemic to the Caribbean, South America, Africa and Asia. In actuality, 40% of the world’s population currently resides in nations where there is a significant risk of DF transmission. It has grown to be a significant health issue in Pakistan and is predicted to get worse over the next few years. In Pakistan, dengue cases increase in the rainfall season, especially during monsoon season. In Pakistan, the mosquito species\u0000 Aedes aegypti\u0000 is the main carrier of this disease. This review article summarizes the epidemiology, clinical aspects of DF and DHF, diagnosis, prevention and management of disease in Pakistan.\u0000","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"115 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0049
L. Tessema, Mamaru Tesfaye
Understanding seed degeneration in potato farming systems requires updated and pertinent information across different cropping systems and circumstances to find ways to deal with the problem. As a vegetatively propagated crop, potato is susceptible to pathogens and pest accumulation in seed tubers over successive cycles of vegetative propagation especially, where small-scale farmers replant their source seed for several production seasons. Seed degeneration in potatoes is a complex phenomenon, caused by a variety of soil, vector, and seed-borne pathogens resulting reduction in yield and quality of the crop. By providing an extensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the impacts and coping strategies of potato seed degeneration, mostly in the global south, this review aims to help underpin such relevant information and better development of the seed sector. This review article also provides insights on seed system bottlenecks leading to seed degeneration which impact food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in developing countries including Ethiopia. We discussed the causes of seed degeneration and possible approaches to conquer the problem under smallholders’ perspective for sustainable potato production and improved food security.
{"title":"Understanding and managing seed degeneration in potato: Implications for potato resilient seed system and food security. A review","authors":"L. Tessema, Mamaru Tesfaye","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Understanding seed degeneration in potato farming systems requires updated and pertinent information across different cropping systems and circumstances to find ways to deal with the problem. As a vegetatively propagated crop, potato is susceptible to pathogens and pest accumulation in seed tubers over successive cycles of vegetative propagation especially, where small-scale farmers replant their source seed for several production seasons. Seed degeneration in potatoes is a complex phenomenon, caused by a variety of soil, vector, and seed-borne pathogens resulting reduction in yield and quality of the crop. By providing an extensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the impacts and coping strategies of potato seed degeneration, mostly in the global south, this review aims to help underpin such relevant information and better development of the seed sector. This review article also provides insights on seed system bottlenecks leading to seed degeneration which impact food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in developing countries including Ethiopia. We discussed the causes of seed degeneration and possible approaches to conquer the problem under smallholders’ perspective for sustainable potato production and improved food security.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":" September","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0045
Safaa G. Kumari, P. L. Kumar, Abd-Alrahman Moukahel, Inaam El-Miziani
Germplasm exchange from international genebanks and breeding programs is vital for successful crop improvement programs. More than 10,000 different accessions of wheat, barley, lentil, faba bean, chickpea, grasspea, and pasture and forage crops are distributed by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) every year to around 70 countries. New accessions are added to the germplasm collections in the Center's genebank and utilized in the breeding programs. Recent years have witnessed an increasing global concern about the loss of plant genetic resources because of conflicts, human pandemic diseases, extreme weather events, pest and disease outbreaks, and natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, etc., which led to disrupting access to germplasm and undermining social protection systems. Safety duplication of germplasm collections held in genebanks in other institutions, including international, regional, and national genebanks, as well as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV), is one of the essential measures to safeguard germplasm and also to replenish any lost accessions and resume use and distribution of seeds to users internationally. Germplasm distribution procedures are conducted per International Plant Protection Convention phytosanitary regulations to avoid the transboundary spread of seed-borne pests and pathogens. The ICARDA’s Seed Health Laboratory exercises maximum efforts to maintain the “phytosanitary clean” health status of germplasm during regeneration, conservation, distribution and ensure compliance with phytosanitary regulations in international germplasm distributions to guarantee minimum loss of genetic resources. These efforts include the development of new methods to detect and manage seed-borne pathogens. An increase in global awareness to preserve germplasm for current and future use is crucial to combat climate challenge, malnutrition, and food insecurity.
{"title":"Phytosanitary management of ICARDA’s germplasm seed collections for safe movement and better future use","authors":"Safaa G. Kumari, P. L. Kumar, Abd-Alrahman Moukahel, Inaam El-Miziani","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0045","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Germplasm exchange from international genebanks and breeding programs is vital for successful crop improvement programs. More than 10,000 different accessions of wheat, barley, lentil, faba bean, chickpea, grasspea, and pasture and forage crops are distributed by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) every year to around 70 countries. New accessions are added to the germplasm collections in the Center's genebank and utilized in the breeding programs. Recent years have witnessed an increasing global concern about the loss of plant genetic resources because of conflicts, human pandemic diseases, extreme weather events, pest and disease outbreaks, and natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, etc., which led to disrupting access to germplasm and undermining social protection systems. Safety duplication of germplasm collections held in genebanks in other institutions, including international, regional, and national genebanks, as well as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV), is one of the essential measures to safeguard germplasm and also to replenish any lost accessions and resume use and distribution of seeds to users internationally. Germplasm distribution procedures are conducted per International Plant Protection Convention phytosanitary regulations to avoid the transboundary spread of seed-borne pests and pathogens. The ICARDA’s Seed Health Laboratory exercises maximum efforts to maintain the “phytosanitary clean” health status of germplasm during regeneration, conservation, distribution and ensure compliance with phytosanitary regulations in international germplasm distributions to guarantee minimum loss of genetic resources. These efforts include the development of new methods to detect and manage seed-borne pathogens. An increase in global awareness to preserve germplasm for current and future use is crucial to combat climate challenge, malnutrition, and food insecurity.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139001618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0047
Lam Chi Yan, Nazatul Shima Binti Naharudin, N. Tajidin, N. Kemat
Medicinal plants are considered as high-value crops, particularly in the medicinal and pharmaceutical fields. The phytochemical constituents found in medicinal plants that possess therapeutic effects have henceforth driven continuous demand for the manufacturing of healthcare products that include these compounds as the main ingredients. Various agronomic practices in the cultivation of medicinal plants aim to increase the yield and phytochemical content. A thorough review on the implication of salinity stress on the growth and yield of medicinal plants were provided. The increased level of phytochemicals as a common physiological response to salinity stress was reported in various species of medicinal plants. The potential application of a tolerable level of salinity in the cultivation of medicinal plants as a strategy to increase the production of phytochemical compounds is also highlighted.
{"title":"Effect of salinity stress and its potential application in enhancing phytochemical content of medicinal plants","authors":"Lam Chi Yan, Nazatul Shima Binti Naharudin, N. Tajidin, N. Kemat","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Medicinal plants are considered as high-value crops, particularly in the medicinal and pharmaceutical fields. The phytochemical constituents found in medicinal plants that possess therapeutic effects have henceforth driven continuous demand for the manufacturing of healthcare products that include these compounds as the main ingredients. Various agronomic practices in the cultivation of medicinal plants aim to increase the yield and phytochemical content. A thorough review on the implication of salinity stress on the growth and yield of medicinal plants were provided. The increased level of phytochemicals as a common physiological response to salinity stress was reported in various species of medicinal plants. The potential application of a tolerable level of salinity in the cultivation of medicinal plants as a strategy to increase the production of phytochemical compounds is also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139003168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0038
S. Mwendia, Bhramar Dey, H. P. S. Makkar, A. Notenbaert, Noah Ngoma, Michael Peters
Livestock production is critical for improved food and nutrition security, sustainability of ecosystems, and resilience. Zambia, like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, aspires to increase livestock’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product and generate economic opportunities. Global environmental change, however, and the potential of ruminant production to exacerbate it, requires the implementation of innovative and pragmatic technologies for mitigation of and adaptation to the adverse effects of environmental change. Feeding of quality cultivated forages is one of the improved options to address such challenges, especially with dismal cultivation in the country. Cultivated forages provide multiple benefits including an increase in livestock productivity and soil health and reduced greenhouse gas emission intensity. In this study, the seed requirement of promising forage crops to offset the current ruminant roughage gap is estimated. The nutritional and economic benefits of including forages in beef and dairy rations, and associated projected greenhouse gas abatement, are presented. Consequently, the study proposes contextualized business models in Zambia based on both demand-pull factors and supply-push technologies. Zambia is land-linked with eight neighboring countries, and a member of both the Southern African Development Community and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa trade blocks. Therefore, Zambia could produce forage seeds for domestic use as well as the regional market. In addition, it can be a hub for feed production for drier neighboring countries and locations with good livestock production, thereby benefiting the whole region.
{"title":"Unexploited economic and environmental benefits from cultivated forages in Zambia","authors":"S. Mwendia, Bhramar Dey, H. P. S. Makkar, A. Notenbaert, Noah Ngoma, Michael Peters","doi":"10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Livestock production is critical for improved food and nutrition security, sustainability of ecosystems, and resilience. Zambia, like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, aspires to increase livestock’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product and generate economic opportunities. Global environmental change, however, and the potential of ruminant production to exacerbate it, requires the implementation of innovative and pragmatic technologies for mitigation of and adaptation to the adverse effects of environmental change. Feeding of quality cultivated forages is one of the improved options to address such challenges, especially with dismal cultivation in the country. Cultivated forages provide multiple benefits including an increase in livestock productivity and soil health and reduced greenhouse gas emission intensity. In this study, the seed requirement of promising forage crops to offset the current ruminant roughage gap is estimated. The nutritional and economic benefits of including forages in beef and dairy rations, and associated projected greenhouse gas abatement, are presented. Consequently, the study proposes contextualized business models in Zambia based on both demand-pull factors and supply-push technologies. Zambia is land-linked with eight neighboring countries, and a member of both the Southern African Development Community and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa trade blocks. Therefore, Zambia could produce forage seeds for domestic use as well as the regional market. In addition, it can be a hub for feed production for drier neighboring countries and locations with good livestock production, thereby benefiting the whole region.","PeriodicalId":399225,"journal":{"name":"CABI Reviews","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews.2023.0041
Derek Mudadirwa, Thokozile Ndhlela, Samuel Adewolo Olakojo, Tinovonga Gonhi
Maize is a potential crop for improving food and nutritional security for over 300 million people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is the most preferred cereal crop in SSA because of its diversified uses, taste and higher grain yield potential compared to other cereals. However, overdependence on maize-based diets without vitamin A supplementation is associated with the highest rates of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in SSA. Vitamin A deficiency mostly affects children under the age of 5 years, pregnant and lactating women, accounting for the worst disease burden, and infant mortality in SSA. To date provitamin A maize breeding programmes of HarvestPlus partnered with CIMMYT and IITA, private seed companies and national plant breeding programmes developed at least 70 elite varieties to curb VAD in SSA. This review summarizes the potential of provitamin A maize in SSA focusing on (1) reasons why maize is a good choice for provitamin A biofortification, (2) the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in SSA, (3) the Global Hunger Index (GHI) and extent of hidden hunger, (4) possible interventions to curb vitamin A deficiency in SSA and their applicability, (5) status of the provitamin A maize varieties released, (6) level of adoption and consumer perception of provitamin A maize-based food, (7) the impact of climate change in maize productivity in SSA and (8) the breeding methods for developing provitamin A maize-resilient genotypes to mitigate the effects of climate change in SSA.
玉米是撒哈拉以南非洲地区（SSA）3 亿多人改善粮食和营养安全的潜在作物。在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，玉米是最受欢迎的谷类作物，因为它用途多样、口感好，而且与其他谷类作物相比，谷物产量潜力更高。然而，过度依赖玉米膳食而不补充维生素 A，是撒哈拉以南非洲维生素 A 缺乏症（VAD）发病率最高的原因。维生素 A 缺乏症主要影响 5 岁以下儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女，是撒南非洲最严重的疾病负担和婴儿死亡率。迄今为止，HarvestPlus 与 CIMMYT 和 IITA 合作开展的维生素 A 玉米育种计划、私营种子公司和国家植物育种计划已培育出至少 70 个优良品种，用于遏制撒南非洲的维生素 A 缺乏症。本综述总结了维生素 A 玉米在撒哈拉以南非洲地区的潜力，重点是：(1) 为什么玉米是维生素 A 生物强化的最佳选择；(2) 撒哈拉以南非洲地区维生素 A 缺乏症的普遍程度；(3) 全球饥饿指数（GHI）和隐性饥饿的程度；(4) 在撒哈拉以南非洲地区遏制维生素 A 缺乏症的可能干预措施及其适用性、(5) 已发布的维生素 A 玉米品种的状况，(6) 采用维生素 A 玉米食品的程度和消费者的看法，(7) 气候变化对撒南非洲玉米生产率的影响，(8) 开发抗维生素 A 玉米基因型的育种方法，以减轻撒南非洲气候变化的影响。
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